Biology 101: Cell Types and Components

How is the structure of chloroplast important to its function?

3 internal membranes

Plasma membrane

A barrier that binds cells together which regulates what enters and leaves the cell

Lysosome

A membrane sac of digestive enzymes

Nucleoid

A region within a prokaryote cell that contains most of the cell's genetic material and is not surrounded by a membrane

Where are prokaryotic cells found?

Bacteria and archaea

Ribosomes

Builds proteins according to the instructions of genes

Chromosomes

Carries genes made of DNA

Prokaryotic cells

Cells that are small and simple, look like hairy corndogs, and lack organelles except for the nucleoid

Eukaryotic cells

Cells that contain a nucleus and other organelles

What organelles are exclusive to plant cells?

Chloroplasts, cell wall, central vacuole

Phospholipids

Fats that are major components of cell membranes

Central vacuole

Found in plants; stores nutrients and waste, and increases surface area for absorption

What organelles are exclusive to animal cells?

Lysosome, flagellum, centriole

Organelles

Membrane enclosed structures that perform specific functions in the cell

What are the 10 major organelles?

Nucleus, ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi complex, vesicles, vacuoles, mitochondria, chloroplast, cytoskeleton, and cell wall

Chloroplast

Only found in plant cells; conducts photosynthesis, is bounded by a double membrane, and has inner stacked thylakoid membranes

Nucleus

Organelle that contains chromosomes, is the "information center", and contains a nucleolus

Endoplasmic reticulum

Part of endomembrane system and route for the polypeptide chains

Golgi complex

Part of endomembrane system, sorts and packages proteins and lipids to be shipped to other locations in the cell

Mitochondria

Produce energy in the form of ATP, bounded by a smooth double membrane; contains inner folded cristae

Where are eukaryotic cells found?

Protists, plants, fungi, and animals

Cytoskeleton

Provides structure, support, and movement with cila and flagella

Contractile vacuoles

Pump excess of water in a protist cell

Vesicles

Responsible for transportation and storage

Cell theory

States that all living things are composed of cells and that cells come from other cells

Cytoplasm

The region of a cell between the nucleus and plasma membrane; consists of organelles in eukaryotic cells

How is the structure of mitochondria important to its function?

They are shaped perfectly to maximize their productivity; the outer membrane contains it like a skin, and the inner membrane is folded over many times to create cristae structures

Cytosol

Thick, jellylike fluid in which cellular components are suspended