Biology 1 : Chromosomes and Mitosis
BIBLE VERSE GO GO GO
"If it is possible, as far as it depends on you, live at peace with everyone." Romans 12:18
the events that happen in the life of a cell (the continuous cycle with 3 phases)
Cell Cycle
What do you call the point where chromatids attach?
Centromere
What are the 3 stages of interphase?
G1, S (synthesis), G2
Name the phase : a chromatid from each pair is attracted to each pole of the cell
anaphase
Name the phase : chromatids separate at the beginning of this stage
anaphase
What is a stomatic cell?
body cell
mitosis is the division of __________
body cells
the cell membrane is made of __________
lipids
reproductive cells reproduce by means of ________
meiosis
Name the phase : the chromosomes move toward the center of the cell
metaphase
Body cells reproduce by means of _______
mitosis
Cells divide by either ________ (which is in _________) or ______ (which is in _______)
mitosis (body cells) or meiosis (gametes)
The term "cell cycle" refers to the events that happen in the life of a cell. (_______ is just ______ part of the cell cycle)
mitosis, one
If the cell has only ____ chromosome of a homologous pair, the cell is called _______ (or ______) Ex _____ and ________ (Called _______)
one, a haploid, 1N, sperm and egg, gametes
Name the phase : In the middle of this stage, the nucleolus has completely disappeared
prophase
Name the phase : Separate spindle fibers become attached to the centromeres of each chromosome
prophase
Name the phase : The nucleolus begins to disintegrate
prophase
Name the phase : in animal cells, the centrioles appear
prophase
Name the phase : microtubles form as tiny fibers between the poles (aka spindle fibers form)
prophase
What are the 4 phases of mitosis?
prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
Histones are a type of __________
protein
histones are a type of ___________
protein
what is the term that means "DNA making more DNA"?
replication
The ability to ______ distinguishes living from non-living
reproduce
the prefix homo- means _____
same
Number of chromosomes in a cell varies from species to ________. In sexually reproducing organisms, chromosomes occur in _____ (one from each ____) The 2 members of each pair are called ____ ____ (or a ____)
species, pairs, parent, homologous chromosomes, homolog
what is the male reproductive cell called?
sperm
what is another name for body cells?
stomatic cells
Body cells (aka _______ _____) divide by _________ (which is where the parent cell divides into ______ ________ new cells)
stomatic cells, mitosis, 2 identical
Name the phase : in animal cells, the cell membrane begins to pinch together at the cell's center
telophase
Name the phase : in plants, the cell plate begins to appear midway across the cell
telophase
Name the phase : the chromosomes lose their distinct form and once again appear as a mass of chromatin
telophase
Name the phase : the nuclear membrane forms from ER
telophase
Name the phase : the reappearance of the nucleolus can be noticed and a nuclear membrane forms around each set of chromosomes
telophase
What are the 3 phases of interphase and what occurs in each phase? 1. ________ - 2. _______ - 3. _________-
1. G1 - cell doubles in size and organelles double in number 2. S Phase - The DNA that makes up the chromatin replicates 3. G2- Rapid growth
What are the different types of spindle fibers?
1. Polar 2. Kinetochore 3. Asters
Name the 3 different spindle fibers and what each one does a. __________- b. _________- c. ___________-
1. Polar- centriole to centriole, help maintain the cell (?) 2. Kinetochore- centriole to centromere, move the chromatids to the opposite poles and the chromosomes to the equator 3. Asters - on/attached to the centriole, provide support and structure for the cell membrane (?)
What are the 4 phases of mitosis? 1. ______ - 2. _______ - 3. _________- 4. ________ -
1. Prophase - chromatin coils and forms chromosomes; nucleolus and nuclear membrane break down, centrioles appear and move to opposite poles, spindle fibers and asters form, organelles double (fibers, not the middle just anywhere) 2. Metaphase - chromosomes are moved to the equator by kinetochore fibers (middle) 3. Anaphase - Centromere divides, chromatids separate and K fibers move them to opposite poles, Cytokinesis begins, (opposite poles) 4. Telophase - Chromatids (chromosomes) are clustered at opposite sides of the cell, centrioles and spindle fibers disappear, chromosomes elongate and revert back to Chromatin (threadlike DNA), Nuclear membrane and nucleolus are back, (2 nuclei)
Humans have ________ pairs of chromosomes
23
How many pairs of chromosomes do humans have?
23 pairs / 46 total
What do 2N / 1N stand for?
2N = a diploid cell 1N (or N) = a haploid cell
Hu mans contain _______ chromosomes (or _______ pairs)
43 chromosomes, or 23 pairs
In which phase of mitosis do the chromatids separate and move to opposite ends of the cell?
Anaphase
What phase of Mitosis is it? 1. The centromere divides 2. Chromatids separate and fibers (kinetochore) move them to opposite poles 3. Cytokinesis begins (cell starts to pull apart) This process uses ATP. Once separated, the chromatids are called chromosomes
Anaphase (Phase 3)
Cytokinesis varies from __________ to __________ cells
Animal to plant
Why do nerve cells and some muscle cells often remain in the G1 phase their entire life?
Because they never completely divide and don't continue life or reproduce
the combo of _______ and _________ produces rod-shaped structures called __________
DNA, Histones, chromosomes
Genetic info in the _____ is contained in a segment of DNA called a _______. When a cell reproduces, _______ are formed to get the genetic info into the new cells
DNA, gene, chromosomes
Draw the diagrams for animal cell cytokinesis and plant cell cytokinesis and check your answer in the notes
Did you do it right?
3 Phases of Interphase: A. _________ - 1st phase, cell _______ in size and _____ _______ in number (________ and _________ cells remain in the G1 phase because they never completely ________) B. ___________ - the _____ that makes up the _______ ______ C. _______- rapid _______
G1, doubles, organelles double, nerve and muscle, divide, S Phase, DNA, chromatin replicates, G2, growth
Draw a chromosome and label the chromatids and the centromere.
HA
Chromosomes have 2 ________ parts called _______
Identical, chromatids
Explain how cytokinesis is different in plant cells and animal cells.
In a plant cell, a cell plate is formed rather than the cell pinching in at the middle like it does in animal cells
What is the longest phase of the cell cycle?
Interphase
Where do cells spend most of their time?
Interphase
Which phase of the cell cycle do cells spend the most time in?
Interphase
what is the longest phase of the cell cycle?
Interphase
______ phases of the cell cycle (in order) : 1. ________ - period of cell _______ and _______ (_______ phases) 2. _______- occurs after the _____ phases of _______. produces ____ _____ ______ with the ______ _______ of _______ as the original ______ cell 3. ___________ - _______ phase of the cell cycle (occurs after ______)
Interphase, growth, development three, Mitosis, 3, interphase, 2 identical nuclei, same number, chromosomes, parent, cytokinesis, the last, mitosis
_______ is the process of cell division in _______ ________ (aka as _________) . __________ produces _________ _______cells
Meiosis, reproductive cells, (gametes), Meiosis, four haploid
What phase of Mitosis is it? 1. Chromosomes are moved to the equator by kinetochore fibers
Metaphase (Phase 2)
Do plant cells have mitosis?
NO
in the _______ ________ of a cell is a substance called __________ (made from DNA and _________). The DNA in ________ is uncoiled
Nuclear Membrane, chromatin, proteins, chromatin
In which phase of mitosis do spindle fibers form?
Prophase
What phase of Mitosis is it? 1. -Chromatin coils and forms chromosomes -The nucleolus and nuclear membrane break down and disappear -Two dark spots (called centrioles) appear next to the disappearing nucleus and start moving to opposite poles 2. Spindle fibers form (polar and kinetochore) 3. Asters are formed
Prophase (Phase 1)
Phases of Mitosis: A. _______-1st phase, has 3 basic steps B. _______-2nd phase, _______ move to the _______ of the cell C. ______-3rd phase, ________ of the _________ separate and move to _______ ends of the __________ D. ______-4th phase
Prophase, metaphase, chromosomes, middle, anaphase, chromatids, chromosomes, opposite, cell, telophase
What phase of Mitosis is it? 1. Chromatids (chromosomes) are clustered at opposite sides of the cell. 2. Centrioles and spindle fibers disappear (dissolve and break down) 3. the chromosomes unwind and elongate into threadlike DNA- now called chromatin. 4. The nuclear membrane reforms and the nucleolus reappears Cytokinesis is completed after this phase. In plants, a cell plate is formed rather than the cell pinching in the middle.
Telophase (Phase 4)
In animal cells, the _______ ________ begins to _________ in at the ________ and eventually divides the cell in ___________
cell membrane, pinch, middle, half
In plant cells, a ______ ____ forms at the __________ (center) of the cell and creates a new ______ ________ thus separating one cell into __________
cell plate, equator, cell wall, two
the continuation of life is based on the reproduction of _______ (called ________ ______)
cells, cell division
Reproduction begins at the _________ level
cellular
Polar fibers are _____ to ______ and kinetochore fibers are _______ to _______
centriole to centriole, centriole to centromere
a chromosome's leg is called a __________
chromatid
Point where sister ________ attach is called the _______
chromatids, centromere
what is the flow chart for mitosis?
chromatin - chromosomes - chromosomes separate into chromatids - chromatids move to opposite poles - chromatids unwind - starts over again
Chromosomes are made from _____ found in the ____ ____. Chromosomes contain ____, which contains the genetic info. Chromosomes are only found in the cell when the cell is undergoing _______ _______.
chromatin, nuclear envelope, DNA, Cell Division
DNA coils up into ________ when a cell is preparing to divide
chromosomes
All cells contain ______. If a cell contains both chromosomes of a ______ pair, then the cell is called a ________ (or _____) ex- ___________ cells
chromosomes, homologous, diploid, 2N, stomatic
The cell cycle is a _______ cycle
continuous
Name the phase : in animal cells, the cell membrane pinches completely together so that the single cell is separated into two daughter cells
cytokinesis
Name the phase : in plants, the cell plate is completed to form daughter cells
cytokinesis
What comes after mitosis?
cytokinesis
Cytokinesis is the process of splitting the _________ and the ___________ into the __________ new cells created during _____________. (Mitosis mainly deals with the splitting of 1 nucleus into _______ nuclei where __________ deals with the splitting of the ___________ and all the other organelles)
cytoplasm, organelles, 2, mitosis, 2, cytokinesis, cytoplasm
draw the diagram/formula thing for a zygote, then check the answer in your notes
did you do it right?
Draw the chromosome diagram from class and then go see if you got it right
did you get it right?
A cell that has a complete copy of your DNA is known as a _______ cell
diploid
When a cell begins to ______, _____ begins to undergo _______ (____ making new ______) The newly created _______ begins to coil. As this happens, the backbone of the DNA helix begins to wrap around globs of protein molecules called __________
divide, DNA, replication, DNA, DNA, DNA, Histones
what is the female reproductive cell called?
egg
the middle of the cell is also referred to as the cell's __________
equator
meiosis is the division of _________
gametes
what is another name for reproductive cells?
gametes
What cells in the human body are haploid?
gametes (sperm and egg)
A section on a chromosome that codes for one specific trait is called a _________
gene
A cell that has only half your DNA is known as a _________ cell
haploid
a sperm is a _________ , an egg is a _____ and a zygote is a ________
haploid, haploid, diploid
Gametes are ________. When they unite (now called a ________) the developing cells are called _______
haploids, zygote, diploids
Pair of chromosomes that are the same size, same appearance and same genes; the 2 members of each pair of chromosomes
homologous chromosomes
What are the 3 phases of the cell cycle?
interphase, mitosis, cytokinesis
what does di- mean?
two
