Biology 107 (Ch.1-4)

Life Hierarchy organization

(Lower Tier) -cells, organelles, molecules (Middle Tier) -Organ systems, Organs, Tissues (Upper Tier)- -Biosphere, ecosystem, community, population

Lipids

(Non polar) Fatty acid chains- long term energy source Fats-stored energy triglycerides Phospholipids- cell membrane Steroids- Cholesterol+Hormones, Anabolic Steriods

Hydrophobic

(Non-Polar) Substances don't combine with water molecules ex. Water fearing/hating

Hydrophilic

(Polar) Enabling them to readily absorb or dissolve in water ex. Water loving

Covalent

(Strongest) Sharing of Electrons, can also be Double bonds, can be non-polar/ polar

Ionic

(Strongest)Formed when 1 atom donates electrons to another The attractions between ions of opposite charge. When they hold!

Hydrogen Bonds

(Weaker) Positively charged hydrogen atoms in one molecule are weakly attracted to negatively charged atoms in another molecule

The 7 Properties of Life

1. Order 2. Regulation 3. Growth & Development 4. Energy Processing 5. Response to the Environment 6. Reproduction 7. Evolutionary Adaptation

What are the four life processes in Eukaryotic Cells

1.Manufacturing 2.Breakdown of molecules 3.Energy Processing 4.Structural support, movement, and communication

What are the most common elements in living orgaisms

96% make up: Carbon, Oxygen, Hydrogen, Nitrogen 4% made up: Phosphorus, Sulfur, Calcium, Potassium -92 natural elements

Energy Processing

Acquiring energy and transforming it to a form useful for the organsim

Evolutionary Adaption

Acquisition of traits that best suit the organism to its enivornment

Response to the Enviornment

An ability to respond to the environment stimuli

Matter

Anything that takes up space and has mass Matter consist of elements 1st law: matter cannot be created/destroyed 2nd law: When matter changes form, some energy is loss as heat

What is a cell membrane composed of

Are a fluid mosaic of phospholipids and protiens

Archaea

Are prokaryotes that often live in Earth's extreme environments

Bacteria

Are the most diverse and widespread prokaryotes (unicellular & microscope)

What are the 3 Domain Systems

Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya

How many electrons in Valance Shells of C, H, N, O

C=4 H=4 N=4 O=4

What are the 4 main classes of Organic Molecules (Macromolecules)

Carbohydrates, Lipids, Protein, Nucleic Acids

Growth & Development

Consistent growth and development controlled by DNA

What is the structure of an Atom

Each atom consists of subatomic particles: protons(+), neutrons & electrons(-)

How does an Element Differ from a Compound

Elements are composed of Atoms of the Same Type, While Compounds are composed of Atoms of Different types.

Carbohydrates

Gives us quick energy Monomer= Monoscchardes (main fuel source for cells) Dissaccharide(Lactose), Polysaccharide (energy storage and structural components)

Eukarya

Have eukaryotic cells and contain a membrane-bound nucleus

Nucleic Acids

Monomers: Nucleotides -include DNA & RNA -made up of Sugar+nitrogenous base+phosphate group -Adenine, Cytosine, guanine, thymine, and Uracil

Do all organs have a steady temperature

No

Does water mix with oil

No, oil always floats to the top because it is less dense than water. (Water is a polar molecule)

Polar Covalent

Not Shared Equally due to differences in an atoms elctronegrativity

What is PH scale

PH is potential of Hydrogen, measures amount of H* in solution -ranges from 0(most acidic) to 14(most basic). -neither acidic/basic is neutral (7) -more H+= acidic -less H+= basic

How do plant cells differ from animal cells

Plant Cells:Cell Wall, Large Central Vacuole, chloroplast, rectangular in shape. Hyperotonic they will become turgid Animal Cells: no cell wall, round flexible shape, no chloroplast, small vacuole. Hypertonic environment they gain water untill they brust/ lyse (die)

What are the properties of Water that make it essential to life

Polar-Universal solvent Heat Capacity-Water heats more slowly than metal Cohesion-Sticky to itself Adhesion-sticky to others High Surface Tension- Cohesive forces between liquid molecules

How do Prokaryotic Cells differ from Eukaryotic cells

Prokaryotic cells are circular DNA, simpler and smaller than eukaryotic cells, no nucleus e.x. bacteria Eukaryotic have a linear DNA ,.subdivided by membranes into organelles, have a nucleus e.x. animals, plants and many single-celled organism

Form vs. Function

Refers to the direct relationship between the Structure of a thing and The Way it Functions.

Reactants (in chemical equation)

Starting Materials, appear on left side of arrow

Nucleus

Structure: Chromosomes, Nucleolus, Nuclear Membrane Function:the cells genetic control center, DNA & RNA MANUFACTURING

Choroplast

Structure: Plastid, contain green chlorophyll (In plants) Function:converts sunlight(energy), to chemical energy of sugar, photosynthesis ENERGY PROCESSING

Lysosomes

Structure: Vary in shaper Function:Digestive for Proteins, Lipids, Carbohydrates, and cells damaged organelles (They dont make anything) BREAKDOWN OF MOLECULES

Mitochondria

Structure: unique genetic structure Function:Powerhouse of the cell, converts nutrients into energy (ATP) ENERGY PROCESSING

Golgi Apparatus

Structure:A curved stacked membranous network Function:that modifies, processes and packages cellular materials(proteins) MANUFACTURING

Vascuoles

Structure:Are membrane-bound sacs within the cell Function:Storage, digestion; and waste removal BREAKDOWN OF MOLECULES

Ribosomes

Structure:Composed of cells; Found on rough ER and throughout cytoplasm Function:The site of Protein(polypeptide) Synthesis MANUFACTURING

How does Natural Selection relate to the process of evolution

Success based on adaptive traits (Variety) The Change of physical characteristics of living things through time.

Dehydration Synthesis

Take water out, make water a reaction that removes a molecule of water as two molecules become bonded together

The 1st and 2nd shells of an atom are most stable(happiest) with how many electrons each

The 1st electron shell can hold 2 electrons The 2nd shell= 8 electrons The 3rd shell= 8 electrons

What determines the atomic number

The Number of Protons

Tertiary

The Overall 3 dimensional shape(Globular / Fibrous)

Reproduction

The ability to perpetuate the species

Mass

The amount of matter(space) an object contains

Quaternary

The association of two or more Subunits(polypeptide chains) ex.Hemoglobin

Secondary

The coiling or folding of the chain, the Alpha Helix (coils) and the Beta Sheets(Coils), stabilized by hydrogen bonding.

Order

The complex organization of living things, takes energy to maintain

What determines the atomic mass number

The number of protons plus the number of neutrons

What is a radioactive Isotope

Unstable Isotope, its Nucleus will spontaneously Give Off Particles and energy in the form of Alpha, Beta, and Gamma Rays

Protiens

Used for everything -movement, enzymes, transport, communication, defense -have 4 levels and protein shape Monomer=Amino Acids (20) (polypeptide)

What Type of bonds does Water have

Water and Oxygen bonds

What are some Trace Elements that are also essential

Zinc, Nickel, Iron, Magnesium, Copper, Chromium, Etc..

Hydrolysis

a chemical reaction that breaks bonds between two molecules by the addition of water. an essential part of digestion

Hypothesis

a tentative answer to some question, an educated guess.

Theory

a tested hypothesis, supported by evidence

Regulation

an ability to maintain an internal environment consistent with life (Homeostasis)

Products (in chemical equation)

are Ending Materials, appear on the right side of arrow

Variable

factors that determine sample size, factors that might effect an experiment ex. sunlight, nutrients, temperarture

Sample Size

having a sufficient population size and trial size for an experiment

Natural Selection

is and editing mechanism for evolution .

What are the levels of Protein Shape

is the sequence of amino acids that make up polypeptide 1.Primary 2. Secondary 3. Tertiary 4. Quaternary

Steps of the scientific method

observation, question, hypothesis, design of experiment, collection of data/results, conclusion, new hypothesis.

What are cell membrane composed of

phospholipids and protiens

Control

provide a basis of comparison to the experimental group

Primary

sequence of amino acids forming the polypeptide.