Biology 107 (Ch.1-4)
Life Hierarchy organization
(Lower Tier) -cells, organelles, molecules (Middle Tier) -Organ systems, Organs, Tissues (Upper Tier)- -Biosphere, ecosystem, community, population
Lipids
(Non polar) Fatty acid chains- long term energy source Fats-stored energy triglycerides Phospholipids- cell membrane Steroids- Cholesterol+Hormones, Anabolic Steriods
Hydrophobic
(Non-Polar) Substances don't combine with water molecules ex. Water fearing/hating
Hydrophilic
(Polar) Enabling them to readily absorb or dissolve in water ex. Water loving
Covalent
(Strongest) Sharing of Electrons, can also be Double bonds, can be non-polar/ polar
Ionic
(Strongest)Formed when 1 atom donates electrons to another The attractions between ions of opposite charge. When they hold!
Hydrogen Bonds
(Weaker) Positively charged hydrogen atoms in one molecule are weakly attracted to negatively charged atoms in another molecule
The 7 Properties of Life
1. Order 2. Regulation 3. Growth & Development 4. Energy Processing 5. Response to the Environment 6. Reproduction 7. Evolutionary Adaptation
What are the four life processes in Eukaryotic Cells
1.Manufacturing 2.Breakdown of molecules 3.Energy Processing 4.Structural support, movement, and communication
What are the most common elements in living orgaisms
96% make up: Carbon, Oxygen, Hydrogen, Nitrogen 4% made up: Phosphorus, Sulfur, Calcium, Potassium -92 natural elements
Energy Processing
Acquiring energy and transforming it to a form useful for the organsim
Evolutionary Adaption
Acquisition of traits that best suit the organism to its enivornment
Response to the Enviornment
An ability to respond to the environment stimuli
Matter
Anything that takes up space and has mass Matter consist of elements 1st law: matter cannot be created/destroyed 2nd law: When matter changes form, some energy is loss as heat
What is a cell membrane composed of
Are a fluid mosaic of phospholipids and protiens
Archaea
Are prokaryotes that often live in Earth's extreme environments
Bacteria
Are the most diverse and widespread prokaryotes (unicellular & microscope)
What are the 3 Domain Systems
Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya
How many electrons in Valance Shells of C, H, N, O
C=4 H=4 N=4 O=4
What are the 4 main classes of Organic Molecules (Macromolecules)
Carbohydrates, Lipids, Protein, Nucleic Acids
Growth & Development
Consistent growth and development controlled by DNA
What is the structure of an Atom
Each atom consists of subatomic particles: protons(+), neutrons & electrons(-)
How does an Element Differ from a Compound
Elements are composed of Atoms of the Same Type, While Compounds are composed of Atoms of Different types.
Carbohydrates
Gives us quick energy Monomer= Monoscchardes (main fuel source for cells) Dissaccharide(Lactose), Polysaccharide (energy storage and structural components)
Eukarya
Have eukaryotic cells and contain a membrane-bound nucleus
Nucleic Acids
Monomers: Nucleotides -include DNA & RNA -made up of Sugar+nitrogenous base+phosphate group -Adenine, Cytosine, guanine, thymine, and Uracil
Do all organs have a steady temperature
No
Does water mix with oil
No, oil always floats to the top because it is less dense than water. (Water is a polar molecule)
Polar Covalent
Not Shared Equally due to differences in an atoms elctronegrativity
What is PH scale
PH is potential of Hydrogen, measures amount of H* in solution -ranges from 0(most acidic) to 14(most basic). -neither acidic/basic is neutral (7) -more H+= acidic -less H+= basic
How do plant cells differ from animal cells
Plant Cells:Cell Wall, Large Central Vacuole, chloroplast, rectangular in shape. Hyperotonic they will become turgid Animal Cells: no cell wall, round flexible shape, no chloroplast, small vacuole. Hypertonic environment they gain water untill they brust/ lyse (die)
What are the properties of Water that make it essential to life
Polar-Universal solvent Heat Capacity-Water heats more slowly than metal Cohesion-Sticky to itself Adhesion-sticky to others High Surface Tension- Cohesive forces between liquid molecules
How do Prokaryotic Cells differ from Eukaryotic cells
Prokaryotic cells are circular DNA, simpler and smaller than eukaryotic cells, no nucleus e.x. bacteria Eukaryotic have a linear DNA ,.subdivided by membranes into organelles, have a nucleus e.x. animals, plants and many single-celled organism
Form vs. Function
Refers to the direct relationship between the Structure of a thing and The Way it Functions.
Reactants (in chemical equation)
Starting Materials, appear on left side of arrow
Nucleus
Structure: Chromosomes, Nucleolus, Nuclear Membrane Function:the cells genetic control center, DNA & RNA MANUFACTURING
Choroplast
Structure: Plastid, contain green chlorophyll (In plants) Function:converts sunlight(energy), to chemical energy of sugar, photosynthesis ENERGY PROCESSING
Lysosomes
Structure: Vary in shaper Function:Digestive for Proteins, Lipids, Carbohydrates, and cells damaged organelles (They dont make anything) BREAKDOWN OF MOLECULES
Mitochondria
Structure: unique genetic structure Function:Powerhouse of the cell, converts nutrients into energy (ATP) ENERGY PROCESSING
Golgi Apparatus
Structure:A curved stacked membranous network Function:that modifies, processes and packages cellular materials(proteins) MANUFACTURING
Vascuoles
Structure:Are membrane-bound sacs within the cell Function:Storage, digestion; and waste removal BREAKDOWN OF MOLECULES
Ribosomes
Structure:Composed of cells; Found on rough ER and throughout cytoplasm Function:The site of Protein(polypeptide) Synthesis MANUFACTURING
How does Natural Selection relate to the process of evolution
Success based on adaptive traits (Variety) The Change of physical characteristics of living things through time.
Dehydration Synthesis
Take water out, make water a reaction that removes a molecule of water as two molecules become bonded together
The 1st and 2nd shells of an atom are most stable(happiest) with how many electrons each
The 1st electron shell can hold 2 electrons The 2nd shell= 8 electrons The 3rd shell= 8 electrons
What determines the atomic number
The Number of Protons
Tertiary
The Overall 3 dimensional shape(Globular / Fibrous)
Reproduction
The ability to perpetuate the species
Mass
The amount of matter(space) an object contains
Quaternary
The association of two or more Subunits(polypeptide chains) ex.Hemoglobin
Secondary
The coiling or folding of the chain, the Alpha Helix (coils) and the Beta Sheets(Coils), stabilized by hydrogen bonding.
Order
The complex organization of living things, takes energy to maintain
What determines the atomic mass number
The number of protons plus the number of neutrons
What is a radioactive Isotope
Unstable Isotope, its Nucleus will spontaneously Give Off Particles and energy in the form of Alpha, Beta, and Gamma Rays
Protiens
Used for everything -movement, enzymes, transport, communication, defense -have 4 levels and protein shape Monomer=Amino Acids (20) (polypeptide)
What Type of bonds does Water have
Water and Oxygen bonds
What are some Trace Elements that are also essential
Zinc, Nickel, Iron, Magnesium, Copper, Chromium, Etc..
Hydrolysis
a chemical reaction that breaks bonds between two molecules by the addition of water. an essential part of digestion
Hypothesis
a tentative answer to some question, an educated guess.
Theory
a tested hypothesis, supported by evidence
Regulation
an ability to maintain an internal environment consistent with life (Homeostasis)
Products (in chemical equation)
are Ending Materials, appear on the right side of arrow
Variable
factors that determine sample size, factors that might effect an experiment ex. sunlight, nutrients, temperarture
Sample Size
having a sufficient population size and trial size for an experiment
Natural Selection
is and editing mechanism for evolution .
What are the levels of Protein Shape
is the sequence of amino acids that make up polypeptide 1.Primary 2. Secondary 3. Tertiary 4. Quaternary
Steps of the scientific method
observation, question, hypothesis, design of experiment, collection of data/results, conclusion, new hypothesis.
What are cell membrane composed of
phospholipids and protiens
Control
provide a basis of comparison to the experimental group
Primary
sequence of amino acids forming the polypeptide.