Biology 1 Exam 1 Review
Humans are members of which kingdom? A) all six kingdoms B) Anamalia C) Eukarya D) None of them E)
B) Anamalia
Of the atoms below, __________ is the most electronegative. A) Br B) F C) Cl D) N E) O
B) F
Hierarchical organization A plant and animal would be most similar at which level of organization? A) Organ B) Organelle C) Tissue D) Cell
B) Organelle
DNA and RNA are polymers composed of A) monosaccharides. B) nucleotides. C) amino acids. D) fatty acids.
B) nucleotides.
Ca2+ A) is an anion. B) is a neutral isotope. C) is an atom that has lost two electrons. D) is reduced.
C) is an atom that has lost two electrons.
Which of the following amino acids would NOT be expected to occur in the interior of a protein like hemoglobin?> A) alanine B) leucine C) valine D) serine
C) valine
Plant cells store energy in the form of _________, and animal cells store energy in the form of ___________. A) fructose; glucose B) disaccharides; monosaccharides C) cellulose; chitin D) starch; glycogen
D) starch; glycogen
Which of the following statements about the plant cell wall is [Unknown EMPH Input: allcaps] not true? A) It functions in support and protection. B) It lies just inside the plasma membrane. C) The primary cell wall is formed while a cell is growing. D) It is composed primarily of polysaccharides.
B) It lies just inside the plasma membrane.
What is the maximum number of double bonds that a carbon atom can form? A) 4 B) 1 C) 2 D) 0 E) 3
C) 2
A completely filled L energy level contains how many more electrons than a completely filled K energy level? A) 2 B) 4 C) 6 D) 8
C) 6
Your microwave will not turn on, and you speculate that a circuit breaker in the house has been tripped. In scientific terminology, the steps you would take to figure this out would be described as: A) testing a prediction generated from a hypothesis. B) forming conclusions from the results of experiments. C) developing an observation based on a hypothesis. D) developing a hypothesis based on an observation.
.D) developing a hypothesis based on an observation.
Which of the following is a hydroxyl group? A) -OH B) -CH2 C) -C=O D) -NH2
A) -OH
Which reaction illustrates a dehydration reaction? A) A+ B → C + H2O B) A + H2O → B + C C) A → B + C+ H2O D) A + B + H2O → C
A) A+ B → C + H2O
The most hydrophobic molecule is A) C2H6 B) R-NH2 D) C5H10O5 E) C3H7OH
A) C2H6
Water interacts with polar substances but not with non-polar substances. Using this information, select the molecules that will easily dissolve in water based on polarity not on size. Check all that apply. A) CH4 B) CH3OH C) CH3 CH3 D) CH3 CH2 CH2 OH E) CH3 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH3
A) CH4 C) CH3 CH3 E) CH3 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH3
Which of the following statements about acids and bases are true? (Check all that apply.) A) If the ratio of protons (H+) to hydroxide ions (OH-) is ten to one (10:1), then the solution is acidic. B) If the ratio of protons (H+) to hydroxide ions (OH-) is one to ten (1:10), then the solution is acidic. C) Adding a base to an acidic solution will bring the pH of the solution closer to 7. D) Acidic compounds are those that release protons (H+) into solution.
A) If the ratio of protons (H+) to hydroxide ions (OH-) is ten to one (10:1), then the solution is acidic. C) Adding a base to an acidic solution will bring the pH of the solution closer to 7. D) Acidic compounds are those that release protons (H+) into solution.
The addition of which of the following functional groups to a hydrocarbon would NOT make it water-soluble? A) Methyl group B) Amino group C) Sulfhydryl group D) All of the above would make it soluble
A) Methyl group
A protein that is secreted from the cell takes which pathway? A) Rough ER → transport vesicle → Golgi → secretory vesicle → plasma membrane B) Cytosol → plasma membrane C) Smooth ER → rough ER → transport vesicle → Golgi → lysosome D) Golgi → transport vesicle → rough ER → transport vesicle → lysosome → plasma membrane
A) Rough ER → transport vesicle → Golgi → secretory vesicle → plasma membrane
Using transmission electron microscopy on a cross section of a cell, you see two dark lines separated by a lighter area. Which of the following is NOT a reasonable conclusion? A) The cell must come from a multicellular eukaryote. B) The structure contains proteins. C) You are looking at a membrane. D) The structure contains phospholipids.
A) The cell must come from a multicellular eukaryote.
A hypothesis in biology is best describes as A) a possible explanation of an observation B) an observation that supports a theory C) a general principle that explains some aspect of life D) an unchanging statement that correctly predicts some aspect of life
A) a possible explanation of an observation
Two adjacent water molecules, an α-helix, and two complementary strands of DNA are all similar in that they A) are stabilized or held together by hydrogen bonds. B) are macromolecules. C) are hydrophilic. D) are all put together by dehydration synthesis.
A) are stabilized or held
If you place the corner of a paper towel into a droplet of water the water moves across the paper towel. Which of the following would explain the movement of the water? A) both cohesion and adhesion B) surface tension C) adhesion D) cohesion
A) both cohesion and adhesion
52) As the number of covalent bonds between two atoms increases, the distance between the atoms __________ and the strength of the bond between them __________. A) decreases, increases B) decreases, decreases C) increases, decreases D) increases, increases E) is unpredictable
A) decreases, increases
A substance with pH = 5 A) is more acidic than a substance of pH = 10. B) has a lower concentration of H+ than substance with pH = 10. C) has twice as many H+ than a substance of pH = 10. B) is a base.
A) is more acidic than a substance of pH = 10.
The best summary of the properties of water is: A) less dense at 0oC than at room temperature, ideal solvent for biological molecules, absorbs considerable heat energy without raising temperature, and high percentage of hydrogen bonds. B) more dense at 0oC than at room temperature, structural support in plants, low amounts of energy needed to raise temperature. C) less dense at 0oC than at room temperature, ideal solvent, low amounts of energy needed to raise temperature, hydrolysis breaks bonds, and dehydration forms bonds. D) strong cohesive forces, structural support in plants, dehydration can break bonds, and hydration can form bonds.
A) less dense at 0oC than at room temperature, ideal solvent for biological molecules, absorbs considerable heat energy without raising temperature, and high percentage of hydrogen bonds.
Two adjacent water molecules are able to form hydrogen bonds with each other because A) oxygen is more electronegative than hydrogen. B) hydrogen is more electronegative than oxygen. C) hydrogen and oxygen have equal affinity for electrons. D) the hydrogen atoms have a partial negative charge and the oxygen atoms have a partial positive charge.
A) oxygen is more electronegative than hydrogen.
What levels of protein structure would be affected if all hydrogen bonding interactions were prevented? Check all that apply. A) primary B) secondary C) tertiary D) quaternary
A) primary
A __________ covalent bond between the same two atoms is the longest. A) single B) double C) triple D) They are all the same length. E) strong
A) single
The size and number of organelles in a cell correlates with cell function. Leydig cells of the testes produce the steroid hormone testosterone. Leydig cells are likely to have abundant A) smooth endoplasmic reticulum. B) rough endoplasmic reticulum. C) lysosomes. D) ribosomes.
A) smooth endoplasmic reticulum.
A molecule with polar covalent bonds would A) soluble in water. B) not be soluble in water. C) contain atoms with very similar electronegativity. D) contain atoms that have gained or lost electrons.
A) soluble in water.
When you consume plant storage carbohydrates, you use an enzyme called amylase to break down the molecules. Amylase can break down __________ into glucose monomers by ____________. A) starch; hydrolysis B) glycogen; dehydration C) cellulose; dehydration D) starch and cellulose; hydrolysis
A) starch; hydrolysis
Both animals and plants utilize disaccharides to A) store energy. B) transport sugars. C) provide structural support. D) break down polysaccharides.
A) store energy.
The isotopes carbon-12 and carbon-14 differ in A) the number of neutrons. B) the number of protons. C) the number of electrons. D) both b and c.
A) the number of neutrons.
Triglycerides, sterols, and terpene are all lipids because A) they are all hydrophobic. B) they are all amphipathic. C) they are all energy storage molecules. D) they are all produced by dehydration synthesis
A) they are all hydrophobic.
A hydrogen bond is A) weaker than a covalent bond. B) stronger than an ionic bond. C) the same as a van der Waals interaction. D) stronger than a covalent bond.
A) weaker than a covalent bond.
An atom with one valence electron A) would tend to easily lose an electron. B) be inert. C) would be found in the right-hand column of the periodic table. D) would easily gain an extra electron
A) would tend to easily lose an electron.
Adding NH3 (ammonia) to water makes NH4+. What will be the general pH of this new solution, and what will happen to the ion concentrations? A) Acidic; increased H+ ions and decreased OH-. B) Alkaline; decreased H+ ions and increased OH- . C) Acidic; decreased H+ ions and increased OH-. D) Alkaline; increased H+ ions and decreased OH-.
B) Alkaline; decreased H+ ions and increased OH- .
Why can cows use cellulose as a food source, but you can't? A) Cows produce the enzymes that can break α-(1→4) linkages. B) Cows have symbiotic microbes in their digestive system that can break bonds between glucose monomers in cellulose. C) Cows have excess starch digesting enzymes in their saliva. D) Cows broad teeth allow them to mechanically break apart the cellulose.
B) Cows have symbiotic microbes in their digestive system that can break bonds between glucose monomers in cellulose.
An environmental biologist was studying the biodiversity of a wildlife refuge. In the area, he found pine trees scattered among a variety of mixed hardwood trees. In order to identify the pine trees, he counted the number of needles per bundle and measured the average length of the needles. This is a ___________ study. A) Experimental B) Descriptive C) Both experimental and descriptive D) Neither experimental of descriptive
B) Descriptive
Osmometer cells in the brain sense an increase in the salt concentration of plasma. This information is sent to the hypothalamus, which notifies the pituitary gland to release the hormone, ADH. ADH causes the kidney to save water, which lowers the salt concentration of the plasma. What characteristic of life does this overall pathway represent? A) Cellular organization B) Homeostasis C) Evolutionary adaptation D) Sensitivity E) Energy utilization
B) Homeostasis
How does the fossil record help support the theory of evolution by natural selection? A) It demonstrates that complex organisms have become simplified and more efficient over time. B) It provides evidence that organisms have changed over time. C) It shows that diversity existed millions of years ago. D) It doesn't support the theory of evolution, as no transitional forms have been identified.
B) It provides evidence that organisms have changed over time.
Which of the following was demonstrated by the Miller-Urey experiment? A) Life can be started experimentally in the laboratory. B) Organic molecules important to life could have been formed from a vast array of simple chemicals. C) Life began on the pre-biotic Earth 3.5 billion years ago. D) Life began in the oceans.
B) Organic molecules important to life could have been formed from a vast array of simple chemicals.
Of the bonds below, __________ is the least polar. A) Na, S B) P, S C) C, F D) Si, Cl E) Na, Cl
B) P, S
Which of the following types of cell connections is correctly matched with its function? A) Adherens junction—block substances from passing between cells B) Plasmodesmata—communication between cells C) Septate junction—attachment the cytoskeleton of one cell to the cytoskeleton of another cell D) All are correctly matched.
B) Plasmodesmata—communication between cells
Which of the following BEST describes the theory of natural selection? A) There is a struggle for existence among the members of a population. B) Some individuals have genes that increase their chances for survival and reproduction. These individuals are more likely to reproduce and pass on their genes, causing their genes to become more common in the next generation. C) Each species produces many more offspring than can survive long enough to reproduce. The offspring that do survive contain genes that are inherited from the parents. D) The genetic make-up of a population gradually changes from one generation to the next. E) Living organisms change over time. F) There is variation among the members of a species. Some of this variation is genetically determined and so can be passed on to future generations.
B) Some individuals have genes that increase their chances for survival and reproduction. These individuals are more likely to reproduce and pass on their genes, causing their genes to become more common in the next generation.
Which part of an amino acid has the greatest influence on the overall structure of a protein? A) The (—NH2) amino group B) The R group C) (—COOH) carboxyl group D) Both a and c
B) The R group
You are conducting an experiment to test the hypothesis that apple trees will produce larger fruit when exposed to lullabies at night. You have 10 experimental trees that are exposed to music at night. Which of the following is accurate about your control group? A) The control group should be exposed to lullabies during the day. B) The control group should not be exposed to lullabies at all. C) The control group should be exposed to a different type of music, like rap. D) The control group should be exposed to music all the time.
B) The control group should not be exposed to lullabies at all.
What chemical property of lipids accounts for their insolubility in water? A) The COOH group of fatty acids B) The large number of nonpolar C—H bonds C) The branching of saturated fatty acids D) The C=C bonds found in unsaturated fatty acids
B) The large number of nonpolar C—H bonds
Refer to the element pictured. How many covalent bonds could this atom form? A) Two B) Three C) Four D) None
B) Three
Ubiquitin is a small protein (76 amino acids); it has been found in almost all tissues of eukaryotic organisms and is involved in protein degradation in the cell. The amino acid sequence of ubiquitin found in humans has one amino acid difference from the ubiquitin found in Caenorhabditis elegans (roundworm) and three amino acid differences from the ubiquitin found in Saccharomyces cerevisieae (brewer's yeast). Based on this information, which of the following statements is ACCURATE? A) Humans are more closely related to yeast than they are to roundworms. B) Yeast, roundworms, and humans all share a common ancestor. C) This data tells us nothing about evolutionary history, because molecular evidence relies only on DNA. D) Molecular data can tell us little about evolution, because it is usually incompatible with data derived from the fossil record
B) Yeast, roundworms, and humans all share a common ancestor.
Archaea A) have a cell wall composed of peptidoglycan. B) are more closely related to eukaryotes than to prokaryotes. C) are multicellular prokaryotes. D) contain their genome in a nucleus.
B) are more closely related to eukaryotes than to prokaryotes.
Birds are vertebrate animals that have feathers and reproduce by laying eggs. While on a nature walk, you come across a vertebrate animal that lays eggs but does not have feathers. You conclude that this animal is not a bird. This is an example of A) inductive reasoning. B) deductive reasoning. C) descriptive science. D) reductionism.
B) deductive reasoning.
The difference between a motif and a domain is A) motifs are larger, forming functional zones. B) domains are larger, forming functional zones. C) motifs affect tertiary structure, while domains do not. D) domains form sheets and tubes, while motifs form helices
B) domains are larger, forming functional zones.
An atom of iron (Fe) has 26 protons, 30 neutrons, and 26 electrons. An iron atom A) has an atomic mass of 82. B) has an atomic number of 26. C) is an ion. D) has an atomic number of 56
B) has an atomic number of 26.
Iodine (I) A) is present in living systems in more than trace amounts. B) has reactivity similar to that of chlorine. C) is an isotope of chlorine. D) All of the above.
B) has reactivity similar to that of chlorine.
Mitochondria A) are fully autonomous. B) have a highly folded inner membrane. C) produce ATP and sugars. D) All of the above
B) have a highly folded inner membrane.
The difference between cohesion and adhesion is that A) cohesion involves the formation of hydrogen bonds while adhesion does not. B) in cohesion water molecules form hydrogen bonds with other water molecules, while in adhesion they form hydrogen bonds with molecules other than water. C) cohesion promotes the capillary action of water, while D) adhesion opposes it. adhesion promotes surface tension, while cohesion opposes it.
B) in cohesion water molecules form hydrogen bonds with other water molecules, while in adhesion they form hydrogen bonds with molecules other than water.
Elements from opposite sides of the periodic table tend to form __________. A) covalent compounds B) ionic compounds C) compounds that are gaseous at room temperature D) homonuclear diatomic compounds E) covalent compounds that are gaseous at room temperature
B) ionic compounds
A triglyceride is a _____ composed of _____. A) lipid; fatty acids and glucose B) lipid; fatty acids and glycerol C) carbohydrate; fatty acids D) lipid; cholesterol
B) lipid; fatty acids and glycerol
Which of the following is not a property of life? A) using energy that ultimately comes from the sun B) movement C) maintenance of relatively constant internal conditions in a variable environment D) the ability to grow, develop, and reproduced using instructions found in DNA
B) movement
You isolate a mutant plant that has abnormally weak adhesion between cells. This plant most likely has a problem A) forming plasmodesmata. B) producing the middle lamella. C) laying down the secondary cell wall. D) manufacturing the proteins needed for its extracellular matrix
B) producing the middle lamella.
The four kinds of organic molecules are A) hydroxyls, carboxyls, aminos, and phosphates. B) proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids. C) DNA, RNA, sugars, and amino acids. D) carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen.
B) proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids.
An atom with a net positive charge must have more A) protons than neutrons. B) protons than electrons. C) electrons than neutrons. D) electrons than protons.
B) protons than electrons.
Human plasma cells secrete large amounts of antibody proteins. You would expect plasma cells to have A) cytosolic ribosomes. B) ribosomes attached to the rough ER. C) mitochondria. D) nucleoli.
B) ribosomes attached to the rough ER.
Two different proteins have the same domain as part of their final structure. From this, we can infer that they have A) the same primary structure. B) similar function. C) very different functions. D) the same primary structure but different function.
B) similar function
ATP A) contains the nucleotide thymine as part of its structure. B) stores energy in the bonds between its three phosphate groups. C) carries electrons that store chemical energy. D) All of the above.
B) stores energy in the bonds between its three phosphate groups.
The property that distinguishes an atom of one element (carbon, for example) from an atom of another element (oxygen, for example) is A) the number of electrons. B) the number of protons. C) the number of neutrons. D) the combined number of protons and neutrons.
B) the number of protons.
Carbon has 4 valence electrons and oxygen has 6. Carbon dioxide would contain _____. A) one single covalent bond B) two double covalent bonds C) four hydrogen bonds D) two single covalent bonds
B) two double covalent bonds
Different motor proteins like kinesin and myosin are similar in that they can A) interact with microtubules. B) use energy from ATP to produce movement. C) interact with actin. D) do both a and b.
B) use energy from ATP to produce movement.
You have been assigned to analyze some extraterrestrial material recently collected from Mars. After examining a sample using a microscope you jump up excitedly and shout to your colleagues that you have confirmed the existence of life on Mars. One of your colleagues takes a look at your sample and remarks that all he sees is a single-celled "blob" with little internal structure. Assuming that life on Mars can be classified into similar domains and kingdoms as Earth, to which domain does your "blob" belong? A) Protista B) Fungi C) Archaea D) Animalia
C) Archaea
How is the process of natural selection different from that of artificial selection? A) Natural selection produces more variation. B) Natural selection makes an individual better adapted. C) Artificial selection is a result of human intervention. D) Artificial selection results in better adaptations.
C) Artificial selection is a result of human intervention.
Based upon your knowledge of evolution, which of the following statements is/are most likely true? (Select all that apply.) A) Moths that could smell the nectar at the bottom of the orchid saw the need for a longer proboscis, so they grew one that reached the nectar and passed on the longer proboscis to their offspring. B) Moths that could smell the nectar at the bottom of the orchid mated with females that had longer proboscises so that their offspring might have a chance to reach the nectar. C) At least one species has always been able to reach the nectar of the orchid. D) Moths with longer proboscises are more likely to have access to the orchid nectar and are therefore more likely to survive to reproduction. E) Orchids with deeper nectaries are more likely to have moths rub against their pollen, and are therefore more likely to reproduce, than orchids with shallow nectaries.
C) At least one species has always been able to reach the nectar of the orchid. D) Moths with longer proboscises are more likely to have access to the orchid nectar and are therefore more likely to survive to reproduction. E) Orchids with deeper nectaries are more likely to have moths rub against their pollen, and are therefore more likely to reproduce, than orchids with shallow nectaries.
Which of the following is found in DNA, but not in RNA? A) Ribose, thymine, adenine, guanine, cytosine B) 5 phosphate and 3 hydroxyl ends C) Deoxyribose and thymine D) A 5-carbon sugar and a nitrogenous base
C) Deoxyribose and thymine
Which of the following is found in eukaryotic cells but not in prokaryotic cells? A) Cell wall B) Plasma membrane C) Endoplasmic reticulum D) Ribosomes
C) Endoplasmic reticulum
You find a single-celled organism that has cell walls, no nucleus, and is not susceptible to the antibiotic penicillin. What can you reasonably conclude about this organism? A) It lacks DNA. B) It has a cell wall composed of peptidoglycan. C) It has membrane lipids that are hydrophilic at both ends. D) It does not make proteins.
C) It has membrane lipids that are hydrophilic at both ends.
Given the electronegativities below, which covalent single bond is most polar? Element: H C N O Electronegativity: 2.1 2.5 3.0 3.5 A) C-H B) N-H C) O-H D) O-C E) O-N
C) O-H
Using the periodic table on page 26, which of the following atoms would you predict could form a positively charged ion (cation)? A) Fluorine (F) B) Neon (Ne) C) Potassium (K) D) Sulfur (S)
C) Potassium (K)
Which of the following is NOT accurate about the elements commonly found in living organisms? A) They have a low atomic mass. B) They have atomic numbers less than 27. C) They have a completely filled outer shell. D) They are incorporated into organic molecules.
C) They have a completely filled outer shell.
Protobionts are thought to be the first nonliving structures that evolved into living cells. A critical characteristic of a protobiont that is found in both modern day prokaryotes and eukaryotes is: A) the ability to fuse with any other protobiont for reproduction. B) internal compartments that subdivide metabolic functions. C) a boundary membrane that separates external from internal environments. D) the ability to exclude all organic substances. E) the ability to recognize other protobionts for developmental purposes.
C) a boundary membrane that separates external from internal environments.
Tubers are modified plant structures that are used to store nutrients for growth. If you were to make a section through a potato tuber and view it microscopically, you should see abundant A) mitochondria. B) chloroplasts. C) amyloplasts. D) cristae.
C) amyloplasts.
Microfilaments A) do not exhibit polarity as seen in microtubules. B) grow from the centrosome in animal cells. C) are essential to cell division and muscle contraction. D) are used to transport vesicles through the endomembrane system.
C) are essential to cell division and muscle contraction.
Van der Waals attractions A) involve electrical attraction, as do ionic and hydrogen bonds. B) are stronger than hydrogen bonds. C) are not directional. D) involve only two atoms.
C) are not directional.
The feature of carbon important for producing a diversity of organic molecules is: A) carbon can form up to 2 covalent bonds with other elements. B) carbon bonds are stronger than any other bond. C) carbon can form both polar and nonpolar covalent bonds with various elements. D) carbon bonds cannot be broken in the range of temperatures associated with life. E) carbon can form hydrogen bonds with water.
C) carbon can form both polar and nonpolar covalent bonds with various elements.
Dr. Ratard was trying to determine the cause of a mysterious epidemic affecting fish in the gulf of New Mexico. His proposal that the deaths were caused by an organism called a protist is considered a(n): A) conclusion. B) data set. C) hypothesis. D) experiment. E) theory.
C) hypothesis.
Electronegativity __________ from left to right within a period and __________ from top to bottom within a group. A) decreases, increases B) increases, increases C) increases, decreases D) stays the same, increases E) increases, stays the same
C) increases, decreases
The cytoskeleton includes A) microtubules made of actin filaments. B) microfilaments made of tubulin. C) intermediate filaments made of twisted fibers of vimentin and keratin. D) smooth endoplasmic reticulum
C) intermediate filaments made of twisted fibers of vimentin and keratin.
The maximum number of electrons found in a dumbbell-shaped p orbital A) is greater than the number found in a spherical s orbital. B) is less than the number found in a spherical s orbital. C) is the same as the number found in a spherical s orbital. D) has no relation to the number found in a spherical s orbital.
C) is the same as the number found in a spherical s orbital.
Starch is a carbohydrate polymer found in plants. The chemical reaction that builds starch A) a hydrolysis reaction. B) utilizes water. C) is the same reaction that builds proteins and lipids. D) All of the above
C) is the same reaction that builds proteins and lipids.
The type of compound that is most likely to contain a covalent bond is __________. A) one that is composed of a metal from the far left of the periodic table and a nonmetal from the far right of the periodic table B) a solid metal C) one that is composed of only nonmetals D) held together by the electrostatic forces between oppositely charged ions E) There is no general rule to predict covalency in bonds.
C) one that is composed of only nonmetals
Amino acids are linked together to form a protein by A) disulfide bridges. B) hydrophobic exclusion. C) peptide bonds. D) hydrogen bonds
C) peptide bonds.
You have been assigned to address a problem of overpopulation of species X in a nearby county. One of the members of your team suggests introducing species Y, which is a natural predator of species X, but not normally found in the area. After some discussion, you go ahead and introduce species Y. Which aspect of the hierarchical organization will be affected first? A) biosphere B) community C) population D) tissue
C) population
The most important factor that limits the size of a cell is the A) quantity of proteins and organelles a cell can make. B) concentration of water in the cytoplasm. C) surface-area-to-volume ratio of the cell. D) amount of DNA in the cell
C) surface-area-to-volume ratio of the cell.
The process of inductive reasoning involves A) the use of general principles to predict a specific result B) the generation of specific predictions based on a belief system C) the use of specific observation to develop general principles D) the use of general principles to support a hypothesis
C) the use of specific observation to develop general principles
Hydrogen bonds are formed A) between any molecules that contain hydrogen. B) only between water molecules. C) when hydrogen is part of a polar covalent bond. D) when two atoms of hydrogen share an electron
C) when hydrogen is part of a polar covalent bond.
Buffer systems A) will always remove H+ from solution. B) will always add H+ to solution. C) will help keep pH relatively constant. D) will stop water from ionizing.
C) will help keep pH relatively constant.
What is the maximum number of double bonds that a hydrogen atom can form? A) 3 B) 1 C) 2 D) 0 E) 4
D) 0
Which of the following statements is NOT part of the cell theory? A) All organisms are composed of one or more cells. B) All cells come from other cells by division. C) Cells are smallest living things. D) All cells are composed molecules and organelles.
D) All cells are composed molecules and organelles.
The idea of evolution by natural selection A) is an example of how a scientist develops a hypothesis based on previous knowledge and observations. B)was developed independently by Charles Darwin and Alfred Russell Wallace. C) is supported by modern-day molecular evidence. D) All of the above
D) All of the above
Why are buffers important in living systems? A) Many chemical reactions are affected by the acidity of the solution in which they occur. B) Chemical reactions of life produce acids and bases within cells. C) Enzyme activity is affected by pH. D) All of the above
D) All of the above
Of the molecules below, the bond in __________ is the most polar. A) HBr B) HI C) HCl D) HF E)
D) HF
Which of the following would NOT be soluble in water? A) Polar molecules B) Ions C) Molecules that contain many hydroxyl groups D) Nonpolar molecules
D) Nonpolar molecules
Which of the following nuclear structures is NOT correctly matched with its function? A) The nucleolus—site of rRNA synthesis B) Nuclear pores—allow passage of molecules into and out of the nucleus C) Nuclear envelope—separates the contents of the nucleus from the cytoplasm D) Nuclear lamina—produces ribosomes
D) Nuclear lamina—produces ribosomes
In which of the following situations could evolution by natural selection occur? A) A population of island finches possesses almost no genetic variability. B)Over several generations a population of snails has access to unlimited resources. C) Over generations almost every member of a population of howler monkeys is able to produce offspring. D) Over generations, a population of mountain gorillas with genes for long hair survive cold and cloudy weather better than gorillas that have genes for minimal body hair
D) Over generations, a population of mountain gorillas with genes for long hair survive cold and cloudy weather better than gorillas that have genes for minimal body hair
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of all prokaryotic cells? A) Ribosomes B) Cell wall C) DNA D) Pili
D) Pili
Partial hydrogenation of vegetable oil would result in which of the following? A) The oil becoming more solid at room temperature B) Adding double bonds to the oil C) Producing trans double bonds in the fatty acid D) a and c
D) a and c
A chemical reaction will go faster if A) the temperature is lowered. B) there are more products present. C) there are fewer reactants present. D) a catalyst is present.
D) a catalyst is present.
53) Of the possible bonds between carbon atoms (single, double, and triple), __________. A) a triple bond is longer than a single bond B) a double bond is stronger than a triple bond C) a single bond is stronger than a triple bond D) a double bond is longer than a triple bond E) a single bond is stronger than a double bond
D) a double bond is longer than a triple bond
The cell theory states that A) cells are small. B) cells are highly organized. C) there is only one basic type of cell. D) all living things are made up of cells.
D) all living things are made up of cells.
Emergent Properties A) a result from the way components within a hierarchical level interact B) explain why our cells are similar to those of a mountain goat but our body plan is much different C) arise at each level of hierarchical organization D) all of the above
D) all of the above
Protists and bacteria are grouped into different kingdoms because A) protists are multicellulr organisms and bacteria are unicellular B) protists are composed of cells and bacteria are not C) protists have a nucleus and bacteria are not D) all of the above
D) all of the above
In a protein, a glycine is replaced with a histidine. This would A) always change the primary structure of the protein, never change tertiary structure or function. B) sometimes change the primary structure of a protein, always affect tertiary structure, and sometimes affect function. C) never change the primary structure, always affect secondary and tertiary structure and function. D) always change the primary structure of a protein, sometimes affect tertiary structure and function.
D) always change the primary structure of a protein, sometimes affect tertiary structure and function.
Ionic bonds arise from A) shared valence electrons. B) attractions between valence electrons. C) charge attractions between valence electrons. D) attractions between ions of opposite charge
D) attractions between ions of opposite charge
Your DNA A) is identical to the DNA from organisms classified in other kingdoms of life. B) provides the instructions for your cells to function. C) can be replicated faithfully and passed to your offspring. D) b and c
D) b and c
Some people affected with kidney failure have a mutation in a gene encoding a claudin protein. Which of the following statements about these individuals is accurate? A) The cells in their kidneys are not communicating with each other correctly. B) Molecules are moving through cells instead of between adjacent cells in the kidneys. C) The cells in the kidneys not forming an adequate barrier to molecules. D) b and c are both correct
D) b and c are both correct
RNA A) functions in the storage of genetic information in the nucleus of the cell. B) is found only in the nucleus of the cell. C) is usually a double-stranded helix. D) can function as an enzyme
D) can function as an enzyme
The quaternary structure of a protein is the A) first four amino acids at the amino terminus. B) organization of a polypeptide chain into an α helix or a β pleated sheet. C) unique three-dimensional shape of the fully folded polypeptide. D) overall protein structure resulting from the aggregation of two or more polypeptide subunits
D) overall protein structure resulting from the aggregation of two or more polypeptide subunits
Water boils at a higher temperature than a non-polar solvent like ether because A) a large amount of energy is required to remove electrons from the oxygen atom in each water molecule. B) a large amount of energy is required to remove electrons from the hydrogen atoms in each water molecule. C) a large amount of energy is required to break the polar covalent bonds that hold each water molecule together. D) a large amount of energy is released when water dissociates into oppositely charged ions. E) a large amount of energy is required to break the many hydrogen bonds that restrict the movement of individual water molecules.
E) a large amount of energy is required to break the many hydrogen bonds that restrict the movement of individual water molecules.
The ability of an atom in a molecule to attract electrons is best quantified by the __________. A) paramagnetism B) diamagnetism C) first ionization potential D) electron change-to-mass ratio E) electronegativity
E) electronegativity
Studying a brick does not predict the design of a skyscraper. Intense examination of muscle tissues does not allow you to predict the design of a kangaroo or clam. The structure of chlorophyll does not dictate the unique structure of a tree. These cases demonstrate: A) determinism, or how all phenomena are predictable effects of causes. B) the levels of organization from atom to biosphere. C) the essential properties of life. D) emergent properties that are easily predicted by examining their parts. E) emergent properties that cannot be predicted by examining their parts.
E) emergent properties that cannot be predicted by examining their parts.
A nonpolar bond will form between two __________ atoms of __________ electronegativity. A) different, opposite B) identical, different C) different, different D) similar, different E) identical, equal
E) identical, equal
In a chemical analysis of an animal tissue sample, which element would be in the least quantity? A) carbon B) nitrogen C) hydrogen D) oxygen E) iodine
E) iodine