Biology 109 Exam 3

Whereas the sense of taste is based on ________ (how many?) classes of taste receptors, the sense of smell has over ________ (how many?) different receptors for chemicals associated with odor.

5, 1,000

What tropic hormone stimulates cortisol from the adrenal gland?

ACTH

The presence of fatty acids and amino acids in the stomach contents triggers the small intestine to secrete a hormone known as _____.

CCK

Insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) are intermediary hormones stimulated by which of the following hormones?

Growth hormone

All of the following statements about the endocrine system are TRUE EXCEPT which one?

Hormones act more quickly than the nervous system.

chronic disorder of the inner ear; symptoms include nausea, dizziness, and loss of hearing

Ménière's syndrome

What type of cell makes up the myelin sheath of a motor neuron?

Schwann cells

Which of the following statements about the human ear is true?

The brain interprets input from different regions of the basilar membrane as different pitches

All of the following are functions of the myelin sheath EXCEPT which one?

The myelin sheath plays an important role in synaptic transmission

Which of these statements comparing the nervous system and the endocrine system is true?

The nervous system enables more rapid communication and signaling than does the endocrine system

Which of these endocrine disorders is associated with the inability of the pancreas to produce insulin?

Type 1 diabetes mellitus

The loudness (intensity) of a sound is specifically associated with the

amplitude of the sound waves

During a brain surgery, a surgeon passes an instrument through the dura mater. Which one of the following does the surgeon pass through next?

arachnoid

Oligodendrocytes are similar to Schwann cells in that they

are a type of neuroglial cell

Endocrine glands __________.

are ductless organs

condition resulting from irregularities in the shape of the lens or cornea; symptoms include blurred vision

astigmatism

Control of smooth muscle and internal organs is the role of the ________ division of the nervous system?

autonomic

A nerve impulse moves away from a neuron's cell body along _____.

axons

Which of the following can be corrected with corrective lenses?

both myopia and hyperopia

Which one of the following conditions results when the transparency of the lens decreases?

cataracts

condition that results from a decrease in the normal transparency of the lens

cataracts

A neuron's nucleus is located in its _____.

cell body

The brain and spinal cord make up the __________.

central nervous system

allow a person to taste food

chemoreceptors

Each of the following statements about cones is TRUE, EXCEPT which one?

cones are evenly distributed throughout the retina, accounting for visual acuity

What is the function of the ventral hypothalamic neurons?

control secretion of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

The transparent covering of the front of the eye is the

cornea

Which of the following correctly traces the path of light through the eye?

cornea, aqueous humor, pupil, lens, vitreous humor, retina

A nerve impulse moves toward a neuron's cell body along _____.

dendrites

The central nervous system is enclosed by membranes or meninges called the

dura mater, pia mater, and arachnoid

inflammation of the brain; symptoms include headaches, hallucinations, and disturbances in speech and behavior; often caused by a viral infection

encephalitis

condition characterized by seizures and abnormal periods of brain electrical activity

epilepsy

The ovaries of women function as endocrine organs by producing

estrogen and progesterone

Which of the following sequences represents the path by which sound waves travel through the ear?

external auditory canal, eardrum, oval window, cochlea

The three main anatomical and functional divisions of the brain are the

forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain

The _____ is the region of the eye where photoreceptors are most highly concentrated.

fovea

During eye examinations, a test is done to monitor the pressure within the eye. This test is done to detect

glaucoma

condition cause by blockage of the canal of Schlemn; increased amount of aqueous humor caused increased pressure in the eye; may lead to blindness

glaucoma

Which of the following statements about glucagon is true?

glucagon causes glycogen to break down to form glucose.

The target cells of an endocrine gland __________.

have specific receptors for the hormone

Where is antidiuretic hormone (ADH), also known as vasopressin, synthesized?

hypothalamus

location of the auditory nerve

inner ear

site of the vestibular canal and tympanic canal

inner ear

Uptake of blood glucose by liver cells is stimulated by

insulin

Electrical impulses are transmitted between components of the central nervous system via which one of the following?

interneurons

transmit impulses within the central nervous system

interneurons

Endocrine glands secrete their products directly into the

interstitial fluid, lymph, and blood

When neurotransmitter molecules bind to receptors in the plasma membrane of the receiving neuron

ion channels in the plasma membrane of the receiving neuron open

Pain receptors adapt slowly or not at all because __________.

lack of adaptation is important to survival

Nearsightedness and farsightedness are caused by the

length of the eyeball

The _____ changes shape to focus light on the retina.

lens

Bile is produced by the _____ and stored by the _____ until it is secreted into the small intestine.

liver ... gall bladder

detect light touch of skin

mechanoreceptors

inflammation of the connective tissue layers surrounding the organs of the central nervous system

meningitis

air-filled chamber in the temporal lobe containing 3 small bones

middle ear

transmit impulses away from the central nervous system

motor neurons

all nutrients must cross this layer

mucosa

autoimmune disorder that results in damage to the myelin sheaths of CNS neurons; transmission of impulses is subsequently disrupted

multiple sclerosis

responsible for motility in the GI tract

muscularis

Axons insulated by a(n) _____ are able to conduct impulses faster that those not so insulated.

myelin sheath

distant objects appear out of focus because the eyeball is longer than normal; also known as nearsightedness

myopia

What is the most important regulatory factor controlling the circulating levels of thyroid hormone?

negative feedback

Which of the following cell types makes up the majority of cells in the nervous system?

neuroglial cells

A molecule that carries information across a synaptic cleft is a

neurotransmitter

An impulse relayed along a myelinated axon "jumps" from _____ to _____.

node of Ranvier ... node of Ranvier

Which of the following receptors are MOST likely to demonstrate receptor adaptation?

olfactory receptors in the nose

inflammation of the middle ear; a common cause of earaches

otitis media

sound waves moving through this area hit tympanic membrane

outer ear

Which of the following hormones is regulated by a neuroendocrine ("letdown") reflex?

oxytocin

respond to immediate, extreme heat or cold

pain receptors

respond to tissue damage

pain receptors

Secretin stimulates the _____ to secrete _____.

pancreas ... bicarbonate

Cholecystokinin (CCK) stimulates the _____ to secrete _____.

pancreas ... pancreatic enzymes

progressive, degenerative disorder caused by a shortage of dopamine in the brain, symptoms include muscle tremors in hands and feet and an eventual loss of mobility

parkinson's disease

Which of the following represents the path taken by food after leaving the mouth?

pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine

respond to light

photoreceptors

condition that generally occurs after age 40 as the lens stiffens; results in the inability to focus on objects that are nearby

presbyopia

Insulin helps regulate blood sugar at homeostatic levels by

promoting the entry of glucose into cells

What name is given to the opening that allows light into the interior of the eye?

pupil

A more powerful stimulus will __________.

result in both activation of more receptors and more frequent action potentials

The photoreceptors of the eye are __________.

rods and cones

What name is given to the tough layer that forms the "white" of the eye?

sclera

The acidity of the stomach contents triggers the small intestine to secrete a hormone known as _____.

secretin

Which one of the following provides the central nervous system with information about the outside environment?

sensory division

transmit impulses toward the central nervous system

sensory neurons

Receptor adaptation results when __________.

sensory neurons stop sending action potentials

Information coming into the central nervous system arrives via __________, while information going from the central nervous system to the muscles, glands, and organs travels via __________.

sensory neurons; motor neurons

As humans age, their ability to focus on nearby objects deteriorates. This is the result of

stiffening of the lens and loss of accommodation capability

food molecules that are absorbed by mucosa enter the blood vessels of this tissue layer

submucosa

The small space between the sending neuron and the receiving neuron is the

synaptic cleft

What part of a neuron relays signals from one neuron to another neuron or to an effector?

synaptic terminal

Hormones act upon specific target tissues because

target tissues display the appropriate receptor for a particular hormone

Which of the following will regulate the amount of light entering the eye?

the iris

Which one of the following occurs when bright light hits the eye?

the pupil decreases in size

If a signal from a sending neuron makes the receiving neuron more negative inside

the receiving neuron is less likely to generate an action potential

The region of the digestive tract most responsible for absorption of nutrients is __________.

the small intestine

Receptors are classified according to __________.

the type of stimulus energy they convert

When calcium ions enter the synaptic terminal,

they cause vesicles containing neurotransmitter molecules to fuse to the plasma membrane of the sending neuron

True or false. Sound waves that enter the human ear are transmitted in fluid only in the inner ear

true

When oxytocin is released during childbirth, the hormone targets cells in the

uterus