Biology 121 lab 3, 4, 5
kingdom plantae are characterized by the following features
- alternations of generations of life cycle - gametangia and sporangia with multicellular walls - embryos nourished and protected by a gametophyte
polypodium (vascular or non vascular, motile or sessile, sporophyte or gametophyte, energy gained)
- autotrophic - multicellular - vascular - sporophyte dominant - sessile - photosynthesis
rhizopus (common name, reproduction)
- common bread mold - omposed of three types of hyphae (1) stolons: horizontal branching network that spreads over the surface of the food (2) rhizoids: short branched hyphae that hold it its food source, eat through extracellular digestion by secreting almayse (3) during sexual reproduction produces sporangiophores, each has a sporangium at its tip that holds spores
nonvascular plants
- commonly called bryophytes - mosses, liverworts, hornworts - lacks vascular tissue remain small - restricted to moist enviornments
agaricusbisporus (food, aseptate or septate, uninucleate or multinucleate, habitat, sessile or motile)
- heterotroph - septate - uninucleate - terrestile -sessile
Phylum ascomycota
- mainly terrestial - includes yeast, mildews, crop fungi and morells - plant pathogens (ergot and dutch elm disease) - symbionts (lichens)
phylum lycopodiophyta
- most primitive of vascular plants - forest floors in temperate regions or grow as epithets on other trees in tropical forests - has cones for reproductive sporophyte cycle
phylum pteridophyta
- seedless vascular plants -sporophyte dominant - both homosporus and heterosporus - grows in forest floor in temperate regions or as epithet in tropical forest
phylum basidiomycota (habitat, reproductive structure, digestion, reproduction)
- terrestial - basiciocarp can only be seen - saprobes - sexual
phylum bryophyta (habitat, vascular or non vascular)
- terrestial but have to live in water for fertilization and to avoid dehydration - non vascular - first plants
allcomyces (habitat, reproduction, life cycle)
-freshwater -consists of branching hyphae that float in the water and bear reproductive structures (gametangia and sporangia) as well as rhizoids that attatch it to its food to help with digestion -male gametangia= light orange color and thick walled sporangia -female gametangia= gray or colorless and thin walled sporangia -has alteration life cycle between multicellular diploid generation and multicellular haploid generation
polytrichum friends
-marchantia/liverworts: live in moist enviornments. have asexual reproduction through little discs of gametophyte tissue -mnium -sphagnum
friends of sordaria
-marchella: bark on tree fungus -claviceps (ergot): contains toxins that are poisionous to humans and livestock -truffles -ophiostoma (dutch elm disease)
friends of allcomyces
-neocallimastix: breaks down cellulose, lives in herbivore intestine - batrachochytium: lives in water, causes fatal infectious disease in amphibians
polypodium friends
-salvinia: aquatic fern, floats by trapping air on the hair of its leaves - psilotum: whisk fern underground rhizomes, erect bright green stems with yellow sporangia on the tip - equisteium/horse tail: lives in sask, sporophyte consists of erect stems growing up from underground rhizomes
polytrichum (sessile or motile, food, vascular or nonvascular, gametophyte or sporophyte dominant)
-sessile - autotrophic - non vascular - gametophyte dominant
phylum zygomycota (habitat, food obtained, sessile or motile, multinucleate or uninucleate, septate or aseptate, resproduction)
-terrestial - saprotrophs - sessile - multinucleate - aseptate - sexual reproduction is by the fusion of gametangia to produce zygosporangium/zygospore
monocot characteristics
1 cotelydon in embryo parallel leaf venation number of flower parts (sepals, petals, stamens, carpels) mutliples of three arrangement of vascular tissue is scattered root system is fibrous
how terrestial plants overcame obstacles of life on land
1. prevention of dessication: cuticle: prevents water loss 2. support: additional thick cell wall made of lingin 3. transport of water and nutrients: vascular tissue- xylem: transport water and dissolved nutrients, phloem: transports food and hormones 4. absorption of water and inorganic nutrients: plants absorb water through rhizomes, later developed roots for water absorption and anchoring the plant 5. dispersal: plant spores are covered in sporopollenin, protects them from damage and desiccation and survive sir dispersal
dicot charcteristics
2 cotelydons in embryo netted leaf venation number of flower parts (sepals, petals, carpels) multiples of 4 or 5 vascular tissue is arranged in a ring taproot root system
picea name parts
Domain= Eukarya Kindgom= Plantae Phylum= Conferophyta Common name= spruce tree Genus= Picea
lilium name parts
Domain= Eukarya Kingdom= Plantae Phylum= Anthophyta Genus= Lilium Common name: praire lilly
roots
anchors plant and absorbs water and minerals from soil
seed plants
angiosperms: enclosed seeds/fruit gymnosperms: naked seeds
phylum ascomycota (meiosis structure and cells formed)
ascus, haploid ascospores
polytrichum reproduction
asexual: fragmentation sexual: gametophyte and sporophyte
lycopodium reproduction
asexual: rhizome allowing it to spread horizontally sexual: gametophyte and sporophyte
polypodium reproduction
asexual: rhizomes sexual: sporophyte and gametopphyte
picea characteristics
auitotrophic multicellular vascular sporophyte dominant gymnosperm
phylum basidiomycota (meiosis structure and cells formed)
basidium, basidiospores (haploid)
petals
brighty colored part of flower and serve to attract pollinators
carpel and pistil
carpels are fused together to form a pistil (normally 3 carpels = 1 pistil) the tip is called the stigma the stalk like portion is the style and the swollen base is the ovary which houses the ovules this is the female gametopyte of the plant
parasites
causes diseases in plants, animals, humans. they dont benefit the host
phylum chytridomycota (habitat, multinucleate or uninucleate, aspetate or septate, motile or sessile)
commonly called chytrids, mostly aquatic, multinucleate, aseptate, produce motile gametes for sexual reproduction
rhizopus sexual reproduction
conjugation: two gametangia fuse forming a zygosporangium to produce zygospore. undergoes meosis to produce spores which will form hyphae
vascular tissues
contains specialized thick walled water conducting cells called tracheids. vascular plants are also called tracheophytes
stem modification
covered in thick waxy cuticle is modified for photosynthesis and water storage underground tubers- for food storage horizontal stems- asexual reproduction spines- protection and water storage examples: strawberries, potatoes, cactus, vines
phylum zygomycota (meiosis structure and cells formed)
diploid nucleus with zygospore, haploid spores
agaricusbisporus adaptations to habitat
discharging of spores: to propel the spores through the gills where spores fall onto the air current to land in favourable environment where they can grow and germinate into haploid hyphae
sordaria (name parts)
domain= eukarya kingdom = fungi phylum= ascomycota genus= sordaria
allcomyces (name parts)
domain= eukarya kingdom= fungi phylum= chytridiomycota genus= Allcomyces
rhizopus (name parts)
domain= eukarya kingdom= fungi phylum= zygomycota genus= rhizopus
polypodium name parts
domain= eukarya kingdom= plantae phylum= pteridophyta common name= rabbits foot fern
multinucleate
each cell contains more than one nucleus without septa
uninucleate
each cell contains only one nucleus and has septa
rhizopus adaptations
elongated sporangiophores elevate the sporangium above the surface of its food source, allows the spores to be dispersed through the wind
polytrichum adaptations to habitat
elongated sporophyte stalk and small light spores so that they are released well above the gametophyte for wind dispersal
lillium characteristics
energy through photosynthesis sessile habitat: grasslands, sloughs margins, undergrowth of forests, disturbed habitats autotrophic mutlicellular angiosperm vascular sporophyte dominant
lycopodium (food, non vascular or vascular, sporophyte or gametophyte)
eukaryotic autotrophic mutlicellular vascular sporophyte dominant
sordaria adaptations to habitat
flask shaped ascocarp grows towards the light directing the asci up through vegetation, ensures that when ascospores are released they will land on new vegetation
phylum antophyta : flowers can have 4 whorls (groups) of these leaves:
flowers can have 4 whorls (groups) of these leaves: sepals, petals, stamen (male), carpels (female)
ovary
fruit and house of the ovule/seeds
fruit formation
fruits are the ripened or mature ovaries of flowers. there function is to enclose and protect seeds and aid in their dispersal.they attract animals that eat them and then in there waste disperse the seeds so that they can grow . some seeds attatch to fur (like burs) to be transported.
mycelium
group of hyphae
polypodium
habitat: long strands of forest undergrowth in boreal forests
rhizoids
hair like structures involved in anchoring the plant and water absorbtion
heterosporus vs homosporus
heterosporus: different spore homosporus: same spores
rhizomes
horizontal stems that grow underground
picea friends
juniper: needle like leaves sequioa ginkgo: living fossil cycads: pollinated by beetles
oogamus
large non motile/sessile egg that is fertilized by small usually motile sperm
mycorrhizae
live in and around the roots of plants, both fungi and plant benefit
symbionts
lives in association with another organism in which both benefit
adaptations to dry environments for fungi
lives/grows in its food source (moist environment), if environment dries out the fungus produces spores that will germinate into a new organism in favourable conditions
stamen
male organs of the flower top part that holds the pollen is the anther the long part is the filament
female system in flowers
megasporangium in ovule > meiosis > megaspore > embryo sac = female gametophyte in ovule > produces egg
kingdom fungi characteristics
multicellular, heterotrophic, sessile
gymnosperms
naked seeds/cones
pollen
name given to the thick walled desiccation resistant male gametophyte of seed plants
phylum bryophyta characteristics
no vascular tissue gametophyte dominant sporangium is the spore dispersal mechanism yes water carried sperm no seeds moist terristile enviornments
decomposers (saprotrophs)
obtain nutrients by breaking down dead organic material
lillium adaptations
oil on pollen: to stick to pollinators and recipients plant for fertilization brightly colored: to attract animals and insect for pollination purposes branches tigmas: increased surface area to get airborne pollen
seed
ovule- a female gametophyte enclosed within a sporangium hat is surrounded by modified leaves.the egg is produced within the female gametophyte and is where fertilization occurs. all mature seeds have the three following: (1) diploid sporophyte embryo, (2) food supply, (3) protective seed coat
agaricusbisporus friends
oyster mushroom, puffballs, bracket fungi, toadstool, siitake mushrooms, reindeer lichen, old mans beard
lycopodium how energy is gained
photosynthesis
polytrichum energy gained
photosynthesis and the sporophyte relys on the gametophyte for nourishment
rhizoid friends
phycomyces entomopthora
male system in flowers
pollen sac/microsporangium > meiosis > microspore > pollen grain = male gametophyte > produces and transports sperm
picea reproduction
pollination by wind, transfers pollen from grains to ovule cones which produces a diploid zygote and nourished and protected in seed (embryo). the seeds are dispersed by wind and it will germinate to form new plant
fungi are divided into phyla by
presence or absence of septa/cross wall in their hyphae and their type of sexual reproductive structures
lillium reproduction
produce seeds which are too heavy for wind so they are eaten by animals inside the fruit, and given off in waste (means of dispersal)
angiosperms
seeds enclosed in fruit
lycopodum friends
selaginella/spike moss: heterosporus, produces large/megaspores and small/microspores
sordaria (motilt or sessile, aseptate or septate, uninucleate or multinucleate, digestion)
sessile, septate, uninucleate, heterotrophic (saprotrophs
reproduction in fungi
sexual- by the fusion of two strands of hyphae asexual- fragmentation and asexual spores
sordaria reproduction
sexual: ascocarps contain the ascus which contains ascospores that are formed by meiosis
what is the difference between asexual and sexual reporduction
sexual: fusion of gametes/reproductive structures on strands of hyphae asexual: fragmentation or spores
allomyces reproduction
sexual: male and female gametangia released through dishcharged papillae asexual: discharge papillae released diploid zoospores from sporangium
agaricusbisporus reproduction
sexual: when haploid strains meet and come into contact which forms basidiocarp, which holds basidium, which release basidiospores to the land that grow into hyphae
phylum chytridomycota (meiosis structure and cells formed)
sporangia and haploid zoospores
what two characteristics do green algae and plants share
store sugar as starch in chloroplast have same photosynthetic pigments A & B in chloroplasts
root modifications
tap root= food storage above ground roots= support system air roots= provide aeration for submerged root systems examples: carrots, beets
picea adaptations
thick waxy cuticle on leaves: prevents water loss in dry enviornments (needle like leaves) well developed root system: anchors plants in place and provides water and minerals
allomyces spore types
thin walled= diploid zoospores thick walled= haploid zoospores
hyphae
tubular branched filaments that fungi grow in
sepals
typically green and enclose and protect other flower parts
lycopodium habitat
undergrowth in forested areas in north america and sask
phylum antrophyta characteristics
vascular tissue sporophyte dominant pollen dispersal by birds, animals, wind, water no water carried sperm yes seeds produced angiosperms: seeds in fruits grasslands, deserts, tundra, forests
phylum cniferophyta characteristics
vascular tissue sporophyte dominant pollen dispersal by wind no water carried sperm seeds are produced as cones gymnosperm can live in harsh dry enviornments
phylum pteridiophyta characteristics
vascular tissue sporophyte dominant sporangium is the spore dispersal mechanism yes water carried sperm no seeds grows on forest floors in temperate region and as epiphytes on other trees in tropical forests sessile
phylum lycopodiophyta characteristics
vascular tissue sporphyte dominant sporangium is the spore dispersal mechanism no water carried sperm yes seeds gynosperm: naked seeeds forest floors in temperate regions and epiphytes on other trees in tropical forests moist habitat
leaf modifications
waxy cuticle- water storage spines- protection and water storage venus fly trap- capture insects/food peas- tendrils cling o other plants for support examples: cactuts, peas, venus fly trap, jade plant
lillium friends
wheat sunflower
aseptate
without cross wall