Biology 101: Cell Types and Components
How is the structure of chloroplast important to its function?
3 internal membranes
Plasma membrane
A barrier that binds cells together which regulates what enters and leaves the cell
Lysosome
A membrane sac of digestive enzymes
Nucleoid
A region within a prokaryote cell that contains most of the cell's genetic material and is not surrounded by a membrane
Where are prokaryotic cells found?
Bacteria and archaea
Ribosomes
Builds proteins according to the instructions of genes
Chromosomes
Carries genes made of DNA
Prokaryotic cells
Cells that are small and simple, look like hairy corndogs, and lack organelles except for the nucleoid
Eukaryotic cells
Cells that contain a nucleus and other organelles
What organelles are exclusive to plant cells?
Chloroplasts, cell wall, central vacuole
Phospholipids
Fats that are major components of cell membranes
Central vacuole
Found in plants; stores nutrients and waste, and increases surface area for absorption
What organelles are exclusive to animal cells?
Lysosome, flagellum, centriole
Organelles
Membrane enclosed structures that perform specific functions in the cell
What are the 10 major organelles?
Nucleus, ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi complex, vesicles, vacuoles, mitochondria, chloroplast, cytoskeleton, and cell wall
Chloroplast
Only found in plant cells; conducts photosynthesis, is bounded by a double membrane, and has inner stacked thylakoid membranes
Nucleus
Organelle that contains chromosomes, is the "information center", and contains a nucleolus
Endoplasmic reticulum
Part of endomembrane system and route for the polypeptide chains
Golgi complex
Part of endomembrane system, sorts and packages proteins and lipids to be shipped to other locations in the cell
Mitochondria
Produce energy in the form of ATP, bounded by a smooth double membrane; contains inner folded cristae
Where are eukaryotic cells found?
Protists, plants, fungi, and animals
Cytoskeleton
Provides structure, support, and movement with cila and flagella
Contractile vacuoles
Pump excess of water in a protist cell
Vesicles
Responsible for transportation and storage
Cell theory
States that all living things are composed of cells and that cells come from other cells
Cytoplasm
The region of a cell between the nucleus and plasma membrane; consists of organelles in eukaryotic cells
How is the structure of mitochondria important to its function?
They are shaped perfectly to maximize their productivity; the outer membrane contains it like a skin, and the inner membrane is folded over many times to create cristae structures
Cytosol
Thick, jellylike fluid in which cellular components are suspended