Biology 1068 Midterm
We can split the process of photosynthesis into 2 parts.
Light reactions (light-dependent reactions) Calvin cycle (dark reactions or light-independent reactions)
invasive species include
Zebra mussels - Great Lakes Sea lamprey - Great Lakes Kudzu - Southern U.S. Gypsy moths- Eastern U.S.
the woolly adelgids (Adelges tsugae)
a small sap-sucking insect that is native to East Asia.
Geoengineering,
also called climate engineering, is the development of technology focused on altering Earth's environment primarily to combat climate change.
Greenhouse gases
are gases that trap heat near the Earth's surface.
Protons
are positively-charged, subatomic particles
oxygen is a waste produced by
autotrophs
The genetic engineering of plants allows new varieties of food to
be grown in areas experiencing drought or high temperatures associated with climate change.
The Bramble Cay melomys (Melomys rubicola) is believed to be the first mammal to
become extinct due to climate change.
The inputs and outputs of photosynthesis and cellular respiration are connected by the
carbon cycle
The source of all carbon in living organisms is___________ which cycles from the atmosphere and water into ________ and eventually into other living things.
carbon dioxide, plants
Global warming is primarily associated with
increases in the surface temperature.
Since the 1980s, the average temperature of the planet has been
increasing
Tropical coral reefs are experiencing a dual threat from
invasive species and global warming.
carbon footprint
is a calculation of the amount of carbon that is directly or indirectly released into Earth's atmosphere by the actions of a specific entity.
Desertification
is another example of a biome level change that is associated with climate change.
acid
is any substances that releases H+ (hydrogen ions). Solutions that are acidic have a low pH.
organic molecule
is one that contains both carbon and hydrogen
invasive species
is one that has been introduced into places outside its natural range.
vector
is something that moves an infectious agent (bacteria or virus) from one organism to another. examples include mosquitos, ticks, and rats
Climate
is the average weather patterns in a given area over time.
alternative energy
is used to describe an energy source that does not require the use of fossil fuels such as oil or natural gas. Sometimes referred to as renewable energy sources.
There is also a significant amount of carbon present at any one time in
living organisms
Within the leaf are specialized cells, called
mesophyll cells
biome
to indicate the general characteristics of similar ecosystems across the globe.
there are 10 different biomes
tropical rain forest temperate deciduous forests temperate coniferous forests tropical savannas temperate grasslands tundra Mediterranean shrublands deserts polar ice caps
Methane
very rare gas in the atmosphere, with concentrations measured as parts per billion (ppb)
The wavelengths that are most important to photosynthesis coincide with
visible spectrum of light
global warming
was one of the first used by the scientists who discovered the upward trend in temperatures in the 1980s
The flow, or the travel, of the photon along its path is called its ________ and is measured as wavelengths.
wave
The most important ___________ to photosynthesis coincide with the _______ spectrum of light.
wavelengths , visible
Greenhouse gases retain heat in the lower atmosphere, a phenomenon called the
greenhouse effect
Electrons
have a negative charge and are very small
Neutrons
have a neutral charge
carbon atom
6 protons, 6 neutrons, 6 electrons
Species
A group of similar, interbreeding organism
The Calvin cycle makes direct use of __________________from the light reaction and__________________ from the atmosphere to form______________
ATP and NADPH , carbon dioxide, sugar
Nitrous oxides
Agricultural practices such as the use of fertilizers and the burning of fossil fuels
heterotrophs
An organism that obtains organic food molecules by eating other organisms or their by-products.
The photosynthetic organisms (autotrophs such as plants) convert
CO2 into carbohydrates
Chloroplasts
Capture energy from sunlight and use it to produce food for the cell
NADPH (NADP+)
Carrier of high-energy electrons. Similar to the NADH used in cellular respiration (See the Energy and Diet Unit.).
Fossil fuels
Coal, oil, natural gas, and other fuels that are ancient remains of plants and animals; make up 80% of the U.S. energy needs
Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)
Compounds used in refrigerants and to make spray propellants
ATP
Energy carrier of the cell. Conversion of ADP to ATP requires an input of energy (See the ATP cycle in the Energy and Diet unit.).
____________ sources, such as coal and oil, continue to supply __________ of the energy demand in the United States.
Fossil fuel , 80%
Ecosystem
Interaction of a community and the physical environment (such as climate)
Ozone
Natural processes and the interaction of solar energy with pollutants in the lower atmosphere
Water vapor
Natural processes associated with the water cycle
Population
Organisms of the same species living in a particular area
autotrophs
Organisms that make their own food
CH2O
Output of photosynthesis, used to build carbohydrates (C6H12O6 - glucose).
Community
Populations of different species interacting in a given area
Formation of oil and gas
Small aquatic microorganisms die and their remains are buried by silt and sand. Exposed to heat and pressure
CO2
Source of carbon for the formation of carbohydrates.
H2O
Source of electrons for the light-dependent reactions.
energy choices
The actual source of the energy is important when considering carbon emissions; for example, power from fossil fuels releases more carbon dioxide than from wind or solar.
Light Reactions:
The first of two major stages in photosynthesis (preceding the Calvin cycle). These reactions, which occur on the thylakoid membranes of the chloroplast or on membranes of certain prokaryotes, convert solar energy to the chemical energy of ATP and NADPH, releasing oxygen in the process.
Formation of coal:
The remains of plants and animals alive during the Carboniferous Period Buried deep in sediment layers under oceans
biosphere
The sum of the locations where life exists on Earth is called the
Biosphere
The sum of the regions of the Earth (water, surface, atmosphere) where living organisms are found
_________ are stacked into structures called ________, and the spaces between the grana is called the _______
Thylakoids, grana , stroma
O2
Waste product of photosynthesis, released into the atmosphere.
as vectors mosquitos are typically carriers of
West Nile Zika Malaria
The element ________naturally cycles between the nonliving, or _____, reservoirs and living, or _______, organisms.
carbon, abiotic, biotic
Living things release carbon dioxide into the atmosphere through the process of_________________, during the breakdown of organic materials.
cellular respiration
Drought, heat waves, spread of diseases, habitat loss, and extinction are all impacts of __________ __________ at the individual and species level of biological organization. Fill in the blank
climate change
All life on earth is dependent on the
climate of the planet
Glaciers are dynamic and have natural cycles in which they expand and contract,
depending on fluctuations in the local climate.
Solar energy strikes the planet as particles (photons) traveling at
different wavelengths
Climate change has the potential to
disrupt biological communities.
climate change is a global phenomenon and has the ability to
disrupt ecosystem functions across the globe
Since 1991 the number of Lyme disease cases has
doubled
Climate change is causing some areas of the United States to be
drier (west and southeast), while other regions are experiencing increased precipitation (central and northeast).
The _____________________describes the solar energy emitted by the sun. The arrangement of electromagnetic waves in the spectrum are due to the fact that ____________ also known as sunlight, can simultaneously behave as a ____________ and as a wave.
electromagnetic spectrum , solar energy, particle
One everyday method of reducing one's carbon footprint is to
examine personal food choices
Hemlocks grow in dense stands and keep
forest floor cool
Formation of ___________and exchange of carbon with the oceans are much ___________ processes than photosynthesis in removing carbon from the environment.
fossil fuels , slower
Solar energy
from the sun is a constantly renewable resource.
heat sink
or a temporary storage location for heat energy.
The elementary particle, called a ____________, is the smallest unit of light.
photon
Plants, protists, and some bacteria remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and synthetize organic compounds through the process of
photosynthesis
by using the energy from sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, a plant is able to make carbohydrates through
photosynthesis
Ocean acidification
prevents shellfish from being able to calcify their shells.
calvin cycle
reactions of photosynthesis in which energy from ATP and NADPH is used to build high-energy compounds such as sugars
Fruits and vegetables contribute less to a carbon footprint than
red meats or dairy products.
ecosystem
refers to a level of biological organization that represents the interaction between biotic factors and abiotic factors.
The major ____________ that take up carbon are the oceans, fossil fuels, and the atmosphere.
reservoirs
light-independent reactions
set of reactions in photosynthesis that do not require light; energy from ATP and NADPH is used to build high-energy compounds such as sugar; also called the Calvin cycle
Plants uses photosynthetic pigments to capture the energy of _______ of the wavelengths of the visible spectrum of light. The remaining wavelengths are ________________________the plant.
some, reflected away from
Nuclear power
sometimes considered an alternative energy source because it does not directly use fossil fuels.
ecologist
studies how organisms interact with their environment
Changes in precipitation patterns in the western United States have amplified the instances and severity of droughts
such as those currently being experienced in California.
Carbon dioxide removal
technologies focus on lowering the current level of carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere.
Lionfish are top predators that were introduced to Florida in
the 1980.
In addition to climate change, the deforestation of regions and poor agricultural practices (namely cattle farming) can lead to
the conversion of grasslands to deserts.
The burning of fossil fuels represents one of the biggest contributors to
the increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations.
Because shellfish form an important part of the aquatic food web
their loss is reflected in a reduction in the overall community structure.
global warming and climate change
they are not the same thing
Coral are symbiotic organisms, meaning
they require a relationship with other organisms (usually algae) to survive.
Lyme disease is typically carried by
ticks