Biological Anthropology Chapter 13

BLANK was not commonplace in the archaeological record before modern humans. butchering art deliberate burial stone tool production

Art

You are an archaeologist analyzing the following modern human site in Russia. What conclusions might you draw from the archaeological assemblage? -several families may have lived together in this shelter -mammoth teeth held ritual significance -they may have used mammoth bones to construct shelter -mammoths were an important resource for the people of this site

Correct Answer(s): -several families may have lived together in this shelter -they may have used mammoth bones to construct shelter -mammoths were an important resource for the people of this site Incorrect Answer(s): -mammoth teeth held ritual significance

Below are drawings of a Neanderthal skull (Shanidar 1) and a modern human skull (Qafzeh 9). Drag and drop the names and traits that apply to each of the skulls.

Modern Humans smaller nose high forehead Neanderthal occipital bun long, low skull

Ancient genomes indicate that early modern humans sometimes interbred with other hominins with whom they coexisted. Match the hominins that ancient humans interbred with to the locations where human ancestry indicates the greatest percentage of those particular nonhuman genes. (NOTE: Not all options may have a match.) Neanderthals australopithecines Homo erectus Denisovans

Pacific Neanderthals Oceania Denisovans

How did burial of the dead differ between Upper Paleolithic peoples and Neanderthals? Neanderthals were not known to intentionally bury their dead; modern humans were the first to do so. Neanderthals have evidence of multiple burials, while Upper Paleolithic peoples generally used only single burials. Upper Paleolithic burials were accompanied by ritual, whereas Neanderthal burials were not. Neanderthals were only buried with tools; Upper Paleolithic peoples were buried with tools in addition to other goods, such as ornaments.

Upper Paleolithic burials were accompanied by ritual, whereas Neanderthal burials were not.

The primary animal food source during the Paleolithic was

large herbivores

For a given mutation rate, bigger populations will have - amounts of genetic variation at equilibrium compared to smaller populations. equal larger smaller

larger

The earliest anatomically modern humans come from Africa and date to around 190 ka. Decide which of the following cranial features are unique to modern humans or unique to another hominin species. largest hominin brain size unique to modern humans flat face relatively small nose prominent chin vertical forehead

unique to another hominin species largest hominin brain size unique to modern humans flat face relatively small nose prominent chin vertical forehead

Explain how genetic data allow us to reconstruct the expansion of modern humans out of Africa. Based on high-resolution analyses of the complete genomes of thousands of people from all over the world, we have been able to estimate the places and times where early human populations split, isolated reproductively, and developed identifiable genetic differences. According to these high-resolution analyses, where does the data suggest that the oldest human population splits occurred?

all in Africa

During the Middle Stone Age (MSA), - was/were developed. hand axes stone tools tools to butcher composite tools

composite tools

Modern human behavior may have been caused by either increased cognitive ability or cultural innovations. Of these two explanations for modern human behavior, choose which is better suited to explain striking changes in the sudden rise of new and variable technologies. increased cognitive ability cultural innovations

cultural innovations

This graph shows the relationship between geography and genetic variation that gives us clues about the probable path of migration of early modern humans. Click on the population (at the bottom) that represents the region that was reached last, as suggested by these data. American Asian European Middle Eastern Oceanian African

American (do not need graph to know this)

Since 2000, the hypotheses that McBrearty and Brooks first presented about the Middle Stone Age (MSA) have been strengthened by archaeological evidence. According to this particular body of work, which of the following statements are true of MSA people? Their behavior was of comparable complexity to the behavior of Homo ergaster. They had symbolic behavior. They had large social networks. They did not exhibit complex adaptive technologies, such as the creation of bone tools, shelters, and hearths. They did not make use of personal adornment or decorations as later hominins did.

Correct Answer(s) They had symbolic behavior. They had large social networks. Incorrect Answer(s) They did not make use of personal adornment or decorations as later hominins did. They did not exhibit complex adaptive technologies, such as the creation of bone tools, shelters, and hearths. Their behavior was of comparable complexity to the behavior of Homo ergaster.

Characteristics of Modern Humans in Africa prominent chin brain size of 1,350 cc or more projecting midface occipital bun shorter limbs than earlier hominins

Correct Answer(s) prominent chin brain size of 1,350 cc or more Incorrect Answer(s) projecting midface occipital bun shorter limbs than earlier hominins

One hypothesis is that the Châtelperronian tool industry demonstrates that Neanderthals borrowed tool technology ideas from modern humans. Which of the following lines of evidence could support this hypothesis? -transitional tool kits other than Châtelperronian tools have been found -Châtelperronian tools and Mousterian tools have similar styles-Châtelperronian tools were found in association with Upper Paleolithic people -Châtelperronian tools are found in association with Neanderthal fossils-the raw materials used to make Châtelperronian tools are the same as those used for Mousterian tools -Châtelperronian tools co-existed with Aurignacian tools

Correct Answer(s): -transitional tool kits other than Châtelperronian tools have been found -Châtelperronian tools are found in association with Neanderthal fossils -Châtelperronian tools co-existed with Aurignacian tools Incorrect Answer(s): -Châtelperronian tools and Mousterian tools have similar styles -Châtelperronian tools were found in association with Upper Paleolithic people -the raw materials used to make Châtelperronian tools are the same as those used for Mousterian tools

The Upper Paleolithic spanned the time period of the last ice age, yet modern humans were still able to survive and flourish. Which of the following statements describe Upper Paleolithic subsistence economies? Large herbivores played a large role in Upper Paleolithic diets. Upper Paleolithic peoples likely ate a wide variety of plants. Upper Paleolithic peoples likely ate few plants. Many Upper Paleolithic groups focused on hunting and eating a single species.

Describes Upper Paleolithic Subsistence Economies Large herbivores played a large role in Upper Paleolithic diets. Upper Paleolithic peoples likely ate a wide variety of plants. Many Upper Paleolithic groups focused on hunting and eating a single species. Does Not Describe Upper Paleolithic Subsistence Economies Upper Paleolithic peoples likely ate few plants.

Evidence that Upper Paleolithic people may have been more adapted to their environments than Neanderthals includes which of the following? Modern humans were less likely to suffer disease. Modern humans were less likely to suffer injury. Modern humans lived in small, dispersed groups. Modern humans had smaller crania.

Evidence that Upper Paleolithic people may have been more adapted to their environments than Neanderthals includes which of the following? Correct Modern humans were less likely to suffer disease. Modern humans were less likely to suffer injury. Incorrect Modern humans had shorter life spans. Modern humans lived in small, dispersed groups. Modern humans had smaller crania.

Early modern humans interbred with other hominin species, including australopithecines. True or False

False

How can the nonrecombining part of the Y chromosome (NRY) help researchers to trace the origins of modern humans? NRY enables researchers to identify the most recent common ancestor for the Y chromosome. NRY allows researchers to identify which species is immediately ancestral to modern humans. NRY can be used to identify "Eve." NRY can be used to distinguish the hominin lineage from the ape lineage.

NRY enables researchers to identify the most recent common ancestor for the Y chromosome.

Neanderthals and modern humans of the Upper Paleolithic vary in a number of significant ways. Determine which of the following cultural traits apply to Neanderthals and which are associated with modern humans. Mode 3 tools only local raw material for making stone tools ivory tools long-distance trade or transport of raw materials Mode 4 tools sophisticated manufacture of clothing burial without ritual

Neanderthals burial without ritual Mode 3 tools only local raw material for making stone tools modern humans sophisticated manufacture of clothing long-distance trade or transport of raw materials ivory tools Mode 4 tools

Neanderthals contributed to the genomes of some modern human populations more than others. Which of the following ancestral population locations contain more than 2% of Neanderthal DNA? Pacific Europe Africa

Neanderthals contributed to the genomes of some modern human populations more than others. Which of the following ancestral population locations contain more than 2% of Neanderthal DNA? Correct Answer(s) Pacific Europe Incorrect Answer(s) Africa

Hominin remains have been found at sites throughout Africa, Europe, and Asia. Below are five of these fossil sites and their main finds. Place them in order from the oldest (earliest in fossil record = most ka) to the youngest (most recent in fossil record = least ka). Omo Kibish: incomplete fossil skull Herto: a skull intermediate between H. heidelbergensis and modern H. sapiens Klasies River: fragmentary hominin remains Tianyuan Cave: modern human mandible and femur

Omo Kibish: incomplete fossil skull Herto: a skull intermediate between H. heidelbergensis and modern H. sapiens Klasies River: fragmentary hominin remains Tianyuan Cave: modern human mandible and femur

Why are humans less genetically variable than other organisms despite the fact that we range all over the world? Natural selection affects other species, but not humans. Humans are just more alike than other animals. The human species has undergone a rapid population expansion from a small population that had low levels of genetic diversity. Humans are better adapted to the tropics, so the genetic variability is not needed.

The human species has undergone a rapid population expansion from a small population that had low levels of genetic diversity.

Denisovans and Neanderthals are genetically distinct from one another. True or False

True

Early modern humans interbred with other hominins, including Denisovans. True or False

True

Modern Homo sapiens fossils have less robust postcranial skeletons than Neanderthal skeletons.

True

The earliest anatomically modern human comes from Africa and date to around 190 ka. Decide which of the following cranial features are unique to modern humans or unique to another hominin species. -flat face -relatively small nose -vertical forehead -largest hominin brain size -prominent chin

Unique to modern humans: -flat face -relatively small nose -vertical forehead -prominent chin Unique to another hominin species: -largest hominin brain size

Which of the following bodies of evidence support the African model for modern human origins?

Which of the following bodies of evidence support the African model for modern human origins? Supports Out of Africa Model archaeological evidence fossil evidence genetic evidence Does Not Support Out of Africa Model written evidence

Which of the following is something that genetic data can tell researchers regarding the origin of modern humans? Select all that apply. Most of the genes that gave rise to modern humans evolved in Africa between 300 and 90 ka. Modern humans outside of Africa largely originated from a small African population that migrated approximately 60 ka. Interbreeding between early modern humans and the hominins in Eurasia occurred, but only on a small scale. Neanderthals did not interbreed with any other late hominin species in Eurasia.

Which of the following is something that genetic data can tell researchers regarding the origin of modern humans? Select all that apply. Correct Answer(s) Interbreeding between early modern humans and the hominins in Eurasia occurred, but only on a small scale. Most of the genes that gave rise to modern humans evolved in Africa between 300 and 90 ka. Modern humans outside of Africa largely originated from a small African population that migrated approximately 60 ka. Incorrect Answer(s) Neanderthals did not interbreed with any other late hominin species in Eurasia.

Which of the following statements are true regarding the genetic evidence for interbreeding of early modern humans with older populations? Modern African populations contain only trace amounts of Neanderthal DNA. Most modern mainland Asian populations contain about 0.5% Denisovan DNA. Modern Eurasian populations contain about 2% Neanderthal DNA. Modern Pacific populations contain between 3% and 6% Denisovan DNA. Modern European populations contain about 3% Denisovan DNA.

Which of the following statements are true regarding the genetic evidence for interbreeding of early modern humans with older populations? Correct Answer(s) Modern African populations contain only trace amounts of Neanderthal DNA. Modern Eurasian populations contain about 2% Neanderthal DNA. Modern Pacific populations contain between 3% and 6% Denisovan DNA. Incorrect Answer(s) Most modern mainland Asian populations contain about 0.5% Denisovan DNA. Modern European populations contain about 3% Denisovan DNA.