Biology 1 : Chromosomes and Mitosis

BIBLE VERSE GO GO GO

"If it is possible, as far as it depends on you, live at peace with everyone." Romans 12:18

the events that happen in the life of a cell (the continuous cycle with 3 phases)

Cell Cycle

What do you call the point where chromatids attach?

Centromere

What are the 3 stages of interphase?

G1, S (synthesis), G2

Name the phase : a chromatid from each pair is attracted to each pole of the cell

anaphase

Name the phase : chromatids separate at the beginning of this stage

anaphase

What is a stomatic cell?

body cell

mitosis is the division of __________

body cells

the cell membrane is made of __________

lipids

reproductive cells reproduce by means of ________

meiosis

Name the phase : the chromosomes move toward the center of the cell

metaphase

Body cells reproduce by means of _______

mitosis

Cells divide by either ________ (which is in _________) or ______ (which is in _______)

mitosis (body cells) or meiosis (gametes)

The term "cell cycle" refers to the events that happen in the life of a cell. (_______ is just ______ part of the cell cycle)

mitosis, one

If the cell has only ____ chromosome of a homologous pair, the cell is called _______ (or ______) Ex _____ and ________ (Called _______)

one, a haploid, 1N, sperm and egg, gametes

Name the phase : In the middle of this stage, the nucleolus has completely disappeared

prophase

Name the phase : Separate spindle fibers become attached to the centromeres of each chromosome

prophase

Name the phase : The nucleolus begins to disintegrate

prophase

Name the phase : in animal cells, the centrioles appear

prophase

Name the phase : microtubles form as tiny fibers between the poles (aka spindle fibers form)

prophase

What are the 4 phases of mitosis?

prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

Histones are a type of __________

protein

histones are a type of ___________

protein

what is the term that means "DNA making more DNA"?

replication

The ability to ______ distinguishes living from non-living

reproduce

the prefix homo- means _____

same

Number of chromosomes in a cell varies from species to ________. In sexually reproducing organisms, chromosomes occur in _____ (one from each ____) The 2 members of each pair are called ____ ____ (or a ____)

species, pairs, parent, homologous chromosomes, homolog

what is the male reproductive cell called?

sperm

what is another name for body cells?

stomatic cells

Body cells (aka _______ _____) divide by _________ (which is where the parent cell divides into ______ ________ new cells)

stomatic cells, mitosis, 2 identical

Name the phase : in animal cells, the cell membrane begins to pinch together at the cell's center

telophase

Name the phase : in plants, the cell plate begins to appear midway across the cell

telophase

Name the phase : the chromosomes lose their distinct form and once again appear as a mass of chromatin

telophase

Name the phase : the nuclear membrane forms from ER

telophase

Name the phase : the reappearance of the nucleolus can be noticed and a nuclear membrane forms around each set of chromosomes

telophase

What are the 3 phases of interphase and what occurs in each phase? 1. ________ - 2. _______ - 3. _________-

1. G1 - cell doubles in size and organelles double in number 2. S Phase - The DNA that makes up the chromatin replicates 3. G2- Rapid growth

What are the different types of spindle fibers?

1. Polar 2. Kinetochore 3. Asters

Name the 3 different spindle fibers and what each one does a. __________- b. _________- c. ___________-

1. Polar- centriole to centriole, help maintain the cell (?) 2. Kinetochore- centriole to centromere, move the chromatids to the opposite poles and the chromosomes to the equator 3. Asters - on/attached to the centriole, provide support and structure for the cell membrane (?)

What are the 4 phases of mitosis? 1. ______ - 2. _______ - 3. _________- 4. ________ -

1. Prophase - chromatin coils and forms chromosomes; nucleolus and nuclear membrane break down, centrioles appear and move to opposite poles, spindle fibers and asters form, organelles double (fibers, not the middle just anywhere) 2. Metaphase - chromosomes are moved to the equator by kinetochore fibers (middle) 3. Anaphase - Centromere divides, chromatids separate and K fibers move them to opposite poles, Cytokinesis begins, (opposite poles) 4. Telophase - Chromatids (chromosomes) are clustered at opposite sides of the cell, centrioles and spindle fibers disappear, chromosomes elongate and revert back to Chromatin (threadlike DNA), Nuclear membrane and nucleolus are back, (2 nuclei)

Humans have ________ pairs of chromosomes

23

How many pairs of chromosomes do humans have?

23 pairs / 46 total

What do 2N / 1N stand for?

2N = a diploid cell 1N (or N) = a haploid cell

Hu mans contain _______ chromosomes (or _______ pairs)

43 chromosomes, or 23 pairs

In which phase of mitosis do the chromatids separate and move to opposite ends of the cell?

Anaphase

What phase of Mitosis is it? 1. The centromere divides 2. Chromatids separate and fibers (kinetochore) move them to opposite poles 3. Cytokinesis begins (cell starts to pull apart) This process uses ATP. Once separated, the chromatids are called chromosomes

Anaphase (Phase 3)

Cytokinesis varies from __________ to __________ cells

Animal to plant

Why do nerve cells and some muscle cells often remain in the G1 phase their entire life?

Because they never completely divide and don't continue life or reproduce

the combo of _______ and _________ produces rod-shaped structures called __________

DNA, Histones, chromosomes

Genetic info in the _____ is contained in a segment of DNA called a _______. When a cell reproduces, _______ are formed to get the genetic info into the new cells

DNA, gene, chromosomes

Draw the diagrams for animal cell cytokinesis and plant cell cytokinesis and check your answer in the notes

Did you do it right?

3 Phases of Interphase: A. _________ - 1st phase, cell _______ in size and _____ _______ in number (________ and _________ cells remain in the G1 phase because they never completely ________) B. ___________ - the _____ that makes up the _______ ______ C. _______- rapid _______

G1, doubles, organelles double, nerve and muscle, divide, S Phase, DNA, chromatin replicates, G2, growth

Draw a chromosome and label the chromatids and the centromere.

HA

Chromosomes have 2 ________ parts called _______

Identical, chromatids

Explain how cytokinesis is different in plant cells and animal cells.

In a plant cell, a cell plate is formed rather than the cell pinching in at the middle like it does in animal cells

What is the longest phase of the cell cycle?

Interphase

Where do cells spend most of their time?

Interphase

Which phase of the cell cycle do cells spend the most time in?

Interphase

what is the longest phase of the cell cycle?

Interphase

______ phases of the cell cycle (in order) : 1. ________ - period of cell _______ and _______ (_______ phases) 2. _______- occurs after the _____ phases of _______. produces ____ _____ ______ with the ______ _______ of _______ as the original ______ cell 3. ___________ - _______ phase of the cell cycle (occurs after ______)

Interphase, growth, development three, Mitosis, 3, interphase, 2 identical nuclei, same number, chromosomes, parent, cytokinesis, the last, mitosis

_______ is the process of cell division in _______ ________ (aka as _________) . __________ produces _________ _______cells

Meiosis, reproductive cells, (gametes), Meiosis, four haploid

What phase of Mitosis is it? 1. Chromosomes are moved to the equator by kinetochore fibers

Metaphase (Phase 2)

Do plant cells have mitosis?

NO

in the _______ ________ of a cell is a substance called __________ (made from DNA and _________). The DNA in ________ is uncoiled

Nuclear Membrane, chromatin, proteins, chromatin

In which phase of mitosis do spindle fibers form?

Prophase

What phase of Mitosis is it? 1. -Chromatin coils and forms chromosomes -The nucleolus and nuclear membrane break down and disappear -Two dark spots (called centrioles) appear next to the disappearing nucleus and start moving to opposite poles 2. Spindle fibers form (polar and kinetochore) 3. Asters are formed

Prophase (Phase 1)

Phases of Mitosis: A. _______-1st phase, has 3 basic steps B. _______-2nd phase, _______ move to the _______ of the cell C. ______-3rd phase, ________ of the _________ separate and move to _______ ends of the __________ D. ______-4th phase

Prophase, metaphase, chromosomes, middle, anaphase, chromatids, chromosomes, opposite, cell, telophase

What phase of Mitosis is it? 1. Chromatids (chromosomes) are clustered at opposite sides of the cell. 2. Centrioles and spindle fibers disappear (dissolve and break down) 3. the chromosomes unwind and elongate into threadlike DNA- now called chromatin. 4. The nuclear membrane reforms and the nucleolus reappears Cytokinesis is completed after this phase. In plants, a cell plate is formed rather than the cell pinching in the middle.

Telophase (Phase 4)

In animal cells, the _______ ________ begins to _________ in at the ________ and eventually divides the cell in ___________

cell membrane, pinch, middle, half

In plant cells, a ______ ____ forms at the __________ (center) of the cell and creates a new ______ ________ thus separating one cell into __________

cell plate, equator, cell wall, two

the continuation of life is based on the reproduction of _______ (called ________ ______)

cells, cell division

Reproduction begins at the _________ level

cellular

Polar fibers are _____ to ______ and kinetochore fibers are _______ to _______

centriole to centriole, centriole to centromere

a chromosome's leg is called a __________

chromatid

Point where sister ________ attach is called the _______

chromatids, centromere

what is the flow chart for mitosis?

chromatin - chromosomes - chromosomes separate into chromatids - chromatids move to opposite poles - chromatids unwind - starts over again

Chromosomes are made from _____ found in the ____ ____. Chromosomes contain ____, which contains the genetic info. Chromosomes are only found in the cell when the cell is undergoing _______ _______.

chromatin, nuclear envelope, DNA, Cell Division

DNA coils up into ________ when a cell is preparing to divide

chromosomes

All cells contain ______. If a cell contains both chromosomes of a ______ pair, then the cell is called a ________ (or _____) ex- ___________ cells

chromosomes, homologous, diploid, 2N, stomatic

The cell cycle is a _______ cycle

continuous

Name the phase : in animal cells, the cell membrane pinches completely together so that the single cell is separated into two daughter cells

cytokinesis

Name the phase : in plants, the cell plate is completed to form daughter cells

cytokinesis

What comes after mitosis?

cytokinesis

Cytokinesis is the process of splitting the _________ and the ___________ into the __________ new cells created during _____________. (Mitosis mainly deals with the splitting of 1 nucleus into _______ nuclei where __________ deals with the splitting of the ___________ and all the other organelles)

cytoplasm, organelles, 2, mitosis, 2, cytokinesis, cytoplasm

draw the diagram/formula thing for a zygote, then check the answer in your notes

did you do it right?

Draw the chromosome diagram from class and then go see if you got it right

did you get it right?

A cell that has a complete copy of your DNA is known as a _______ cell

diploid

When a cell begins to ______, _____ begins to undergo _______ (____ making new ______) The newly created _______ begins to coil. As this happens, the backbone of the DNA helix begins to wrap around globs of protein molecules called __________

divide, DNA, replication, DNA, DNA, DNA, Histones

what is the female reproductive cell called?

egg

the middle of the cell is also referred to as the cell's __________

equator

meiosis is the division of _________

gametes

what is another name for reproductive cells?

gametes

What cells in the human body are haploid?

gametes (sperm and egg)

A section on a chromosome that codes for one specific trait is called a _________

gene

A cell that has only half your DNA is known as a _________ cell

haploid

a sperm is a _________ , an egg is a _____ and a zygote is a ________

haploid, haploid, diploid

Gametes are ________. When they unite (now called a ________) the developing cells are called _______

haploids, zygote, diploids

Pair of chromosomes that are the same size, same appearance and same genes; the 2 members of each pair of chromosomes

homologous chromosomes

What are the 3 phases of the cell cycle?

interphase, mitosis, cytokinesis

what does di- mean?

two