Biology 104 - Module 4 Study Guide

Based on the accompanying figure, what is the annual precipitation and temperature range for a temperate rain forest?

200−300 cm/yr precipitation and 10−20 °C

What is a typical feature of K-selected organisms?

A low reproductive rate

Which animal is incorrectly matched with its desired product?

Bear−liver

Climates characteristic of the Mediterranean region are also common in:

California

An example of a freshwater wetland is an estuary.

False`

The Southern Hemisphere has no equivalent of the boreal forest of the north. Why?

It has no land in the corresponding latitudes.

Which process is not involved in the hydrologic cycle?

Nitrification

Resource partitioning may include which of the following?

Relocating nesting sites

Which trophic level would contain the lowest quantity of energy (kcal per m2)?

Tertiary consumers

Ozone molecules in the stratosphere shield the Earth from damaging UV radiation.

True

The largest population that can be maintained in an environment for an indefinite period of time is called the carrying capacity.

True

Commercial logging

cuts trees primarily for export.

Mycorrhizae are associations between:

fungi and plant roots.

Niches apply to:

individual species.

Primary succession may be seen:

on new lava or on sand dunes.

Four of the five statements listed below apply to the types of ecological pyramids. Which one is TRUE?

A pyramid of energy shows that energy decreases as one goes toward the apex of the pyramid.

Which of the following applies to the deepest zone of a large lake?

Anaerobic conditions

Which country would be expected to have the greatest species richness per unit area?

Brazil

A rain shadow occurs in the dry lands on the sides of mountains facing the prevailing winds.

False

Competition between species 1 and species 2 is beneficial for species 1 and harmful for species 2.

False

Dense coastal fog is characteristic of the temperate deciduous forest biome.

False

Extensive epiphytes are found in the tropical dry forests.

False

Greenhouse gases contribute to global warming by absorbing UV radiation.

False

In an ecosystem's bottom-up processes, predators affect the abundances of other populations in the ecological community.

False

K strategists typically produce large numbers of offspring.

False

Most insects and invertebrates are said to be iteroparous.

False

Nitrogen fixation is the process by which gaseous nitrogen is converted to nitrate.

False

Species that exhibit repeated reproductive cycles are said to be semelparous.

False

Territoriality often results in clumped dispersion.

False

The Southern Hemisphere has no alpine tundra.

False

The United States is part of the Palearctic realm.

False

In which of the following lakes would you expect to find the highest species richness?

Freshwater

Which statement about food chains is FALSE?

Mice consumption of grasses is harmful to the grass population.

Which of the following relationships is incorrectly paired?

Nesting seabirds—random dispersion

Which nutrient cycle does not have a gaseous phase?

Phosphorus cycle

Which of the following have local reproductive success that is less than the local mortality?

Sink habitats

The greatest proportion of which two biomes have been converted to agriculture?

Temperate deciduous forest and temperate grassland

Which biome has the greatest number of distinct layers of vegetation?

Tropical rain forest

Which biome has the longest growing season?

Tropical rain forest

A decomposer is also called a saprotroph.

True

A killing frost is an example of a density-independent factor.

True

A layer of permanently frozen ground is called permafrost.

True

An example of an ecosystem service is the boreal forest contributing to the proper functioning of the global nitrogen cycle.

True

By definition, an endemic species is a species that is not found anywhere else in the world.

True

Consumption overpopulation occurs when each individual in a population consumes too large a share of resources.

True

Habitat corridors allow animals to move from one habitat fragment to another.

True

In Type-I survivorship, the young have a high probability of surviving.

True

In a food chain, producers occupy the first trophic level.

True

Which habitat would be expected to have the greatest species richness?

an ecotone

Plant roots absorb nitrate or ammonia and incorporate these compounds into plant proteins via the process of

assimilation

Bacterial decomposition of organic nitrogen results in the production of

atmospheric nitrogen.

In the United States, the largest group of endangered species is

flowering plants.

A population that is divided into several local populations among which individuals occasionally disperse (emigrate and immigrate) is known as a:

metapopulation

The ____ contains the greatest volume of ocean water.

oceanic province

When r = −0.00057, the population size:

will decrease.

Which habitat would most likely have the greatest species richness?

Tropical rain forest

Which of the lakes in the accompanying figure may have a thermocline?

2

The accompanying figure is a good illustration of

biological magnification.

Overgrazing in savannas by domestic animals has contributed to its conversion into:

desert

Today, the major danger to species is

destruction of habitats.

Headwater streams depend primarily on ____ as an energy input.

detritus

GPP, or Gross Primary Productivity

is the total energy captured from the sun through photosynthesis.

The most productive region of a lake is the ____ zone.

littoral

Which step of the nitrogen cycle is not performed by most bacteria?

Assimilation

Researchers report that the Zika virus epidemic of 2015-2016, which spread rapidly from South America to Mexico, Florida, and Puerto Rico, was aided by ______ and by______.

El Niño; higher temperatures

An herbivore occupies the third trophic level.

False

Trees are often long-lived, strongly competitive, produce thousands of offspring, and disperse their offspring widely. Trees are therefore often best described as having traits that are characteristic of which of the following:

K-strategists.

What term refers to the average rate at which organisms produce offspring?

Natality

Based on the temperature range and precipitation, the area on the accompanying figure labeled as 5 represents which of the following biomes?

Temperate deciduous forest

An exponential growth curve has a J shape.

True

The accompanying figure is representative of:

Type II survivorship.

Clumped dispersion is often influenced by:

a patchy distribution of resources.

Stratospheric ozone is important because it

blocks solar UV radiation.

When a species dies, the species is said to be

extinct.

What would be the growth rate (r) of an island population of 1,000 that has 30 births per 100 population, 20 death per 100 population, 5 immigrants per 100 population, and 10 emigrants per 100 population?

+50

Which of the lakes in the accompanying figure may experience turnover?

1 and 3

Approximately what proportion of the radiant energy entering an ecosystem is used in photosynthesis?

1%

Refer to the accompanying figure. Which of the following represents the fall turnover?

2 going to 3

On average, clouds and surfaces, especially snow, ice, and the ocean, immediately reflect away ____% of the solar radiation that falls on Earth.

30

According to the accompanying figure, global warming would result from an increase in which of the labeled components?

4

Arrange the following from the ecosystem with the smallest average NPP to the ecosystems with the largest NPP. (1) Lake (2) Savannah (3) Estuary (4) Tropical rain forest (5) Open ocean

5, 1, 2, 3, 4

Arrange the following from the ecosystem with the smallest average NPP to the ecosystems with the largest NPP. (1) Lake (2) Savannah (3) Estuary (4) Tropical rain forest (5) Open ocean Group of answer choices

5, 1, 2, 3, 4

Based on the temperature range and precipitation, which area in the accompanying figure is dominated by pine trees?

7

Refer to the accompanying figure. At which point are there few environmental limits on the population?

A

Which of the following is NOT an example of a predator-prey relationship?

A deer eating grass

Which scenario best describes facilitation?

A species interaction that modifies and enhances the local environment for other species

Which of the following is an ideal example of where to study secondary succession?

A volcanic eruption

Refer to the accompanying figure. A population that produces a large number of offspring, but the offspring must survive independently, would be represented by the curve labeled:

A.

Which of the following is a characteristic of desert plants?

Adaptations that conserve water

Which of the following could be an example of a limiting resource?

Amount of precipitation

What environment is characterized by high nutrient inputs and by relatively great fluctuations in salinity and temperature?

An estuary

Which statement best describes a typical food chain?

An owl has a positive impact on the grass population.

The ____ realm has long been separated from other land masses and is the area in which marsupials are particularly common.

Australian

What bird, due to human efforts, has been removed from the endangered species list and is now listed as threatened?

Bald eagle

A frog that lacks chemical defenses, yet resembles a poison arrow frog, would exhibit:

Batesian mimicry.

______ is an index of the variety of living organisms in an ecosystem.

Biological diversity

Which organism would be found exclusively in the benthic environment?

Bloodworms

Refer to the accompanying figure. At which point do the environmental limits begin to slow the growth rate?

C

In accordance with the time hypothesis, which of the following countries would be expected to have the LEAST species richness?

Canada

Between 1990 and 2010, which greenhouse gas increased the most to the warming effect of the planet?

Carbon dioxide

What is perhaps the most common of the dispersal patterns seen in nature?

Clumped dispersion

Which of the following is an INCORRECT statement regarding a community in the natural world?

Communities refer to ecological categories that vary greatly in size and have precise boundaries.

The associated figure provides support for which of the following processes?

Competitive exclusion

Which process is NOT indirectly related to absorption of solar energy by the Earth's surface?

Coriolis effect

On the accompanying figure, identify the point that indicates the carrying capacity for this population.

D

During the cycling of phosphorus, which biological process is critical in cycling dissolved phosphorus?

Decomposition

Which of the following processes restores nitrogen to the air?

Denitrification

Which factors are an example of a negative feedback system?

Density dependent

Which action best illustrates in situ conservation?

Designating a large area as a national reserve

The difficulty encountered by many species in reaching and colonizing an isolated geographic location is known as which of the following?

Distance effect

The primary reason that Earth experiences seasons is because of the

Earth's tilt on its axis.

A biological community and its abiotic environment together comprise which of the following?

Ecosystem

A transitional zone where two or more communities meet is known as which of the following?

Ecotone

Which process plays the most important role in the phosphorous cycle?

Erosion

A threatened species is a species in imminent danger of extinction.

False

Adaptations that exert a strong competitive force on a predator are the result of coevolution.

False

Algae and cyanobacteria are examples of primary consumers.

False

An example of a density-independent factor is predation.

False

An example of an atom or molecule that directly breaks down O3 is CFC.

False

An example of commercial harvest is the introduction of a foreign species into an area where it is not native.

False

An example of ex situ conservation is a national park.

False

An example of in situ conservation is a seed bank.

False

An exponential growth curve levels off at the carrying capacity.

False

Carbon does not cycle into the atmosphere.

False

Cryptic coloration advertises a species unpalatability to potential predators.

False

Gross primary productivity is the rate of photosynthesis minus the rate of plant respiration.

False

Host mothering is technique important in in situ conservation.

False

In Müllerian mimicry a defenseless species is protected by its resemblance to a dangerous species.

False

Oysters have a(n) Type-II survivorship curve.

False

Source habitats are areas where reproductive success is less than local mortality.

False

Species richness is a measure of both the number of species and the relative importance of each species based on its abundance, productivity, or size.

False

The boreal forest biome does not contain deciduous trees.

False

The buildup of a toxin in an organism's body is called biological magnification.

False

The chaparral biome is characterized by grasses as high as 2 m.

False

The greenhouse gas presently at highest concentration in the Earth's atmosphere is methane.

False

The limnetic zone is the shallow-water area along the shore of a lake or pond.

False

The most abundant gas in the atmosphere is oxygen.

False

The most common spacing is random dispersion.

False

The oceanic province is that part of the ocean that overlies the continental shelf.

False

The organisms that feed from all trophic levels are secondary consumers.

False

The potential ecological niche of a species is its realized niche.

False

The term nekton refers to bottom-dwelling organisms in an aquatic ecosystem.

False

Which organisms may be a keystone species in a tropical rain forest?

Fig trees

What is the least likely effect of fires on organisms?

Fire instigates the growth of shade-tolerant plants.

Based on latitude only, which of the following U.S. states would be expected to have the highest species richness?

Georgia

Which endangered species has become so due to its specialized feeding habits?

Giant pandas

Which of the following is a predicted effect of continued global warming?

Greater impact on plant species in particular

In an ecosystem, which measure of energy is the largest in amount or rate?

Gross primary productivity

Which of the following is NOT a shared characteristic that makes threatened and endangered species vulnerable to extinction?

Having a broad range

In the accompanying figure, the process labeled as 3 illustrates an action that is reduced by greenhouse gas accumulation. What is this action?

Heat radiation into space

Which of the following species exhibits a mix of more than one type of survivorship over their life cycle?

Herring gulls

Which of the following is NOT characteristic of a metapopulation?

Homogeneous species dispersal

The British clergyman and economist Malthus was one of the first to recognize which of the following?

Human populations cannot continue to increase indefinitely.

____ includes the establishment of parks and reserves, concentrates on preserving biological diversity in nature.

In situ conservation

Which of the following is an INCORRECT description of how one species functions compared to other species in a community?

Independent existence

The event in human history that changed the natural balance of the carbon cycle was the

Industrial Revolution.

Highly developed countries are most likely to be characterized by which of the following?

Low GNI PPPs

Which is the greatest sink of phosphorus?

Marine sediments

Which of the following is an adaptation of black-tailed prairie dogs?

Modified digestive tracts easily digest seeds of grasses

Many poisonous snakes share warning colors of red, yellow, and black. This is an example of:

Müllerian mimicry.

Which of the following would increase population size?

Natality

A lake in which of the following locations would be expected to have the highest species richness?

National forest

Refer to the accompanying figure. Assuming the pattern remains the same, what will the population experience in 50 years?

Negative growth

The enzyme nitrogenase is important in which part of the nitrogen cycle?

Nitrogen fixation

Since 1750, which of the following has/have absorbed the most carbon dioxide from the atmosphere?

Oceans

Iteroparity is common in which of the following organisms?

Perennial herbaceous plants

The effect of DDT on birds is a result of which three characteristics of DDT?

Persistence, bioaccumulation, and biological magnification

Which of the following is reported to cause deformities in amphibians in the Sierra Nevadas of California?

Pesticides

Which process does not return carbon to the atmosphere?

Photosynthesis

Which of the following series correctly represents the hierarchical organization within ecology?

Population → community → ecosystem → biosphere

Which of the following is a correct statement regarding populations in biology?

Populations exhibit characteristics distinctive from those of the individuals of which they are composed.

Which of the following is NOT a condition that is likely to lead to uniform population dispersion?

Pressure from predation

Which pair best represents photosynthetic organisms?

Primary producer and autotroph

Which are the three main roles played by organisms in community life?

Producer, consumer, decomposer

Which of the following is an INCORRECT statement regarding exploitation competition?

Red grouse populations exhibit exploitation competition.

An example of mutualism is:

Rhizobium and legumes.

Which factor is most important in determining the distribution of organisms in aquatic biomes?

Salinity

Based on the temperature range and precipitation, the area on the accompanying figure labeled as 3 represents which of the following biomes?

Savanna

Which of the following is NOT a condition that is likely to lead to clumped population dispersion?

Severe competition among individuals

What is a practice in which farmers often follow loggers' access roads, cut down the trees, burn the area, and plant crops immediately?

Slash-and-burn agriculture

A group of cacti on a sun-exposed slope have greater reproductive success than cacti on a shaded slope. The habitat on the sun-exposed slope can be classified as which of the following?

Source habitat

When the structural complexity of the vegetation is more complex, what can generally be said of the species richness?

Species richness increases.

Currently, much commercial lumber and wood products come from which biome?

Temperate rain forest

Near the poles, what is generally the overriding climate factor?

Temperature

What two abiotic factors are considered to most affect organisms?

Temperature and water

If you were to study all of the insect-eating birds in a forest, you would see that many birds eat insects, yet you may not see any evidence of competition. What is the most probable explanation?

The birds are exhibiting resource partitioning.

Fossil fuels, such as coal and oil, are derived from which biogeochemical cycle?

The carbon cycle

Which statement reflects a key concept about ecosystems?

There is a one-way flow of energy through the food webs of ecosystems.

Which of the following is most characteristic of desert animals?

They are primarily active at night.

Which of the following characteristics applies to biomes?

They encompass interacting landscapes.

Which statement about decomposers is FALSE?

They include bacteria but not fungi.

How are bacteria important to the genus Rhizobium?

They provide fixed nitrogen to legumes.

What did Stephen Carter and his team from University of Madison-Wisconsin study?

Tipping points for endangered food webs

In accordance with the species richness hypothesis, the critical importance of any one species is expected to be the least in which of the following habitats?

Tropical rain forest

A density-dependent factor is an example of a negative feedback system.

True

In slash-and-burn agriculture, the yield from the first crop is usually quite high.

True

In the carbon cycle, one of the ways in which carbon is returned to the atmosphere is by respiration.

True

Interference competition is also called contest competition.

True

Members of an r-selected species typically have a short lifespan.

True

Nicotine synthesis is an adaptation of plant chemical defense against insects.

True

People overpopulation is the current problem in many developing nations.

True

Scramble competition results when all individuals in a population share the limited resources.

True

Small lakes and ponds usually lack a profundal zone.

True

The American kangaroo rat is characteristic of the desert biome.

True

The association of nitrogen fixing bacteria of the genus Rhizobium with legumes such as peas is an example of mutualism.

True

The hadal zone is that part of the benthic environment deeper than 6000 m.

True

The seasons are determined primarily by Earth's tilt.

True

The term species richness refers to the number of species in a specific location.

True

The transition zone between biomes is called an ecotone.

True

The upper part of the neritic province is called the euphotic zone.

True

Which biome is characterized by weasels, gray wolves, ptarmigan, musk oxen, and lemmings?

Tundra

Which of the following has increased as a direct result of stratospheric ozone depletion?

UVB

Which of the following pairs is incorrectly matched?

United States—doubling time 100 years

Which of the following will prevent the further buildup of greenhouse gases?

Use your automobile less, and ride a bicycle more.

Which of the following directly drives ocean surface circulation patterns?

Winds

By the end of the 21st century, it is expected that the human population will:

achieve zero population growth.

The percentages of a population at different ages are known as the:

age structure.

Nitrogen-fixing bacteria convert gaseous nitrogen into

ammonia

Adaptations found in inhabitants of the rocky intertidal zone include:

an anchor or some other means of attachment.

An unprotected area of naturally occurring plant and animal assemblages that is surrounded by unsuitable territory due to development or habitat destruction is referred to by biologists as

an island.

In Experimental Condition 1 of the accompanying figure, the distribution of Balanus suggests that:

an unfavorable environmental factor kept Balanus from extending higher into the intertidal area.

Marine snow is a major source of energy for the ____ region of the ocean.

aphotic

Animals with chemical defenses are also typically:

aposematic

Density-independent factors:

are typically abiotic.

Keystone species:

are typically not the most abundant species in the community.

A biodiversity hotspot is a(n)

area rich in endemic species and human population.

In ____, sperm from a male of an endangered species is used to impregnate a female of that same species.

artificial insemination

Which set of values would result in a population with a growth rate of zero?

b = 1000, d = 500, i = 500, e = 1000

At zero population growth:

b = d.

The growth rate of a population is expressed as:

b − d.

The community found on a rotting log would include:

bacteria.

The graph in the accompanying figure would best be described as:

being a J-shaped curve characteristic of exponential growth.

Sponges and brittle stars are members of the ____ category of organisms:

benthos

The introduction of a foreign species into an area where it is not native is called

biotic pollution.

Dissolved phosphorus in aquatic ecosystems may return to the land via

birds eating fish and mollusks.

Many of the logged boreal forests are replanted, to grow and be harvested in the future

but biodiversity is significantly reduced.

According to the data in the accompanying figure, the cause of the decline of the wolf population in 1982 was:

cannot be determined from the data provided.

To date, humans have interfered with all of the biogeochemical cycles on Earth, but this interference has been of the greatest magnitude, in terms of human-induced changes in climate, in the

carbon cycle.

A primary source of carbon for photosynthetic organisms is

carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and water.

The major components of Earth's atmosphere, from the lowest concentration to the greatest concentration, are

carbon dioxide, oxygen, and nitrogen.

The ultimate source of energy for the communities of the hydrothermal vents is provided by

chemoautotrophic prokaryotes.

Deforestation in the boreal forests is due primarily to

clear-cut logging for industrial wood.

Traditionally, most ecologists have assumed that community stability is a consequence of:

community complexity.

The realized niche for the green anole was determined by:

competition

In a lake, a certain native species of zooplankton is found evenly distributed in the water column. After introduction of a different species of zooplankton, the native species is only found in the shallow water zone. This is most likely an illustration of:

competitive exclusion.

In a human population with a high proportion of prereproductive individuals, the population will:

continue to increase even if the fertility rate is at replacement levels.

The equation that would best describe the curve in the accompanying figure is:

dN/dt = rN.

When the size of a population begins to approach K, we can expect that the growth rate will:

decline

Based on the accompanying figure, the decline in the moose population in 1996 was most likely due to a(n):

decline in the food supply.

The Coriolis effect results in the

deflection of moving air due to the rotation of Earth.

Pyramids of numbers are of limited usefulness because they

do not indicate the biomass of the organisms at a given time.

An organism's role within the structure and function of a particular community is its:

ecological niche.

A(n) ____ is the transition zone where two ecosystems meet and intergrade.

ecotone

Species diversity is often very high in the region between two distinct communities, known as a(n):

ecotone

A species' numbers are so severely reduced that it is in imminent danger of extinction throughout all or a significant part of its range. This species would be considered

endangered

The legal definition of a(n) ________ species is a species in imminent danger of extinction throughout all or a significant part of its range.

endangered

The ability to meet humanity's current needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs is

environmental sustainability.

Characteristics of headwaters include:

fast flow, high oxygen, and streamlined animal bodies.

The potential capacity to produce offspring is called:

fecundity

Suppose it is ideal for a fish to live in fast-moving water, but the fish can also survive in slow-moving water. Fast-moving water is best described as the fishes':

fundamental niche.

Building roads, parking lots, buildings and bridges all contribute to

habitat destruction.

The breakup of large areas of habitat into small, isolated patches is called

habitat fragmentation.

The tropical rain forest biome is characterized by:

high density of plants, but nutrient poor soil.

Drier climates tend to prevail

in a rain shadow.

Setting aside areas for parks and reserves is an example of ______.

in situ conservation.

Large-scale experiments conducted in oak forests of the northeastern United States linked bumper acorn crops to booming mouse populations. The conclusion from these experiments is that:

increased levels of first trophic level productivity cause an increase in disease vector activities.

In Experimental Condition 2 of the accompanying figure, the distribution of Chthamalus suggests that:

interspecific competition kept Chthamalus from extending lower into the intertidal area.

Competitive exclusion is a result of:

interspecific competition.

The moose population on Isle Royale is an example of:

intraspecific exploitation competition.

The Montreal Protocol

limited production of CFCs.

One reason that the realized niche and fundamental niche are not typically the same is:

limiting resources.

Compared to soils of other ecosystems, desert soils are characterized as having:

low amounts of organic material and high mineral content.

An example of both chemical protection and coevolution can be seen in:

milkweeds and monarch caterpillars.

Some animals are facing extinction as a direct result of deliberate efforts to exterminate them because of their perceived harm to economically useful species. Examples of these include

mountain lions and wolves.

The relationship between reef-building coral animals and zooxanthellae is classified as:

mutualism

Bacteria are most essential in the cycling of

nitrogen

The main steps of the nitrogen cycle are

nitrogen fixation, nitrification, assimilation, ammonification, and denitrification.

The 'sun's energy is produced by

nuclear fusion reactions.

Nitrogen is a critical requirement for living organisms because it is a component of

nucleic acids and proteins.

There are no trees in the tundra because:

of limited root penetration due to permafrost.

The best definition of population density is the number of individuals:

of one species in a given area at a given time.

Biotic pollution has been particularly harmful to native species

on islands.

A food web is a more realistic depiction than a food chain because

organisms rarely eat just one kind of food.

An example of a density-dependent factor that influences the size of a population is:

parasites

An example of an animal already extinct as a result of overhunting is the

passenger pigeon.

In a parasitic relationship where the host contracts a disease and sometimes dies, the parasite is called a(n):

pathogen

Fixation of carbon is accomplished by

photosynthetic organisms.

Microscopic algae typically fall under the classification of:

phytoplankton

Biologists generally agree that climate change will have an especially severe effect on ____

plants

Natural selection acts most directly on:

populations

Solar radiation

powers the hydrologic and other biogeochemical cycles.

Animals that are being hunted (often illegally) for bush meat value include

primates and anteaters

The atmosphere performs several essential ecological functions. One of these is to

protect Earth from most ultraviolet radiation.

The accompanying figure represents a

pyramid of biomass.

In large measure, differences in ____ that are due to variations in the amount of _____ at different locations on Earth drive the circulation of the atmosphere.

rainfall; solar energy

Deforestation

releases carbon dioxide that may contribute to global warming.

Suppose a bacterium needs glucose to reproduce. Glucose is defined as the bacterium's:

resource

The use of the principles of ecology to return a degraded environment to as functional a state as possible is called

restoration ecology.

Generally, r-selected organisms exhibit:

short life spans and early maturity.

The problems associated with slash-and-burn agriculture are most closely related to

subsistence agriculture.

The orderly replacement of one community by another is known as:

succession

The logistic equation:

takes into account the carrying capacity of the environment.

Perhaps the biggest problem associated with the Endangered Species Act as it currently stands is that it

tends to protect a limited number of organisms.

Transpiration is most closely associated with

terrestrial plants.

Net primary productivity represents

the amount of biomass in excess of that needed to support plant cell respiration.

Habitat is best described as:

the local environment in which a species lives.

The idea that older, more stable habitats have greater species richness than habitats subjected to frequent, widespread disturbances is known as:

the time hypothesis.

When the death of species is less imminent, but the population of a particular species is quite small, it is defined as being

threatened

The average number of children born to a woman during her lifetime is known as:

total fertility rate.

Much precipitation in the tropical rain forest is derived from:

transpiration.

Lianas and epiphytes are especially common in the:

tropical rain forest.

The Earth's carrying capacity is:

unknown

The clockwise gyre of surface ocean currents in the North Atlantic results in

warmer water on Atlantic beaches of North America than Pacific beaches of the same latitude.

When r = 0.00001, the population size:

will increase.

An example of ex situ conservation is a

zoo

For coral reefs to form in tropical waters, it is necessary for the coral animals to live in symbiosis with:

zooxanthellae