Biology 109 Exam 3
Whereas the sense of taste is based on ________ (how many?) classes of taste receptors, the sense of smell has over ________ (how many?) different receptors for chemicals associated with odor.
5, 1,000
What tropic hormone stimulates cortisol from the adrenal gland?
ACTH
The presence of fatty acids and amino acids in the stomach contents triggers the small intestine to secrete a hormone known as _____.
CCK
Insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) are intermediary hormones stimulated by which of the following hormones?
Growth hormone
All of the following statements about the endocrine system are TRUE EXCEPT which one?
Hormones act more quickly than the nervous system.
chronic disorder of the inner ear; symptoms include nausea, dizziness, and loss of hearing
Ménière's syndrome
What type of cell makes up the myelin sheath of a motor neuron?
Schwann cells
Which of the following statements about the human ear is true?
The brain interprets input from different regions of the basilar membrane as different pitches
All of the following are functions of the myelin sheath EXCEPT which one?
The myelin sheath plays an important role in synaptic transmission
Which of these statements comparing the nervous system and the endocrine system is true?
The nervous system enables more rapid communication and signaling than does the endocrine system
Which of these endocrine disorders is associated with the inability of the pancreas to produce insulin?
Type 1 diabetes mellitus
The loudness (intensity) of a sound is specifically associated with the
amplitude of the sound waves
During a brain surgery, a surgeon passes an instrument through the dura mater. Which one of the following does the surgeon pass through next?
arachnoid
Oligodendrocytes are similar to Schwann cells in that they
are a type of neuroglial cell
Endocrine glands __________.
are ductless organs
condition resulting from irregularities in the shape of the lens or cornea; symptoms include blurred vision
astigmatism
Control of smooth muscle and internal organs is the role of the ________ division of the nervous system?
autonomic
A nerve impulse moves away from a neuron's cell body along _____.
axons
Which of the following can be corrected with corrective lenses?
both myopia and hyperopia
Which one of the following conditions results when the transparency of the lens decreases?
cataracts
condition that results from a decrease in the normal transparency of the lens
cataracts
A neuron's nucleus is located in its _____.
cell body
The brain and spinal cord make up the __________.
central nervous system
allow a person to taste food
chemoreceptors
Each of the following statements about cones is TRUE, EXCEPT which one?
cones are evenly distributed throughout the retina, accounting for visual acuity
What is the function of the ventral hypothalamic neurons?
control secretion of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
The transparent covering of the front of the eye is the
cornea
Which of the following correctly traces the path of light through the eye?
cornea, aqueous humor, pupil, lens, vitreous humor, retina
A nerve impulse moves toward a neuron's cell body along _____.
dendrites
The central nervous system is enclosed by membranes or meninges called the
dura mater, pia mater, and arachnoid
inflammation of the brain; symptoms include headaches, hallucinations, and disturbances in speech and behavior; often caused by a viral infection
encephalitis
condition characterized by seizures and abnormal periods of brain electrical activity
epilepsy
The ovaries of women function as endocrine organs by producing
estrogen and progesterone
Which of the following sequences represents the path by which sound waves travel through the ear?
external auditory canal, eardrum, oval window, cochlea
The three main anatomical and functional divisions of the brain are the
forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain
The _____ is the region of the eye where photoreceptors are most highly concentrated.
fovea
During eye examinations, a test is done to monitor the pressure within the eye. This test is done to detect
glaucoma
condition cause by blockage of the canal of Schlemn; increased amount of aqueous humor caused increased pressure in the eye; may lead to blindness
glaucoma
Which of the following statements about glucagon is true?
glucagon causes glycogen to break down to form glucose.
The target cells of an endocrine gland __________.
have specific receptors for the hormone
Where is antidiuretic hormone (ADH), also known as vasopressin, synthesized?
hypothalamus
location of the auditory nerve
inner ear
site of the vestibular canal and tympanic canal
inner ear
Uptake of blood glucose by liver cells is stimulated by
insulin
Electrical impulses are transmitted between components of the central nervous system via which one of the following?
interneurons
transmit impulses within the central nervous system
interneurons
Endocrine glands secrete their products directly into the
interstitial fluid, lymph, and blood
When neurotransmitter molecules bind to receptors in the plasma membrane of the receiving neuron
ion channels in the plasma membrane of the receiving neuron open
Pain receptors adapt slowly or not at all because __________.
lack of adaptation is important to survival
Nearsightedness and farsightedness are caused by the
length of the eyeball
The _____ changes shape to focus light on the retina.
lens
Bile is produced by the _____ and stored by the _____ until it is secreted into the small intestine.
liver ... gall bladder
detect light touch of skin
mechanoreceptors
inflammation of the connective tissue layers surrounding the organs of the central nervous system
meningitis
air-filled chamber in the temporal lobe containing 3 small bones
middle ear
transmit impulses away from the central nervous system
motor neurons
all nutrients must cross this layer
mucosa
autoimmune disorder that results in damage to the myelin sheaths of CNS neurons; transmission of impulses is subsequently disrupted
multiple sclerosis
responsible for motility in the GI tract
muscularis
Axons insulated by a(n) _____ are able to conduct impulses faster that those not so insulated.
myelin sheath
distant objects appear out of focus because the eyeball is longer than normal; also known as nearsightedness
myopia
What is the most important regulatory factor controlling the circulating levels of thyroid hormone?
negative feedback
Which of the following cell types makes up the majority of cells in the nervous system?
neuroglial cells
A molecule that carries information across a synaptic cleft is a
neurotransmitter
An impulse relayed along a myelinated axon "jumps" from _____ to _____.
node of Ranvier ... node of Ranvier
Which of the following receptors are MOST likely to demonstrate receptor adaptation?
olfactory receptors in the nose
inflammation of the middle ear; a common cause of earaches
otitis media
sound waves moving through this area hit tympanic membrane
outer ear
Which of the following hormones is regulated by a neuroendocrine ("letdown") reflex?
oxytocin
respond to immediate, extreme heat or cold
pain receptors
respond to tissue damage
pain receptors
Secretin stimulates the _____ to secrete _____.
pancreas ... bicarbonate
Cholecystokinin (CCK) stimulates the _____ to secrete _____.
pancreas ... pancreatic enzymes
progressive, degenerative disorder caused by a shortage of dopamine in the brain, symptoms include muscle tremors in hands and feet and an eventual loss of mobility
parkinson's disease
Which of the following represents the path taken by food after leaving the mouth?
pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine
respond to light
photoreceptors
condition that generally occurs after age 40 as the lens stiffens; results in the inability to focus on objects that are nearby
presbyopia
Insulin helps regulate blood sugar at homeostatic levels by
promoting the entry of glucose into cells
What name is given to the opening that allows light into the interior of the eye?
pupil
A more powerful stimulus will __________.
result in both activation of more receptors and more frequent action potentials
The photoreceptors of the eye are __________.
rods and cones
What name is given to the tough layer that forms the "white" of the eye?
sclera
The acidity of the stomach contents triggers the small intestine to secrete a hormone known as _____.
secretin
Which one of the following provides the central nervous system with information about the outside environment?
sensory division
transmit impulses toward the central nervous system
sensory neurons
Receptor adaptation results when __________.
sensory neurons stop sending action potentials
Information coming into the central nervous system arrives via __________, while information going from the central nervous system to the muscles, glands, and organs travels via __________.
sensory neurons; motor neurons
As humans age, their ability to focus on nearby objects deteriorates. This is the result of
stiffening of the lens and loss of accommodation capability
food molecules that are absorbed by mucosa enter the blood vessels of this tissue layer
submucosa
The small space between the sending neuron and the receiving neuron is the
synaptic cleft
What part of a neuron relays signals from one neuron to another neuron or to an effector?
synaptic terminal
Hormones act upon specific target tissues because
target tissues display the appropriate receptor for a particular hormone
Which of the following will regulate the amount of light entering the eye?
the iris
Which one of the following occurs when bright light hits the eye?
the pupil decreases in size
If a signal from a sending neuron makes the receiving neuron more negative inside
the receiving neuron is less likely to generate an action potential
The region of the digestive tract most responsible for absorption of nutrients is __________.
the small intestine
Receptors are classified according to __________.
the type of stimulus energy they convert
When calcium ions enter the synaptic terminal,
they cause vesicles containing neurotransmitter molecules to fuse to the plasma membrane of the sending neuron
True or false. Sound waves that enter the human ear are transmitted in fluid only in the inner ear
true
When oxytocin is released during childbirth, the hormone targets cells in the
uterus
