Biology 102 knotts

True or False? After speciation occurs, populations are still capable of interbreeding.

False

True or False? All bacteria are harmful for humans.

False

True or False? Convergent evolution is the evolution of dissimilar features in distantly related groups.

False

True or False? Mutations and Horizontal Gene Transfer are not important sources of genetic variation.

False

True or False? Prokaryotes divide by binary fission and do not reproduce sexually. therefore, genetic variation is not important.

False

True or False? Protists contain only microscopic, single-celled organisms.

False

True or False? Ultimately, species remain separate because they do not share geographical regions?

False

True or False? Viroid's are known to infect all types of cells (plant and animal) because they lack a protein coat.

False

True or False? Viruses have to enter eukaryotic cells by endocytosis or, if enveloped, by fusion with the cell's membrane. Virus DNA is too unstable to enter a cell naked.

False

True of false? The classification group genus contains more organisms than species.

True

True or False? Evolution has no long-term purpose or direction.

True

True or False? The rule of parsimony states that the simplest explanation is usually the right one. This rule holds true for choosing cladograms.

True

True or False? Viroids infect plant cells.

True

Fungal cell walls are made up of ______.

chitin

A trait that increases the environmental fitness of an organism is called a _____.

Adaptation

In a Hardy-Weinberg population with two alleles, A and a, that are in equilibrium, the frequency of the allele a is 0.3. What is the frequency of individuals that are homozygous for this allele.

0.09

In plants, violet flower color (V) is dominant over white (v). If p=0.8 and q=0.2 in a population of 500 plants, you expect _____ to have violet flowers, and _____ to have white flowers.

480, 20

What are Darwin's postulates?

1. More offspring are produced than can survive; there is competition for resources. 2. Characteristics of offspring vary, and these variations are heritable. 3. Most characteristics are heritable, passed from parent to offspring.

How many domains of life are there?

3: Bacteria; Archaea; Eukarya

Order the steps of viral infection. -Lysis and apoptosis. -DNA enters the host cell "naked" or by endocytosis or, if enveloped, by fusion. -Viral genes direct the assembly of the new proteins and genomes. -Receptors on the surface of the host cell bind to virus capsid proteins or virus envelope glycoproteins.

1.Receptors on the surface of the host cell bind to virus capsid proteins or virus envelope glycoproteins. 2.DNA enters the host cell "naked" or by endocytosis or, if enveloped, by fusion. 3.Viral genes direct the assembly of the new proteins and genomes. 4.Lysis and apoptosis.

Three populations of crickets look very similar, but the males have courtship songs that sound different. What function would this difference in song likely serve if the populations came in contact?

A behavioral reproductive isolating mechanism.

In a comparison of birds and mammals, having four limbs is _____

A shared ancestral character

Choose the best definition(s) of the word "hypothesis" -A suggested explanation that can be tested. -Statement that can be written as an "if/then" statement. -A tested explanation that is generally true. -A question based on observation.

A suggested explanation that can be tested. Statement that can be written as an "if/then" statement.

The basis of _____ speciation is geographical separation of populations.

Allopatric

_____ structures have a similar function.

Analogous structures.

In general, extremophiles belong to which domain of life?

Archaea

What is the main method of prokaryotic reproduction?

Binary fission

A chance vent or catastrophe can reduce the genetic variability within a population is called a _____ event.

Bottleneck

Bacteria and archaea differ fundamentally in these areas. (4)

Cell walls, DNA replication, plasma membranes, gene expression

During a study session about evolution, one of your fellow students remarks, "The giraffe stretched its neck while reaching for higher leaves; its offspring inherited longer necks as a result." Which statement is most likely to be helpful in correcting this student's misconception?

Characteristics acquired during an organism's life are generally not passed on through genes.

Which of the following statements is false? -Communities exist within populations, which exists within ecosystems. -Organelles exist within cells, which exist within tissues. -Communities exist within ecosystems, which exist in the biosphere. -Tissues exist within organs, which exist within organ systems.

Communities exist within populations, which exists within ecosystems.

Which of these conditions are always true of populations evolving due to natural selection? Condition 1: The population must vary in traits that are heritable. Condition 2: Some heritable traits must increase reproductive success. Condition 3: Individuals pass on most traits that they acquire during their lifetime.

Conditions 1 and 2

Inductive reasoning or deductive reasoning? Quadrilaterals have four sides therefore, a square is a quadrilateral.

Deductive reasoning

Inductive reasoning or deductive reasoning? Takes a general rule and uses it to make a more specific example.

Deductive reasoning

Inductive reasoning or deductive reasoning? The first lipstick I pulled from my bag is red. All lipsticks in my bag are red. Therefore, the second lipstick I pull from my bag will be red too.

Deductive reasoning

_____ evolution is when two species diverge from a common ancestor and develop different characteristics.

Divergent

All protists are ____.

Eukaryotic

The presence of a membrane-enclosed nucleus is a characteristic of _____.

Eukaryotic cells.

Lichens are a symbiotic relationship between which two organisms?

Fungus and photosynthetic microorganism

Complexity and diversity of protists makes them difficult to classify. Why can't protists be classified as plants?

Gametes and zygotes are not protected from drying out.

In order for organisms to change over generations, there must first be _____.

Genetic variation

______ have a similar embryonic origin.

Homologous structures.

Mutations and ____ are important sources of genetic variation.

Horizontal gene transfer

Inductive reasoning or deductive reasoning? My last year's Biology teacher is awesome. My biology teacher this year is awesome. Therefore, all biology teachers are awesome.

Inductive reasoning

Inductive reasoning or deductive reasoning? The first lipstick I pulled from my bag is red. The second lipsticks I pulled from my bag is red. Therefore, all the lipsticks in my bag are red.

Inductive reasoning

Inductive reasoning or deductive reasoning? Uses specific example to make a "general" rule.

Inductive reasoning

How did viruses evolve?

It is still unclear

In the video called "Flu Attack! How a Virus Invades Your Body", receptors on the surface of the host cell bind to virus capsid proteins or virus envelope glycoproteins. To help remember the limitations, the virus proteins were called _______ and the receptors on the host cell's surface were called __________.

Key, lock

In 1986, a nuclear power accident in Chernobyl, USSR (now Ukraine), led to high radiation levels for miles surrounding the plant. The high levels of radiation caused elevated mutation rates in the surviving organisms, and evolutionary biologists have been studying rodent populations in the Chernobyl area ever since. Based on your understanding of evolutionary mechanisms, which of the following most likely occurred in the rodent populations following the accident?

Mutation led to increased genetic variation.

Symbiosis refers to the ecological relationship between different species that live in direct contact with each other. Some example(s) of these relationships include...

Mutualism, Commensalism, Parasitism

Bacterial cell walls contain which compound that helps strengthen the structure?

Peptidoglycan

Linnaeus believed that species remained fixed in the form in which they have been created. Linnaeus would have been uncomfortable with _____.

Phylogenies

_____ is the evolutionary history of a species or group of related species.

Phylogeny

Dinoflagellates: -Include species that cause malaria -Are all autotrophic -Posses two flagella -Lack mitochondria

Posses two flagella

_____ are unique in that they contain no nucleic acids.

Prions

prezygotic vs postzygotic barriers, temporal isolation, habitat isolation, and behavioral isolation are all components of the process called _____.

Reproductive (sympatric)

What properties of life (shared key characteristics) do living organisms share? (5)

Response to stimuli, Growth, Order, Regulation, Energy processing

What tree reflects the most basal ancestor of the tree in question? (Rooted or unrooted)

Rooted tree

What tree shows the ancestry relationship? (Rooted or unrooted)

Rooted tree

After speciation has occurred, two separate but closely related species may continue to produce offspring in an area called the hybrid zone. These events may result, depending on reproductive barriers and the relative fitness of the hybrids. (3)

Stability, Reinforcement, and fusion

A mouse population that originally ranges from white to black becoming mostly grey over several generations is an example of what type of natural selection?

Stabilizing

Vaccines ______.

Stimulate an immune response.

Soon after the island of Hawaii rose above the sea surface (somewhat less than one million years ago), the evolution of life on this new island should have been most strongly influenced by _____.

The founder effect

Which statement is true? -The nucleoid is a newly formed bacterial cell. -The nucleoid is the site of protein synthesis in prokaryotes. -The nucleoid is an accumulation of prokaryotic DNA. -None of these.

The nucleoid is an accumulation of prokaryotic DNA.

Bioremediation includes ______.

The use of prokaryotes to clean up pollutants.

Complexity and diversity of protists makes them difficult to classify. Why can't protists be classified as animals?

They do not go under embryonic development.

Complexity and diversity of protists makes them difficult to classify. Why can't protists be classified as fungi?

They do not have chitin in their cell wall.

What tree does not have a node? (Rooted or unrooted)

Unrooted tree

What tree only shows the relatedness of organisms? (Rooted or unrooted)

Unrooted tree

Which statement is true? -Viruses replicate outside the cell. -A virion contains DNA and RNA. -Viruses are acellular. -Most viruses are easily visualized with a light microscope.

Viruses are acellular

Prokaryotes stain as Gram-positive or Gram-negative because of differences in the cell _____.

Wall

According to the Hardy-Weinberg principle, allele frequencies _____.

are stable unless exposed to an evolutionary force.

Prokaryotic metabolism allows for the acquisition of carbon. There are two main forms of acquisition strategies ____ get the carbon from inorganic CO2 and _____ get the carbon from organic molecules.

autotrophs, heterotrophs

Amoeboids use phagolysosomes to....

digest food

Molecular systematics works best when used _____.

in conjunction with morphologic information.