Biology 1068 Midterm

We can split the process of photosynthesis into 2 parts.

Light reactions (light-dependent reactions) Calvin cycle (dark reactions or light-independent reactions)

invasive species include

Zebra mussels - Great Lakes Sea lamprey - Great Lakes Kudzu - Southern U.S. Gypsy moths- Eastern U.S.

the woolly adelgids (Adelges tsugae)

a small sap-sucking insect that is native to East Asia.

Geoengineering,

also called climate engineering, is the development of technology focused on altering Earth's environment primarily to combat climate change.

Greenhouse gases

are gases that trap heat near the Earth's surface.

Protons

are positively-charged, subatomic particles

oxygen is a waste produced by

autotrophs

The genetic engineering of plants allows new varieties of food to

be grown in areas experiencing drought or high temperatures associated with climate change.

The Bramble Cay melomys (Melomys rubicola) is believed to be the first mammal to

become extinct due to climate change.

The inputs and outputs of photosynthesis and cellular respiration are connected by the

carbon cycle

The source of all carbon in living organisms is___________ which cycles from the atmosphere and water into ________ and eventually into other living things.

carbon dioxide, plants

Global warming is primarily associated with

increases in the surface temperature.

Since the 1980s, the average temperature of the planet has been

increasing

Tropical coral reefs are experiencing a dual threat from

invasive species and global warming.

carbon footprint

is a calculation of the amount of carbon that is directly or indirectly released into Earth's atmosphere by the actions of a specific entity.

Desertification

is another example of a biome level change that is associated with climate change.

acid

is any substances that releases H+ (hydrogen ions). Solutions that are acidic have a low pH.

organic molecule

is one that contains both carbon and hydrogen

invasive species

is one that has been introduced into places outside its natural range.

vector

is something that moves an infectious agent (bacteria or virus) from one organism to another. examples include mosquitos, ticks, and rats

Climate

is the average weather patterns in a given area over time.

alternative energy

is used to describe an energy source that does not require the use of fossil fuels such as oil or natural gas. Sometimes referred to as renewable energy sources.

There is also a significant amount of carbon present at any one time in

living organisms

Within the leaf are specialized cells, called

mesophyll cells

biome

to indicate the general characteristics of similar ecosystems across the globe.

there are 10 different biomes

tropical rain forest temperate deciduous forests temperate coniferous forests tropical savannas temperate grasslands tundra Mediterranean shrublands deserts polar ice caps

Methane

very rare gas in the atmosphere, with concentrations measured as parts per billion (ppb)

The wavelengths that are most important to photosynthesis coincide with

visible spectrum of light

global warming

was one of the first used by the scientists who discovered the upward trend in temperatures in the 1980s

The flow, or the travel, of the photon along its path is called its ________ and is measured as wavelengths.

wave

The most important ___________ to photosynthesis coincide with the _______ spectrum of light.

wavelengths , visible

Greenhouse gases retain heat in the lower atmosphere, a phenomenon called the

greenhouse effect

Electrons

have a negative charge and are very small

Neutrons

have a neutral charge

carbon atom

6 protons, 6 neutrons, 6 electrons

Species

A group of similar, interbreeding organism

The Calvin cycle makes direct use of __________________from the light reaction and__________________ from the atmosphere to form______________

ATP and NADPH , carbon dioxide, sugar

Nitrous oxides

Agricultural practices such as the use of fertilizers and the burning of fossil fuels

heterotrophs

An organism that obtains organic food molecules by eating other organisms or their by-products.

The photosynthetic organisms (autotrophs such as plants) convert

CO2 into carbohydrates

Chloroplasts

Capture energy from sunlight and use it to produce food for the cell

NADPH (NADP+)

Carrier of high-energy electrons. Similar to the NADH used in cellular respiration (See the Energy and Diet Unit.).

Fossil fuels

Coal, oil, natural gas, and other fuels that are ancient remains of plants and animals; make up 80% of the U.S. energy needs

Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)

Compounds used in refrigerants and to make spray propellants

ATP

Energy carrier of the cell. Conversion of ADP to ATP requires an input of energy (See the ATP cycle in the Energy and Diet unit.).

____________ sources, such as coal and oil, continue to supply __________ of the energy demand in the United States.

Fossil fuel , 80%

Ecosystem

Interaction of a community and the physical environment (such as climate)

Ozone

Natural processes and the interaction of solar energy with pollutants in the lower atmosphere

Water vapor

Natural processes associated with the water cycle

Population

Organisms of the same species living in a particular area

autotrophs

Organisms that make their own food

CH2O

Output of photosynthesis, used to build carbohydrates (C6H12O6 - glucose).

Community

Populations of different species interacting in a given area

Formation of oil and gas

Small aquatic microorganisms die and their remains are buried by silt and sand. Exposed to heat and pressure

CO2

Source of carbon for the formation of carbohydrates.

H2O

Source of electrons for the light-dependent reactions.

energy choices

The actual source of the energy is important when considering carbon emissions; for example, power from fossil fuels releases more carbon dioxide than from wind or solar.

Light Reactions:

The first of two major stages in photosynthesis (preceding the Calvin cycle). These reactions, which occur on the thylakoid membranes of the chloroplast or on membranes of certain prokaryotes, convert solar energy to the chemical energy of ATP and NADPH, releasing oxygen in the process.

Formation of coal:

The remains of plants and animals alive during the Carboniferous Period Buried deep in sediment layers under oceans

biosphere

The sum of the locations where life exists on Earth is called the

Biosphere

The sum of the regions of the Earth (water, surface, atmosphere) where living organisms are found

_________ are stacked into structures called ________, and the spaces between the grana is called the _______

Thylakoids, grana , stroma

O2

Waste product of photosynthesis, released into the atmosphere.

as vectors mosquitos are typically carriers of

West Nile Zika Malaria

The element ________naturally cycles between the nonliving, or _____, reservoirs and living, or _______, organisms.

carbon, abiotic, biotic

Living things release carbon dioxide into the atmosphere through the process of_________________, during the breakdown of organic materials.

cellular respiration

Drought, heat waves, spread of diseases, habitat loss, and extinction are all impacts of __________ __________ at the individual and species level of biological organization. Fill in the blank

climate change

All life on earth is dependent on the

climate of the planet

Glaciers are dynamic and have natural cycles in which they expand and contract,

depending on fluctuations in the local climate.

Solar energy strikes the planet as particles (photons) traveling at

different wavelengths

Climate change has the potential to

disrupt biological communities.

climate change is a global phenomenon and has the ability to

disrupt ecosystem functions across the globe

Since 1991 the number of Lyme disease cases has

doubled

Climate change is causing some areas of the United States to be

drier (west and southeast), while other regions are experiencing increased precipitation (central and northeast).

The _____________________describes the solar energy emitted by the sun. The arrangement of electromagnetic waves in the spectrum are due to the fact that ____________ also known as sunlight, can simultaneously behave as a ____________ and as a wave.

electromagnetic spectrum , solar energy, particle

One everyday method of reducing one's carbon footprint is to

examine personal food choices

Hemlocks grow in dense stands and keep

forest floor cool

Formation of ___________and exchange of carbon with the oceans are much ___________ processes than photosynthesis in removing carbon from the environment.

fossil fuels , slower

Solar energy

from the sun is a constantly renewable resource.

heat sink

or a temporary storage location for heat energy.

The elementary particle, called a ____________, is the smallest unit of light.

photon

Plants, protists, and some bacteria remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and synthetize organic compounds through the process of

photosynthesis

by using the energy from sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, a plant is able to make carbohydrates through

photosynthesis

Ocean acidification

prevents shellfish from being able to calcify their shells.

calvin cycle

reactions of photosynthesis in which energy from ATP and NADPH is used to build high-energy compounds such as sugars

Fruits and vegetables contribute less to a carbon footprint than

red meats or dairy products.

ecosystem

refers to a level of biological organization that represents the interaction between biotic factors and abiotic factors.

The major ____________ that take up carbon are the oceans, fossil fuels, and the atmosphere.

reservoirs

light-independent reactions

set of reactions in photosynthesis that do not require light; energy from ATP and NADPH is used to build high-energy compounds such as sugar; also called the Calvin cycle

Plants uses photosynthetic pigments to capture the energy of _______ of the wavelengths of the visible spectrum of light. The remaining wavelengths are ________________________the plant.

some, reflected away from

Nuclear power

sometimes considered an alternative energy source because it does not directly use fossil fuels.

ecologist

studies how organisms interact with their environment

Changes in precipitation patterns in the western United States have amplified the instances and severity of droughts

such as those currently being experienced in California.

Carbon dioxide removal

technologies focus on lowering the current level of carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere.

Lionfish are top predators that were introduced to Florida in

the 1980.

In addition to climate change, the deforestation of regions and poor agricultural practices (namely cattle farming) can lead to

the conversion of grasslands to deserts.

The burning of fossil fuels represents one of the biggest contributors to

the increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations.

Because shellfish form an important part of the aquatic food web

their loss is reflected in a reduction in the overall community structure.

global warming and climate change

they are not the same thing

Coral are symbiotic organisms, meaning

they require a relationship with other organisms (usually algae) to survive.

Lyme disease is typically carried by

ticks