Biology 121 lab 3, 4, 5

kingdom plantae are characterized by the following features

- alternations of generations of life cycle - gametangia and sporangia with multicellular walls - embryos nourished and protected by a gametophyte

polypodium (vascular or non vascular, motile or sessile, sporophyte or gametophyte, energy gained)

- autotrophic - multicellular - vascular - sporophyte dominant - sessile - photosynthesis

rhizopus (common name, reproduction)

- common bread mold - omposed of three types of hyphae (1) stolons: horizontal branching network that spreads over the surface of the food (2) rhizoids: short branched hyphae that hold it its food source, eat through extracellular digestion by secreting almayse (3) during sexual reproduction produces sporangiophores, each has a sporangium at its tip that holds spores

nonvascular plants

- commonly called bryophytes - mosses, liverworts, hornworts - lacks vascular tissue remain small - restricted to moist enviornments

agaricusbisporus (food, aseptate or septate, uninucleate or multinucleate, habitat, sessile or motile)

- heterotroph - septate - uninucleate - terrestile -sessile

Phylum ascomycota

- mainly terrestial - includes yeast, mildews, crop fungi and morells - plant pathogens (ergot and dutch elm disease) - symbionts (lichens)

phylum lycopodiophyta

- most primitive of vascular plants - forest floors in temperate regions or grow as epithets on other trees in tropical forests - has cones for reproductive sporophyte cycle

phylum pteridophyta

- seedless vascular plants -sporophyte dominant - both homosporus and heterosporus - grows in forest floor in temperate regions or as epithet in tropical forest

phylum basidiomycota (habitat, reproductive structure, digestion, reproduction)

- terrestial - basiciocarp can only be seen - saprobes - sexual

phylum bryophyta (habitat, vascular or non vascular)

- terrestial but have to live in water for fertilization and to avoid dehydration - non vascular - first plants

allcomyces (habitat, reproduction, life cycle)

-freshwater -consists of branching hyphae that float in the water and bear reproductive structures (gametangia and sporangia) as well as rhizoids that attatch it to its food to help with digestion -male gametangia= light orange color and thick walled sporangia -female gametangia= gray or colorless and thin walled sporangia -has alteration life cycle between multicellular diploid generation and multicellular haploid generation

polytrichum friends

-marchantia/liverworts: live in moist enviornments. have asexual reproduction through little discs of gametophyte tissue -mnium -sphagnum

friends of sordaria

-marchella: bark on tree fungus -claviceps (ergot): contains toxins that are poisionous to humans and livestock -truffles -ophiostoma (dutch elm disease)

friends of allcomyces

-neocallimastix: breaks down cellulose, lives in herbivore intestine - batrachochytium: lives in water, causes fatal infectious disease in amphibians

polypodium friends

-salvinia: aquatic fern, floats by trapping air on the hair of its leaves - psilotum: whisk fern underground rhizomes, erect bright green stems with yellow sporangia on the tip - equisteium/horse tail: lives in sask, sporophyte consists of erect stems growing up from underground rhizomes

polytrichum (sessile or motile, food, vascular or nonvascular, gametophyte or sporophyte dominant)

-sessile - autotrophic - non vascular - gametophyte dominant

phylum zygomycota (habitat, food obtained, sessile or motile, multinucleate or uninucleate, septate or aseptate, resproduction)

-terrestial - saprotrophs - sessile - multinucleate - aseptate - sexual reproduction is by the fusion of gametangia to produce zygosporangium/zygospore

monocot characteristics

1 cotelydon in embryo parallel leaf venation number of flower parts (sepals, petals, stamens, carpels) mutliples of three arrangement of vascular tissue is scattered root system is fibrous

how terrestial plants overcame obstacles of life on land

1. prevention of dessication: cuticle: prevents water loss 2. support: additional thick cell wall made of lingin 3. transport of water and nutrients: vascular tissue- xylem: transport water and dissolved nutrients, phloem: transports food and hormones 4. absorption of water and inorganic nutrients: plants absorb water through rhizomes, later developed roots for water absorption and anchoring the plant 5. dispersal: plant spores are covered in sporopollenin, protects them from damage and desiccation and survive sir dispersal

dicot charcteristics

2 cotelydons in embryo netted leaf venation number of flower parts (sepals, petals, carpels) multiples of 4 or 5 vascular tissue is arranged in a ring taproot root system

picea name parts

Domain= Eukarya Kindgom= Plantae Phylum= Conferophyta Common name= spruce tree Genus= Picea

lilium name parts

Domain= Eukarya Kingdom= Plantae Phylum= Anthophyta Genus= Lilium Common name: praire lilly

roots

anchors plant and absorbs water and minerals from soil

seed plants

angiosperms: enclosed seeds/fruit gymnosperms: naked seeds

phylum ascomycota (meiosis structure and cells formed)

ascus, haploid ascospores

polytrichum reproduction

asexual: fragmentation sexual: gametophyte and sporophyte

lycopodium reproduction

asexual: rhizome allowing it to spread horizontally sexual: gametophyte and sporophyte

polypodium reproduction

asexual: rhizomes sexual: sporophyte and gametopphyte

picea characteristics

auitotrophic multicellular vascular sporophyte dominant gymnosperm

phylum basidiomycota (meiosis structure and cells formed)

basidium, basidiospores (haploid)

petals

brighty colored part of flower and serve to attract pollinators

carpel and pistil

carpels are fused together to form a pistil (normally 3 carpels = 1 pistil) the tip is called the stigma the stalk like portion is the style and the swollen base is the ovary which houses the ovules this is the female gametopyte of the plant

parasites

causes diseases in plants, animals, humans. they dont benefit the host

phylum chytridomycota (habitat, multinucleate or uninucleate, aspetate or septate, motile or sessile)

commonly called chytrids, mostly aquatic, multinucleate, aseptate, produce motile gametes for sexual reproduction

rhizopus sexual reproduction

conjugation: two gametangia fuse forming a zygosporangium to produce zygospore. undergoes meosis to produce spores which will form hyphae

vascular tissues

contains specialized thick walled water conducting cells called tracheids. vascular plants are also called tracheophytes

stem modification

covered in thick waxy cuticle is modified for photosynthesis and water storage underground tubers- for food storage horizontal stems- asexual reproduction spines- protection and water storage examples: strawberries, potatoes, cactus, vines

phylum zygomycota (meiosis structure and cells formed)

diploid nucleus with zygospore, haploid spores

agaricusbisporus adaptations to habitat

discharging of spores: to propel the spores through the gills where spores fall onto the air current to land in favourable environment where they can grow and germinate into haploid hyphae

sordaria (name parts)

domain= eukarya kingdom = fungi phylum= ascomycota genus= sordaria

allcomyces (name parts)

domain= eukarya kingdom= fungi phylum= chytridiomycota genus= Allcomyces

rhizopus (name parts)

domain= eukarya kingdom= fungi phylum= zygomycota genus= rhizopus

polypodium name parts

domain= eukarya kingdom= plantae phylum= pteridophyta common name= rabbits foot fern

multinucleate

each cell contains more than one nucleus without septa

uninucleate

each cell contains only one nucleus and has septa

rhizopus adaptations

elongated sporangiophores elevate the sporangium above the surface of its food source, allows the spores to be dispersed through the wind

polytrichum adaptations to habitat

elongated sporophyte stalk and small light spores so that they are released well above the gametophyte for wind dispersal

lillium characteristics

energy through photosynthesis sessile habitat: grasslands, sloughs margins, undergrowth of forests, disturbed habitats autotrophic mutlicellular angiosperm vascular sporophyte dominant

lycopodium (food, non vascular or vascular, sporophyte or gametophyte)

eukaryotic autotrophic mutlicellular vascular sporophyte dominant

sordaria adaptations to habitat

flask shaped ascocarp grows towards the light directing the asci up through vegetation, ensures that when ascospores are released they will land on new vegetation

phylum antophyta : flowers can have 4 whorls (groups) of these leaves:

flowers can have 4 whorls (groups) of these leaves: sepals, petals, stamen (male), carpels (female)

ovary

fruit and house of the ovule/seeds

fruit formation

fruits are the ripened or mature ovaries of flowers. there function is to enclose and protect seeds and aid in their dispersal.they attract animals that eat them and then in there waste disperse the seeds so that they can grow . some seeds attatch to fur (like burs) to be transported.

mycelium

group of hyphae

polypodium

habitat: long strands of forest undergrowth in boreal forests

rhizoids

hair like structures involved in anchoring the plant and water absorbtion

heterosporus vs homosporus

heterosporus: different spore homosporus: same spores

rhizomes

horizontal stems that grow underground

picea friends

juniper: needle like leaves sequioa ginkgo: living fossil cycads: pollinated by beetles

oogamus

large non motile/sessile egg that is fertilized by small usually motile sperm

mycorrhizae

live in and around the roots of plants, both fungi and plant benefit

symbionts

lives in association with another organism in which both benefit

adaptations to dry environments for fungi

lives/grows in its food source (moist environment), if environment dries out the fungus produces spores that will germinate into a new organism in favourable conditions

stamen

male organs of the flower top part that holds the pollen is the anther the long part is the filament

female system in flowers

megasporangium in ovule > meiosis > megaspore > embryo sac = female gametophyte in ovule > produces egg

kingdom fungi characteristics

multicellular, heterotrophic, sessile

gymnosperms

naked seeds/cones

pollen

name given to the thick walled desiccation resistant male gametophyte of seed plants

phylum bryophyta characteristics

no vascular tissue gametophyte dominant sporangium is the spore dispersal mechanism yes water carried sperm no seeds moist terristile enviornments

decomposers (saprotrophs)

obtain nutrients by breaking down dead organic material

lillium adaptations

oil on pollen: to stick to pollinators and recipients plant for fertilization brightly colored: to attract animals and insect for pollination purposes branches tigmas: increased surface area to get airborne pollen

seed

ovule- a female gametophyte enclosed within a sporangium hat is surrounded by modified leaves.the egg is produced within the female gametophyte and is where fertilization occurs. all mature seeds have the three following: (1) diploid sporophyte embryo, (2) food supply, (3) protective seed coat

agaricusbisporus friends

oyster mushroom, puffballs, bracket fungi, toadstool, siitake mushrooms, reindeer lichen, old mans beard

lycopodium how energy is gained

photosynthesis

polytrichum energy gained

photosynthesis and the sporophyte relys on the gametophyte for nourishment

rhizoid friends

phycomyces entomopthora

male system in flowers

pollen sac/microsporangium > meiosis > microspore > pollen grain = male gametophyte > produces and transports sperm

picea reproduction

pollination by wind, transfers pollen from grains to ovule cones which produces a diploid zygote and nourished and protected in seed (embryo). the seeds are dispersed by wind and it will germinate to form new plant

fungi are divided into phyla by

presence or absence of septa/cross wall in their hyphae and their type of sexual reproductive structures

lillium reproduction

produce seeds which are too heavy for wind so they are eaten by animals inside the fruit, and given off in waste (means of dispersal)

angiosperms

seeds enclosed in fruit

lycopodum friends

selaginella/spike moss: heterosporus, produces large/megaspores and small/microspores

sordaria (motilt or sessile, aseptate or septate, uninucleate or multinucleate, digestion)

sessile, septate, uninucleate, heterotrophic (saprotrophs

reproduction in fungi

sexual- by the fusion of two strands of hyphae asexual- fragmentation and asexual spores

sordaria reproduction

sexual: ascocarps contain the ascus which contains ascospores that are formed by meiosis

what is the difference between asexual and sexual reporduction

sexual: fusion of gametes/reproductive structures on strands of hyphae asexual: fragmentation or spores

allomyces reproduction

sexual: male and female gametangia released through dishcharged papillae asexual: discharge papillae released diploid zoospores from sporangium

agaricusbisporus reproduction

sexual: when haploid strains meet and come into contact which forms basidiocarp, which holds basidium, which release basidiospores to the land that grow into hyphae

phylum chytridomycota (meiosis structure and cells formed)

sporangia and haploid zoospores

what two characteristics do green algae and plants share

store sugar as starch in chloroplast have same photosynthetic pigments A & B in chloroplasts

root modifications

tap root= food storage above ground roots= support system air roots= provide aeration for submerged root systems examples: carrots, beets

picea adaptations

thick waxy cuticle on leaves: prevents water loss in dry enviornments (needle like leaves) well developed root system: anchors plants in place and provides water and minerals

allomyces spore types

thin walled= diploid zoospores thick walled= haploid zoospores

hyphae

tubular branched filaments that fungi grow in

sepals

typically green and enclose and protect other flower parts

lycopodium habitat

undergrowth in forested areas in north america and sask

phylum antrophyta characteristics

vascular tissue sporophyte dominant pollen dispersal by birds, animals, wind, water no water carried sperm yes seeds produced angiosperms: seeds in fruits grasslands, deserts, tundra, forests

phylum cniferophyta characteristics

vascular tissue sporophyte dominant pollen dispersal by wind no water carried sperm seeds are produced as cones gymnosperm can live in harsh dry enviornments

phylum pteridiophyta characteristics

vascular tissue sporophyte dominant sporangium is the spore dispersal mechanism yes water carried sperm no seeds grows on forest floors in temperate region and as epiphytes on other trees in tropical forests sessile

phylum lycopodiophyta characteristics

vascular tissue sporphyte dominant sporangium is the spore dispersal mechanism no water carried sperm yes seeds gynosperm: naked seeeds forest floors in temperate regions and epiphytes on other trees in tropical forests moist habitat

leaf modifications

waxy cuticle- water storage spines- protection and water storage venus fly trap- capture insects/food peas- tendrils cling o other plants for support examples: cactuts, peas, venus fly trap, jade plant

lillium friends

wheat sunflower

aseptate

without cross wall