Perception Test 2
FALSE
People with amusia tend to have difficulties comprehending speech
color constancy
color of objects is determined by the wavelengths reflected off of that surface - for a wide range of illuminance, the perception of color is more or less constant -- this allows us to recognize common objects by color in the wide range of lighting conditions we find ourselves in
deutoranopes
condition of blindness to the color green
protanopes
condition of blindness to the color red
protoanomaly
condition of insensitivity to the color red
deuteranomaly
condition of sensitivity to the color green
brightness
corresponds to the physical property of flux
saturation
degree of color mixing - a totally saturated color corresponds to a single, pure wavelength of light - to the extent that other wavelengths become mixed, color becomes desaturated
amusia (tone-deafness)
difficult to judge the relative size of the differences in pitches - cognitivitely normal
shading
dominant source of light is assumed to be above us
masking
effect of adding bandpass noise to a faint signal on sensitivity to that signal -- if we add bandpass noise to a pure tone in a signal detection experiment, it raises the threshold to detect the tone
How we code pitch?
frequencies: > 1000Hz -> place-coded < 1000Hz -> frequency-matched
Volley principle
frequency coding is generated by the mass action of the 1000s of neurons
characteristic frequency of a cell
frequency that best causes a change in firing rate of a hair cell
3 components of color
hue, brightness, and saturation
interposition
if one object partially covers another, then the occluding object is probably in front of the occluded object
phase differences
if the wavelength of the sound is the large enough, then the ears will receive the sound on a common cycle but different phases and the degree of this phase shift provides a clue to direction
apparent motion
if two state images of an object in slightly different locations are seen in quick succession, the object appears to move - basis of movies
less likely
in apparent motion, as the stimuli get further apart in space, apparent motion becomes ______________ _____________
two static images
in apparent motion, if the flashes get further apart in time, _______ _______ _______ are seen
decrease
in general, as we get older, sensitivity to taste __________
biaural cues of spatial location
interaural time difference, phase differences, and intensity
monocular cues
interposition, aerial perspective, shading, elevation, linear perspective, texture gradients, relative size, motion parallax, accommodation
Perceptual delay
- because the time between retinal transduction of light and the first activity in V1 in between 30-50ms -- V1 activity does not peak until about 130ms ---- higher cortical visual areas do not finish processing until even later
inner hair cells
- far more are connected to auditory nerve cells - thought to discriminate a wide range of frequency, but require relatively high amplitude to generate action potentials - transduce sound
outer hair cells
- far more numerous - thought to detect very low amplitude, low frequency vibrations - thought to amplify sound
Pacinian corpuscles
- found in hairless skin (soles of feet, lips, palms of hands) - most are mechanoreceptors - respond to onsets and offsets of pressure but not to continuous pressure
free nerve endings
- most common type of receptor - found throughout skin - primarily transduce pain sensations but also transduce mechanical and thermal energy
3 factors for determining the intensity of heat and cold
1. rate of energy transfer from skin to object or vice versa 2. temperature of skin 3. extent of skin that's stimulated
retinal and smooth pursuit motion detection
2 ways in which motion can be detected
TRUE
Absolute (perfect) pitch requires musical training in childhood
TRUE
For successive stimulation of different retinal cells cannot account for our perception of an object's motion while we are tracking it with the smooth pursuit eye movement system -- smooth pursuit important because if something out there is moving, and the eyes are moving with it, the motor signal jiggles the static retinal signal so that we perceive the object as moving
combination
For the most part, particular sensations (pressure, heat, pain) do not appear to be the result of specific types of receptors, but rather the ______________ of receptors that is activated by a stimulus.
aerial perspective
Objects far away appear less clear (blurred), more hazy (lower contrast) and desaturated in color relative to objects that are close by (this applies mainly to objects that are VERY far away).
FALSE
The auditory detection threshold is independent of sound frequency
FALSE
The cultural influence on taste perception is so strong that some cultures abhor sweet and crave mainly bitter foods
melodic contour
The experiment by Dowling and Fujitani (1971) indicates that the _____________ ______________ is the most important in determining recognition of a melody
females
__________ are more sensitive to to odors than males
flash-lag phenomenon
a moving light is perceived to be ahead of a flashing light when the two are physically aligned
relative pitch
ability to recognize differences in pitch
sour
acidic foods generally taste ________
cross-adaptation
adaptation to a chemical with a given taste reduces sensitivity to other chemicals with the same taste
bitter
alkaloids compound taste _________
loudness
all other things being equal, less intense sounds are further away
intensity
amplitude of sound waves decreases with distance and when sound waves curve around an obstacle -- it can cause slight loudness differences between the 2 ears that indicate direction
saltiness
basic compounds taste _______
TRUE
biological evidence was discovered for BOTH the trichromatic and opponent-process theory
sweetness
carbon+water (carb) compounds usually taste _______
monaural cues to spatial location
loudness and doppler shift
perception of pain
mechanical and/or thermal energy at extreme intensities -- usually associated with tissue damage cause the sensation of pain
three categories of sensation
mechanical energy, thermal energy, and pain
bitter
most people are most sensitive to _________ (primary taste)
problem with freq matching
neurons can only generate action potentials at a rate of 1kHz but humans hear frequencies up to 20kHz
alcohol
non-tasters tend to consume more of ____________
proximity
notes played close together in time are more likely to belong to the same melody than notes played at very different times
similarity
notes that are more similar to each other are more likely to belong to the same melody than notes that are dissimilar
common fate
notes that rise or fall or stop together are more likely to belong to the same melody
chemical energy
olfaction involves the transduction of __________ _____________
thalamus
olfaction is the only sense that does not pass through the ____________ before being processed in neocortex
decreases
olfactory sensitivity __________ as we age
point localization
our ability to locate the source of stimulation on the skin
thermal energy
our perception of heat and cold are the result of transduction of ____________ __________
figure and ground organization
part of a musical passage that requires the least attention to hear is probably the melody
Gestalt principles of audition
proximity, similarity, common fate, and figure & ground organization
hair cells (Organ of Corti)
receptor cells that transduce vibration of the basilar membrane into action potentials
nociceptors
receptors that aspect to give rise to pain sensation when stimulated
adaptation
reduction in sensitivity to an odor with prolonged exposure
receptive field
region of skin that when stimulated causes a change in the firing rate of the neuron -- this type of stimulation required to change a cell's firing rate varies
primary somatosensory cortex
representation of the body in sensory cortex
moderate; cold
sensitivity depends on many factors, including the temp of a tastant. generally, we are most sensitive to chemicals at ________ temperatures, and least sensitive to chemicals at _________ temperatures.
TRUE
sensitivity to the primary tastes is evenly distributed across the tongue
point localization and 2-point localization
sensitivity to touch is most commonly measured with ____________ ___________ and _________ __________________
2-point localization
smallest distance between 2 points of stimulation that can be discrimination from stimulation at a single point
repugnant; delicious
supertasters will likely find broccoli __________, while non-tasters typically find it __________
chemical energy
taste involves the transduction of ______________ ___________
trade-offs
temporal acuity (ability to resolve time) and frequency resolution (ability to discriminate nearby frequency) are ___________-__________
texture gradients
textures become more crowded with distance
place theory of frequency coding
the SHAPE of the basilar membrane causes the maximum displacement of the membrane to occur at a location that depends on frequency -- frequency is then coded by the relative rate of firing of hair cells in different locations along the basilar membrane
frequency
the perception of pitch corresponds to ____________ of sound medium oscillations
frequency matching theory
the basilar membrane acts like a microphone membrane, simply vibrating synchrony with the stimulus -- in turn causes neural discharges that match the frequency of the stimulus
TRUE
the basis of the distribution of sensitivity to primary tastes across the tongue is not well understood, but does not appear to be result of specific receptors for each of the primary tastes
interaural time difference
the difference between when a sound wave reaches one ear and the other - source is closer to whichever ear senses it first
critical band
the frequency range, beyond which additional noise will not change sensitivity to a faint sound
amplitude
the perception of loudness corresponds to ___________ of sound medium oscillations -- freq can also affect this
doppler shift
the pitch of an object changes as it approaches and then recedes
melodic contour (def)
the shape of the sequence of rising and falling pitches
3
there are __ types of color-sensitive photoreceptors
5
there are ___ primary tastes
no primary
there are _________ ____________ smells
trichromatic theory
there must be 3 color receptors that respond optimally to different wavelengths of light - the percept of a particular color is the result of the relative activity levels of each of the 3 types of receptor
mechanoreceptors
they transduce mechanical displacement of skin
elevation and linear perspective
things that are higher are further away as are object closer to the vanishing point on the horizon
pressure; mechanical
touch is the perception of _________________ -- the type of energy being transduced is ______________ ____________
opponent-process theory of color perception
two factors are competing with each other for activation - the activity of one process drives down activity of the other and vice versa - normally results in equilibrium -- but when one process receives some extra help, it can temporarily overcome the other process -- this cannot last forever and when the winning process is exhausted or its input goes away, the opponent process is able to push back past equilibrium
cones
type of photoreceptor cell that mediates color vision
MSG
umami - is the taste of ______, a common food additive
primary tastes
umami, sour, bitter, sweet, salty
lower
we are able to discriminate a given taste from pure (tasteless) water at a ________________ threshold than we are able to identify the taste
hue
what we commonly perceive as color - corresponds to the physical property of wavelength
retinal motion detection
when the retina is fixed relative to the head, and the head fixed relative to the environment, light reflected from moving objects sweeps across the retina - basis for apparent motion