A&P Final Exam
Proteins can buffer a drop in pH with their ___________ side groups and can buffer an increase in pH with their __________ side groups. Multiple Choice -NH2; -PO4 -PO4; -COOH -NH2; -COOH -COOH; -NH2 -PO4; -NH2
-NH2; -COOH
Air consists of about 78.6% nitrogen, 20.9% oxygen, 0.04% carbon dioxide, and 0.5% water. At sea level, (760 mmHg) what is the PCO2? 597 mm Hg 159 mm Hg 0.3 mm Hg 3.7 mm Hg
0.3 mm Hg
List in order the events of an action potential of a ventricular cardiocyte.
1. Voltage-gated Na channels open 2. Influx of Na causes more Na channels to open; depolarization 3. Na channels close as membrane potential peaks at +30 mV 4. Ca enters through slow calcium channels; creates plateau 5. Ca channels close, K channels open; repolarization
The average person has approximately __________ nephrons per kidney. Multiple Choice 1.2 million 2.4 million 3.6 million 4.8 million 5.6 million
1.2 million
If all autonomic innervation of the heart were removed or blocked, the natural intrinsic firing rate of the SA node is about ______ beats per minute (bpm).
100
Lymphatic vessels recover about __________ of the fluid filtered by capillaries. Multiple Choice 5% 15% 25% 50% 85%
15%
To meet the definition of polyuria, the minimum daily output of urine is __________. Multiple Choice 0.5 L 1.0 L 1.5 L 2.0 L 3.0 L
2.0 L
Assuming all other values are normal, calculate the net filtration pressure in a patient with a drop in capsular hydrostatic pressure to 8 mmHg. Multiple Choice 10 mm Hg out 20 mm Hg out 30 mm Hg out 40 mm Hg out 50 mm Hg out
20 mm Hg out
In one passage through a bed of systemic blood capillaries, the blood gives up about what percentage of its oxygen? 5% to 10% 10% to 15% 20% to 25% 30% to 40% 70% to 85%
20% to 25%
A person who is HIV-positive and has a helper T (TH) cell count lower than __________ has AIDS. Multiple Choice 20,000 cells/μL 5,000 cells/μL 1,000 cells/μL 200 cells/μL 50 cells/μL
200 cells/μL
Infants have __________ deciduous teeth, whereas adults have __________ permanent teeth. Multiple Choice 20; 32 16; 20 28; 20 32; 20 32; 32
20; 32
Bacteria constitute about __________% of the dry weight of the feces. Multiple Choice 2 14 30 55 80
30
Assume that the left ventricle of a child's heart has an EDV=90mL, and ESV=60mL, and a cardiac output of 2,400 mL/min. His SV is __________ mL/beat and his HR is __________ bpm
30; 80
Each hemoglobin molecule can transport up to __________ oxygen molecules. 6 2 3 4 5
4
Your breathing rate is 12 breaths/minute; your tidal volume is 500 mL; your vital capacity is 4700 mL; and your dead air space is 150 mL. Your alveolar ventilation rate is __________ mL/min. 2,400 3,600 4,200 5,600 6,400
4,200
Your breathing rate is 14 breaths/minute; spirometric measurements reveal your tidal volume is 500 mL; your inspiratory reserve volume is 3000 mL; and your expiratory reserve volume is 1,200 mL. Your vital capacity is __________ mL. 2,400 3,000 3,800 4,700 5,800
4,700
What is the total body water (TBW) content of a 70 kg young male? Multiple Choice 10 L 20 L 40 L 60 L 70 L
40 L
A hospital patient produces 4 mL/min of urine with a urea concentration of 8 mg/mL. Venous blood draw reveals urea concentration of 0.4 mg/mL. What is the percentage of cleared urea from glomerular filtrate? Multiple Choice 40% 56% 64% 72% 80%
64%
What is the normal pH of tissue fluid? Multiple Choice 6.95 - 7.05 7.05 - 7.15 7.15 - 7.25 7.25 - 7.35 7.35 - 7.45
7.35 - 7.45
In a healthy person at rest, the SA node normally fires about ______ times per minute, setting the heart rate.
75
Normally, the systemic arterial blood has a Po2 of ___________ mm Hg, a Pco2 of ___________ mm Hg, and a pH of ___________. 40; 95; 7.4 95; 40; 7.4 7.4; 40; 95 95; 7.4; 40 40; 7.4; 95
95; 40; 7.4
A. vasodilation; decrease
A bee sting can trigger a massive release of histamine, which causes ___________ and a(n) _____________ in arterial blood pressure. A. vasodilation; decrease B. vasodilation; increase C. vasoconstriction; decrease D. vasoconstriction; increase E. vasoconstriction; oscillation
A hemorrhage results in which of the following? Multiple Choice A decrease in water volume without significantly affecting the osmolarity A decrease in water volume and an increase in osmolarity A decrease in water volume and a decrease in osmolarity An increase in ECF volume but a decrease in ICF volume A decrease in ECF volume but an increase ICF volume
A decrease in water volume without significantly affecting the osmolarity
Long-term inhibition of thirst is mostly associated with which of the following? Multiple Choice Cooling of the mouth Distension of the stomach by ingested water A drop in blood osmolarity Moistening of the mouth Increased salivation
A drop in blood osmolarity
E. syncope; cerebral edema
A mean arterial pressure (MAP) below 60 mmHg can cause _____, whereas a MAP above 160 mmHg can cause _____________. A. neurogenic shock; syncope B. neurogenic shock; cardiogenic shock C. compensated shock; decompensated shock D. syncope; neurogenic shock E. syncope; cerebral edema
Which of the following is not caused by hypernatremia? Multiple Choice Water retention Edema Hypertension Interstitial fluid accumulation A reduction in plasma volume
A reduction in plasma volume
Which of the following describes the duplicity theory of vision? A. A single type of receptor system cannot produce both high sensitivity and high resolution. B. Cones and rods are responsible for both photopic (day) vision as well as trichromatic (color) vision. C. Cones are responsible for both photopic (day) vision as well as trichromatic (color) vision. D. Light adaptation and dark adaptation are adjustments in vision to changing light intensities. E. There are short-wavelength cones and long-wavelength cones
A. A single type of receptor system cannot produce both high sensitivity and high resolution.
A woman's fire pregnancy is normal but her second pregnancy results in hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN). The second child needed a transfusion to completely replace the agglutinating blood. The mother is most likely type _____ and both children are most likely ______. A. A, Rh negative; B, Rh positive B. A, Rh positive; B Rh negative C. O, Rh negative; AB. Rh negative D. AB, Rh positive; O, Rh negative E. AB, Rh positive ; O, Rh positive
A. A, Rh negative; B, Rh positive
Why are pregnant RH women given an injection of Rh immune globulin? A. Antibodies in the injection bind fetal RBC antigens so they cannont stimulate her immune system to produce anti - D antibodies. B. Antibodies in the injection bind fetal RBC antigens so they cannot stimulate her immune system produce anti - A and anti B antibodies. C. Antibodies in the injection bind fetal RBC antigens so they cannot stimulate her immune system produce anti - a antibodies. D. Antibodies in the injection bind fetal RBC antigens so they cannot stimulate her immune system produce anti - O antibodies. E. Antibodies in the injection bind fetal RBC antigens so they cannot stimulate her immune system produce anti - B antibodies.
A. Antibodies in the injection bind fetal RBC antigens so they cannot stimulate her immune system produce anti - D antibodies.
Which organ does not have nociceptors? A. Brain B. Heart C. Kidney D. Liver E. Stomach
A. Brain
What event causes rhodopsin to go from violet to clear in color? A. Cis-retinal straightens to become trans-retinal B. Cis-retinal bends to become trans-retinal C. Trans-retinal straightens to become cis-retinal D. Trans-retinal bends to become cis-retinal
A. Cis-retinal straightens to become trans-retinal
Which of the following structures houses the spiral organ? A. Cochlea B. Vestibule C. Semicircular duct D. Stapes E. Tympanic cavity
A. Cochlea
When does oogenesis begin? A. During embryonic development B. At birth C. During thelarche D. During pubarche E. During menarche
A. During embryonic development
When does an ovum finish meiosis? A. During fertilization B. During implantation C. While in a secondary follicle D. While in a primary follicle E. While in a tertiary follicle
A. During fertilization
During the follicular phase, granulosa cells secrete __________, which stimulates secretion of __________. A. estradiol; LH B. estradiol; FSH C. estradiol; GnRH D. progesterone; FSH E. progesterone; LH
A. Estradiol; LH
Which of the following are unencapsulated endings? A. Free nerve endings B. Tactile corpuscles C. End bulbs D. Muscle spindles
A. Free nerve endings
Which of the following is not normally found in plasma? A. Glycogen B. Fibrinogen C. Glucose D. Urea E. Albumin
A. Glycogen
In early pregnancy, what hormone stimulates growth of the corpus luteum? A. Human chorionic gonadotropin B. Follicle-stimulating hormone C. Human chorionic somatomammotropin D. Adrenocorticotropic hormone E. Progesterone
A. Human chorionic gonadotropin
Each upward movement of the basilar causes the stereocilia of the inner hair cells to bend, opening __________ gates. A. K+ B. Na+ C. Ca2+ D. Cl- E. Mg2+
A. K+
Which of the following structures is visible to the naked eye? A. Lingual papilla B. Taste (gustatory) cell C. Taste hair D. Taste bud E. Taste pore
A. Lingual papilla
The incus articulates with which bone(s)? A. Malleus and stapes B. Malleus C. Stapes D. Malleus, stapes, and temporal E. Malleus, stapes, and tympanic
A. Malleus and stapes
The three types of cones in the retina are differentiated from one another by what feature? A. The absorption peak of their photopsin B. The width of their outer segment C. Whether they contain cis-retinal or trans-retinal or both D. The number of discs in their outer
A. The absorption peak of their photopsin
Which of the following is not true of a patient with anemia? A. Their blood viscosity is increased B. They are lethargic C. Their blood osmolarity is reduced D. Their resistance to blood flow is reduced E. More fluid transfers from their bloodstream into their intercellular spaces
A. Their blood viscosity is increased
What structure leads from each ovary to the uterus? A. Uterine tube B. Vagina C. Urethra D. Vas deferens E. Copulatory duct
A. Uterine tube
Which of the following is a part of the internalfemale genitalia? A. Vagina B. Clitoris C. Labia majora D. Labia minora E. Mammary gland
A. Vagina
Which of the following correctly describes the vestibular projection pathway to the brain? A. Vestibular nerve - vestibulocochlear nerve - vestibular nuclei - thalamus - cerebral cortex B. Vestibulocochlear nerve - vestibular nerve - vestibular nuclei - thalamus - cerebral cortex C. Vestibular nerve - vestibulocochlear nerve - thalamus - vestibular nuclei - cerebral cortex D. Vestibulocochlear nerve - vestibular nerve - thalamus - vestibular nuclei - cerebral cortex
A. Vestibular nerve - vestibulocochlear nerve - vestibular nuclei - thalamus - cerebral cortex
Which of the following is true of the female sexual response? A. Women do not have a refractory period and may quickly experience additional orgasms. B. The engorged clitoris can swing upward away from the body like the penis. C. The vagina has a high concentration of sensory nerve endings. D. The uterus tilts forward over the urinary bladder during excitement.
A. Women do not have a refractory period and may quickly experience additional orgasms.
Serum is essentially identical to plasma except for the absence of _______. A. fibrinogen B. nitrogenous wastes C. platelets D. glucose E. albumin
A. fibrinogen
The ABO blood group is determined by _______in the plasma membrane of RBC's A. glycolipids B. glycoproteins C. antibodies D. antigen - antibody complexes E. agglutinins
A. glycolipids
An increased erythroprotein (EPO) output by the kidneys would lead to all of the following except A. increased hypoxemia B. increased blood osmolarity C. increased RBC production D. increased blood viscosity E. increased hematocity
A. increased hypoxemia
Changes in blood pressure are detected by __________ in certain arteries. A. mechanoreceptors B. chemoreceptors C. proprioceptors D. nociceptors E. thermoreceptors
A. mechanoreceptors
Leukopoiesis begins with the differentiation of ______ A. pluripotent stem cells B. precursor cells C. colony-forming cells D. myeloblasts E. lymphoblasts
A. pluripotent stem cells
Glaucoma is a state of elevated pressure within the eye that occurs when the __________ is obstructed so the aqueous humor is not reabsorbed as fast as it is secreted. A. scleral venous sinus B. posterior chamber C. anterior chamber D. lacrimal punctum E. tarsal gland opening
A. scleral venous sinus
Where does an embryo usually attach to its mother? A. To the endometrium B. To the perimetrium C. To the myometrium D. To the lining of the uterine tube E. To the lining of the vagina
A. to the endometrium
Which hormone stimulates glucocorticoid secretion? GHRH GHIH ACTH CRH TSH
ACTH
In response to dehydration, osmoreceptors stimulate the secretion of __________. Multiple Choice ADH calcitonin ANP sodium ions bicarbonate ions
ADH
Which of the following occurs when blood volume and pressure become too high? Multiple Choice ADH release is inhibited. ADH release is stimulated. The renal tubules reabsorb more water. The renal tubules reabsorb more sodium. The kidneys produce less urine.
ADH release is inhibited.
Which of these is most likely to result from contact between contaminated fingers and the nasal mucosa? Apnea Adult respiratory distress syndrome Acute bronchitis Acute rhinitis Asthma
Acute rhinitis
Which malignancy originates in the lamina propria of the bronchi? Squamous-cell carcinoma Oat-cell carcinoma Adenocarcinoma Pulmonary edema Cor pulmonale
Adenocarcinoma
The anatomical dead space is greatest in which of the following situations? After eating a large meal After swerving to narrowly avoid an accident while driving After waking up from a long nap After watching TV for an hour
After swerving to narrowly avoid an accident while driving
Which of the following is common in the distal small intestine? Multiple Choice Aggregated lymphoid nodule MALT Lymphatic nodules Macrophages Diffuse lymphatic tissue
Aggregated lymphoid nodule
What protein is the most important buffer in blood plasma? Multiple Choice Fibrinogen Albumin Alpha globulin Gamma globulin Transferrin
Albumin
A patient enters a hospital after a motorcycle accident. He complains of mid-back pain. X-rays reveal both rib and pelvic fractures. His emergency room examination includes urinalysis. Which of the following findings from the urinalysis would most likely suggest trauma to the kidneys from the accident, but not to the urinary bladder? Multiple Choice Pyuria Hematuria Albuminuria Uremia Phenylketonuria
Albuminuria
Women have a tendency to retain water during part of the menstrual cycle because estrogen mimics the action of what? Multiple Choice ADH Aldosterone Natriuretic peptide Oxytocin Prolactin
Aldosterone
E. atrial natriuretic peptide.
All of these increase blood pressure except A. norepinephrine. B. antidiuretic hormone (ADH). C. angiotensin II. D. aldosterone. E. atrial natriuretic peptide.
D. hyperproteinemia.
All these can lead to edema except A. obstruction of lymphatic vessels. B. liver disease. C. famine. D. hyperproteinemia. E. hypertension.
How is alveolar air different than inspired air? Alveolar air has a higher PN2 than inspired air. Alveolar air has a lower PCO2 than inspired air. Alveolar air has a higher PO2 than inspired air. Alveolar air has a higher PH2O than inhaled air.
Alveolar air has a higher PH2O than inhaled air.
Which of the following is a result of phosphate excretion from the body? Multiple Choice An increase in free potassium ions in the ECF An increase in free calcium ions in the ECF An increase in free chloride ions in the ICF A decrease in free potassium ions in the ECF A decrease in free calcium ions in the ECF
An increase in free calcium ions in the ECF
Which of the following would slow down gas exchange between the blood and alveolar air? An increase in membrane thickness An increase in alveolar surface area An increase in respiratory rate A decrease in membrane thickness A decrease in nitrogen solubility
An increase in membrane thickness
Upon inspiration, what is the name of the air in the conducting division that is not available for gas exchange? Alveolar dead space Tracheal dead space Anatomical dead space Conducting dead space
Anatomical dead space
Which arterial branch of the left coronary artery travels down to the apex of the heart?
Anterior interventricular
During exercise, which of the following directly increases respiratory rate? Increased H+ level in the blood The Bohr effect Reduced blood pH Reduced oxyhemoglobin Anticipation of the needs of exercising muscle
Anticipation of the needs of exercising muscle
Which is the correct sequence of events in the humoral immune response? Multiple Choice Antigen recognition → antigen presentation → differentiation → clonal selection → attack Antigen recognition → antigen presentation → clonal selection → differentiation → attack Antigen presentation → antigen recognition → clonal selection → differentiation → attack Antigen presentation → antigen recognition → clonal selection → attack differentiation Antigen recognition → differentiation → antigen presentation → clonal selection → attack
Antigen recognition → antigen presentation → clonal selection → differentiation → attack
TRUE
Arterial flow to the lower limb comes from the external iliac artery. T or F
A. resistance
Arteries are sometimes called the _______________ vessels of the cardiovascular system because they have strong-resilient tissue structure. A. resistance B. capacitance C. hydrodynamic D. compliance E. fenestrated
Which of the following is not a function of the respiratory system? Control of pH Promotes the flow of lymph and venous blood Helps regulate blood pressure Assists in the synthesis of vasodilators Aids in defecation
Assists in the synthesis of vasodilators
______ is a disorder described as an accumulation of lipid deposits in coronary arterial walls that degrade the arterial wall and obstruct the lumen.
Atherosclerosis
______ is the process of listening to sounds made by the body.
Auscultation
What is an ovulated egg more technically referred to as? A. A primary oocyte B. A secondary oocyte C. A primary follicle D. A secondary follicle E. A tertiary follicle
B. A Secondary oocyte
Which of the following would not decrease the blood colloid osmotic pressure (COP)? A. Severe liver failure B. A diet predominantly based on red meat C. Starvation D. An extremely low-protein diet E. Hypoproteinemina
B. A diet predominantly based on red meat
A person with type A blood can safely donate RBCs to someone to type ______ and can receive RBCs from someone of type ______. A. O;AB B. AB; O C. A; B D. B; A E. O ; O
B. AB ; O
An individual has type B, Rh positive blood. The individual has _____ antigens and can produce anti ____ antibodies A. A and D; B B. B and D; A C. B; A and D D. A; B and D E. D; A and B
B. B and D; A
What are the least abundant of the formed elements? A. Platelets B. Basophils C. Erythrocytes D. Neutrophils E. Eosinophils
B. Basophils
Which cells aid in the body's defense processes by secreting histamine and heparin? A. Eosinophils B. Basophils C. Neutrophils D. Platelets E. Monocytes
B. Basophils
What is the final product of the breakdown of the organic nonprotein moiety of hemoglobin? A. Biliverdin B. Bilirubin C. Globin D. Heme E. Iron
B. Bilirubin
Which of these is most vulnerable to irreversible damage caused by a very loud noise? A. Ossicles B. Cochlear hair cells C. Tympanic membrane D. Fibers of the cochlear nerve E. Tectorial membrane
B. Cochlear hair cells
Where are follicles located? A. Medulla of the ovary B. Cortex of the ovary C. Center of the ovum D. Epithelium of the endometrium E. Epithelium of the placenta
B. Cortex of the ovary
What hormone(s) inhibit(s) the secretion of FSH and LH during the female sexual cycle? A. GnRH B. Estradiol and progesterone C. Estradiol D. Progesterone E. Androgens
B. Estradiol and progesterone
Which of the following proteins is not normally found in plasma? A. Albumin B. Hemoglobin C. Transferrin D. Prothrombin E. Fibrinogen
B. Hemoglobin
Pregnancy kits test for the presence of what hormone? A. Progesterone B. Human chorionic gonadotropin C. Estrogen D. Luteinizing hormone E. Follicle-stimulating hormone
B. Human chorionic gonadotropin
Which structure acts as a transducer in the spiral organ (organ of Corti)? A. Stereocilium B. Inner hair cell C. Tectorial membrane D. Round window E. Basilar membrane
B. Inner hair cell
Which of the following would not lead to polycythemia? A. Cancer of the erythropoietic line of the red bone marrow B. Iron deficiency C. Dehydration D. Emphysema E. Excessive aerobic exercise
B. Iron deficiency
Most ovulation home test kits measure a surge of which hormone? A. FSH B. LH C. Estradiol D. Progesterone E. HCG
B. LH
What is the cessation of menstruation referred to as? A. Menarche B. Menopause C. Climacteric D. Pubarche
B. Menopause
What is the only sense in which signals can reach the cerebral cortex without passing first through the thalamus? A. Touch B. Smell C. Taste D. Vision E. Equilibrium
B. Smell
After puberty, which epithelium lines the vagina? A. Simple squamous epithelium B. Stratified squamous epithelium C. Transitional epithelium D. Simple columnar epithelium E. Simple cuboidal epithelium
B. Stratified squamous epithelium
Where do most second-order somesthetic neurons synapse with third-order neurons? A. Midbrain B. Thalamus C. Spinothalamic tract D. Hypothalamus E. Postcentral gyrus
B. Thalamus
Which taste sensation is produced by amino acids such as aspartic acid and glutamic acid? A. Salty B. Umami C. Bitter D. Sweet E. Sour
B. Umami
During climacteric, what can cause hot flashes? A. Vasoconstriction of cutaneous arteries B. Vasodilation of cutaneous arteries C. Vasodilation of cranial arteries D. Vasoconstriction of cranial arteries E. Vasodilation of facial arteries
B. Vasodilation of cutaneous arteries
When you view objects close to the eye, the eye makes an adjustment called __________. A. emmetropia B. accommodation C. refraction D. myopia E. diplopia
B. accommodation
Changes in cerebrospinal fluid pH are detected by __________. A. thermoreceptors B. chemoreceptors C. nociceptors D. mechanoreceptors E. proprioceptors
B. chemoreceptors
Half of the fibers of each optic nerve decussate at the __________. A. superior colliculus B. optic chiasm C. lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus D. optic foramen E. midbrain
B. optic chiasm
Nerve fibers from all regions of the retina converge on the __________ and exit the eye by way of the optic nerve. A. macula lutea B. optic disc C. fovea centralis D. ora serrata E. lens
B. optic disc
The __________ sometimes expels copious fluid similar to prostatic fluid, which constitutes the female ejaculate. A. prostate B. paraurethral glands C. bulbourethral glands D. vestibular bulb E. vaginal epithelium
B. paraurethral glands
Which of the following bile components contributes to digestion? Multiple Choice Bile salts Bilirubin Bile pigments Minerals Cholesterol
Bile salts
TRUE
Blood filtered through the hepatic sinusoids exits the liver via the hepatic veins. T or F
A. hypothalamus
Blood flow to the _______________ remains quite stable even when mean arterial pressure (MAP) fluctuates from 60 to 140 mm Hg. A. hypothalamus B. adrenal gland C. stomach D. skeletal muscles E. kidneys
Which of the following statements about diabetes mellitus is false? Both type I and type II DM are characterized by lack of, or low levels of, insulin. Diabetic neuropathy is a common long term effect of DM. The body produces autoantibodies that destroy the pancreatic beta cells in type I DM. Target cells are unresponsive to insulin in type II DM. Type II DM is more common than type I DM.
Both type I and type II DM are characterized by lack of, or low levels of, insulin.
In a healthy person, which of the following will have the greatest influence on resistance to pulmonary airflow? Atmospheric pressure Respiratory rate Bronchiole diameter Quantity of surfactant Contraction of the diaphragm
Bronchiole diameter
How is calcium concentration in the body regulated? Multiple Choice By hormones By sodium and calcium concentrations in the plasma By chloride and phosphate concentrations in the plasma By the parasympathetic nervous system By the sympathetic nervous system
By hormones
How do the kidneys compensate respiratory acidosis? Multiple Choice By secreting more bicarbonate ions By secreting more hydrogen ions By secreting more sodium ions By reabsorbing more hydrogen ions By reabsorbing more ammonia
By secreting more hydrogen ions
A patient is diagnosed with leukocytosis if they have more than ____ WBCs/uL A. 100,000 B. 50,000 C. 10,000 D. 5,000 E. 1,000
C. 10,000
The human ear can detect what frequency of vibrations? A. 5 to 20 Hz B. 10 to 10,000 Hz C. 20 to 20,000 Hz D. 5 to 200,000 Hz E. 100 to 100,000 Hz
C. 20 to 20,000 Hz
Human vision is limited to wavelengths ranging from __________ nm. A. 4 to 70 B. 40 to 700 C. 400 to 700 D. 400 to 7,000 E. 4,000 to 7,000
C. 400 to 700
What is a sensation? A. A response of a sensory receptor B. A response of a sensory organ C. A subjective awareness of a stimulus D. An unconscious response to a stimulus E. A response to any conscious stimulus
C. A subjective awareness of a stimulus
What is a follicle composed of? A. An organ in the ovary B. An oocyte C. An oocyte enclosed in follicular or granulosa cells D. A group of granulosa cells E. A group of follicular cells
C. An oocyte enclosed in follicular or granulosa cells
The spiral organ is housed within which of the following structures? A. Scala vestibuli B. Scala tympani C. Cochlear duct D. Anterior semicircular duct E. Vestibule
C. Cochlear duct
Which cells are responsible for photopic (day) vision as well as trichromatic (color) vision? A. Bipolar cells B. Rods C. Cones D. Ganglion cells E. Pigment cells
C. Cones
What is the crista ampullaris associated with? A. Static equilibrium when standing still B. Static acceleration in linear acceleration C. Dynamic equilibrium in angular acceleration D. Hearing high-pitch sounds E. Vision related to color
C. Dynamic equilibrium in angular acceleration
Which uterine layer is composed of a simple columnar epithelium containing tubular glands? A. Fimbrium B. Myometrium C. Endometrium D. Cervix E. Perimetrium
C. Endometrium
Which of the following is not contained in the buffy coat? A. Lymphocytes B. Granulocytes C. Erythrocytes D. Agranulocytes E. Platelets
C. Erythrocytes
Which form of estrogen is the most potent in pregnancy? A. Estriol B. Estrone C. Estradiol D. Androstenedione E. Equilinin
C. Estradiol
What are the only retinal cells that produce action potentials? A. Rods B. Cones C. Ganglion cells D. Bipolar cells E. Horizontal cells
C. Ganglion cells
Which of the following is not involved with spinal gating of pain signals? A. Nociceptors B. The spinothalamic tract C. Lower motor neurons D. Second-order neurons E. The reticulospinal tract
C. Lower motor neurons
Milk ejection occurs as a result of stimulation of nerve endings in the ___________, which leads to the release of ___________ from the pituitary. A. mammary acini; oxytocin B. mammary acini; prolactin C. nipple and areola; oxytocin D. nipple and areola; prolactin E. nipple and areola; progesterone
C. Nipple and areola; oxytocin
The universal donor of RBCs but not necessarily plasma, is blood type ____. A. AB, Rh negative B. AB, Rh positive C. O, Rh negative D. O, Rh positive E. ABO, Rh negative
C. O, Rh negative
The ovary receives blood from which artery/arteries? A. Ovarian B. Uterine C. Ovarian and uterine D. Broad E. Ovarian and broad
C. Ovarian and uterine
Which hormone acts primarily on the uterus? A. Estrogen B. Androgen C. Progesterone D. Follicle-stimulating hormone E. Luteinizing hormone
C. Progesterone
Where does myeloid hemopoiesis take place in adults? A. Thymus B. Spleen C. Red bone marrow D. Yellow bone marrow E. Liver
C. Red bone marrow
Which of the following is most likely to cause anemia? A. High altitude B. Air pollution other than by carbon monoxide C. Renal disease D. Smoking E. Any factor that creates a state of hypoxemia
C. Renal Disease
Where do most RBC's die? A. Stomach and small intestine B. Red bone marrow C. Spleen and liver D. Lymph nodes and thymus E. Stomach and liver
C. Spleen and liver
Which follicle stage is characterized by the development of a corona radiata? A. Primary B. Secondary C. Tertiary D. Graafian
C. Tertiary
When you spin while sitting in a swivel chair with your eyes closed, you can sense this movement by means of your __________. A. cochlea B. saccule C. semicircular ducts D. utricle E. spiral organ (organ of Corti)
C. semicircular ducts
A deficiency of _____can cause pernicious anemia A. vitamin c B. iron C. vitamin B12 D. EPO secretion E. folic acid
C. vitamin b12
Which of the following represents the complete chemical reaction for the bicarbonate buffer system? Multiple Choice CO2 + H2O H2CO3 HCO3- + H+ CO2 + H2O HCO3- + H+ H2CO3 H2CO3 CO2 + H2O HCO3- + H+ H2CO3 HCO3- + H+ CO2 + H2O HCO3- + H+
CO2 + H2O H2CO3 HCO3- + H+
Which of the following is the correct abbreviation for the hormone that stimulates the anterior pituitary to secrete ACTH? GHIH TRH GHRH CRH APRH
CRH
Which of the following enzymes in an RBC breaks H2CO3 down to water and carbon dioxide? Hemoglobinase Carboxyhemoglobinase Carbonic anhydrase Bisphosphoglycerase Carbaminoreductase
Carbonic anhydrase
Which condition involves compression of the heart by an abnormal accumulation of fluid in the pericardial cavity?
Cardiac tamponade
Which of the following occurs with hypokalemia? Multiple Choice Cells are partially depolarized. There is more diffusion of potassium into the cells. Cells are more excitable. The resting membrane potential is more positive. Cells are hyperpolarized.
Cells are hyperpolarized.
The pH of the cerebrospinal fluid is monitored by which of these brainstem centers? PRG Hypothalamic osmoreceptors Medullary baroreceptors Central chemoreceptors
Central chemoreceptors
Which of the following is a lung disease marked by a reduced number of cilia, reduced motility of the remaining cilia, goblet cell hypertrophy and hypersecretion, and thick sputum? Asthma Oat-cell carcinoma Atelectasis Chronic bronchitis Emphysema
Chronic bronchitis
What is the most abundant anion in the ECF? Multiple Choice HCO3- PO43- HPO42- H2PO4- Cl-
Cl-
Which renal structure is responsible for producing hypertonic urine by reabsorbing water while allowing metabolic wastes and NaCl to pass through? Multiple Choice Glomerulus Proximal convoluted tubule Distal convoluted tubule Collecting duct Nephron loop
Collecting duct
__________ are the largest of the lymphatic vessels, and they empty into the __________. Multiple Choice Lymphatic trunks; collecting ducts Lymphatic trunks; subclavian arteries Lymphatic trunks; subclavian veins Collecting ducts; subclavian veins Collecting ducts; subclavian arteries
Collecting ducts; subclavian veins
Which of these cellular agents does not participate in inflammation? Multiple Choice Cytotoxic T cells Macrophage Eosinophils Neutrophils Endothelial cells
Cytotoxic T cells
What is the most abundant protein in plasma? A. Insulin B. Creatine C. Bilirubin D. Albumin E. Creatinine
D. Albumin
Which structure allows upper respiratory infections to spread from the throat to the tympanic cavity? A. Oval window B. Cochlear duct C. Auditory canal D. Auditory (Eustachian) tube E. Tympanic cavity
D. Auditory (Eustachian) tube
What are the first-order neurons in the visual pathway? A. Optic nerve fibers B. Rods and cones C. Ganglion cells D. Bipolar cells E. Amacrine cells
D. Bipolar cells
In ovulation, after expelling the oocyte the follicle becomes a __________ and secretes __________. A. corpus albicans; FSH and LH B. corpus albicans; estrogen and progesterone C. corpus luteum; FSH and LH D. corpus luteum; estrogen and progesterone E. corpus albicans; progesterone
D. Corpus luteum; estrogen and progesterone
An eye with which of the following conditions does not need a corrective lens to focus the image? A. Hyperopia B. Myopia C. Presbyopia D. Emmetropia E. Astigmatism
D. Emmetropia
The viscosity of blood is due more to the presence of _____than to any other factor. A. fibrin B. albumin C. sodium D. erythrocytes E. nitrogenous wastes
D. Erythrocytes
What would happen if all the hemoglobin contained within the RBC's became free in the plasma? A. It would considerably increase blood oxygen carrying capacity. B. It would facilitate delivery of oxygen into tissues supplied by small capillaries. C. It would facilitate oxygen diffusion into cells distant from blood capillaries. D. It would significantly increase blood osmolarity. E. It would drastically increase osmotic colloid pressure.
D. It would significantly increase blood osmolarity
What are the most abundant agranulocytes? A. Macrophages B. Eosinophils C. Monocytes D. Lymphocytes E. Neutrophils
D. Lymphocytes
What do pheromones stimulate? A. Hair cells B. Supporting cells C. Taste cells D. Olfactory cells E. Olfactory glands
D. Olfactory cells
Which phase of the menstrual cycle is the one associated with menstrual cramps? A. Proliferative B. Secretory C. Follicular D. Premenstrual E. Luteal
D. Premenstrual
Which of the following is not a function of blood A. Transports a variety of nutrients B. Helps to stabilize the pH of extracellular fluids C. Participates in the initiation of blood clotting D. Produces plasma hormones E. Helps to regulate body temperature
D. Produces plasma hormones
Which of these blood hormone levels reaches its maximum during the luteal phase? A. GnRH B. FSH C. LH D. Progesterone E. Estradiol
D. Progesterone
Which of the following is not considered an optic component of the eye? A. Aqueous humor B. Vitreous body C. Lens D. Retina E. Cornea
D. Retina
Which of the following structures belong to the inner ear? A. Tympanic membrane B. Helix C. Incus D. Semicircular duct E. Tensor tympani muscle
D. Semicircular duct
A 100 dB sound (loud) of 150 Hz (low pitch) would cause which of the following to occur? A. The tectorial membrane to vibrate slightly near its distal end B. The tectorial membrane to vibrate vigorously near its proximal end C. The basilar membrane to vibrate slightly near its proximal end D. The basilar membrane to vibrate vigorously near its distal end E. The basilar membrane to vibrate slightly near its distal end
D. The basilar membrane to vibrate vigorously near its distal end
What does the term "menstrual cycle"specifically refer to? A. The sequence of events from fertilization to giving birth B. The events that recur every month during pregnancy C. The cyclic events happening from puberty to menopause D. The cyclic changes in the uterus determined by shifting hormonal changes E. The cyclic changes in the ovaries determined by shifting hormonal changes
D. The cyclic changes in the uterus determined by shifting hormonal changes
You can smell the fragrance of your deodorant when you just put it on, but after a little while the smell fades. What explains this phenomenon? A. The sensory projection of the sense of smell B. The projection pathway of the sense of smell C. The tonic nature of the sense of smell D. The phasic nature of the sense of smell E. The fast adaptation of the primary olfactory cortex to the smell of your deodorant
D. The phasic nature of the sense of smell
Correction of hypoxemia is regulated by _______. A. a self-amplifying mechanism B. an enzymatic amplification C. a positive feedback loop D. a negative feedback loop E. a cascade effect
D. a negative feedback loop
The output energy of all receptors is a type of __________ energy. A. chemical B. mechanical C. thermal D. electrical E. nuclear
D. electrical
Between weeks 3 and 8 of development, a developing individual is considered a __________. A. trophoblast B. zygote C. blastocyst D. embryo E. fetus
D. embryo
. Pain, heat, and cold are detected by __________. A. tactile (Meissner) discs B. tactile corpuscles C. lamellar (Pacinian) corpuscles D. free nerve endings E. end (Krause) bulbs
D. free nerve endings
Which of the following is not true regarding sickle - cell disease? A. It is caused by a recessive allele that modifies the structure of hemoglobin B. It is due to a hereditary hemoglobin effect C. It is advantageous in that it can protect carries against malaria. D. It is a cause of malaria. E. It is a cause of anemia.
D. it is a cause of malaria
Which of the following issues output to the VRG to adjust the respiratory rhythm? DRG PRG NRG SRG
DRG
Which law states that the total atmospheric pressure is a sum of the contributions of the individual gases? Henry's Charles's Boyle's Dalton's
Dalton's
Which law states that the total pressure of a gas mixture is equal to the sum of the partial pressures of its individual gases? Boyle's Valsalva's Dalton's Charles's Henry's
Dalton's
Which of the following is a direct result of antidiuretic hormone? Multiple Choice Decreased urine volume Decreased urine molarity Increased urine volume Increased urine salinity Increased urine acidity
Decreased urine volume
Which of the following is something antibodies do not do? Multiple Choice Link antigen molecules together Neutralize antigens by binding to regions of an antigen that can be pathogenic Bind to enemy cells, thus changing their shape so their complement-binding sites are exposed Differentiate into memory antibodies, which upon reexposure to the same pathogen would mount a quicker attack Bind antigen molecules of two or more enemy cells and stick them together
Differentiate into memory antibodies, which upon reexposure to the same pathogen would mount a quicker attack
Which of the following is not a process carried out by bacterial flora? Multiple Choice Digestion of most of the proteins we get in the diet Synthesis of vitamin K Production of some of the gases found in flatus Digestion of cellulose Formation of part of the feces
Digestion of most of the proteins we get in the diet
Where are cells with aldosterone receptors found? Multiple Choice Adrenal cortex Adrenal medulla Posterior pituitary Proximal convoluted tubule Distal convoluted tubule
Distal convoluted tubule
Which of the following does not contribute to water conservation? Multiple Choice The collecting duct The countercurrent multiplier The countercurrent exchange system Diuretics The length of the nephrons
Diuretics
Bile from the liver and digestive juices from the pancreas enter which section of the small intestine? Iliumb Duodenumc Jejunumd Cecum
Duodenum
What are the most numerous cells in the lungs? Mucosal cells Type I alveolar cells Type II alveolar cells Dust cells Vibrissal cells
Dust cells
A normal hematocrit is __________ of the total blood volume A. less than 1% B. 47% to 63% C. 25% to 37% D. 42% to 45% E. 37% to 52%
E. 37% to 52%
A person with type AB blood has ______ RBC antigen(s) A. no B. anti - A and anti - B C. anti - A D. anti - B E. A and B
E. A and B
Stimuli produced by sound waves reach the brain following which pathway? A. Cochlear duct spiral organ ossicles oval window auditory canal tympanic membrane fibers of cochlear nerve B. Auditory canal tympanic membrane oval window cochlear duct ossicles spiral organ fibers of cochlear nerve C. Cochlear duct oval window auditory canal tympanic membrane ossicles spiral organ fibers of cochlear nerve D. Tympanic membrane auditory canal ossicles oval window cochlear duct spiral organ fibers of cochlear nerve E. Auditory canal tympanic membrane ossicles oval window cochlear duct spiral organ fibers of cochlear nerve
E. Auditory canal tympanic membrane ossicles oval window cochlear duct spiral organ fibers of cochlear nerve
Which of the following is not an analgesic (pain reliever) found naturally in the central nervous system? A. Endogenous opioid B. Dynorphin C. Enkephalins D. Endorphins E. Bradykinin
E. Bradykinin
Which of the following is not considered an accessory structure of the eye? A. Conjunctiva B. Palpebra C. Lacrimal apparatus D. Superior oblique E. Cornea
E. Cornea
When do mammary glands primarily develop within the breasts? A. During the last weeks of fetal development B. At birth C. During infancy D. During puberty E. During pregnancy
E. During pregnancy
Which of the following is considered a "feminizing hormone"? A. Female gonadotropin-releasing hormone B. Follicle-stimulating hormone C. Androgen D. Androgen and progesterone E. Estrogen
E. Estrogen
In a taste bud, which cell produces a receptor potential? A. Taste hairs B. Sensory nerve fibers C. Supporting cells D. basal cells E. Gustatory cells
E. Gustatory cells
Which stage of meiosis is an ovulated egg in? A. Prophase I B. Metaphase I C. Telophase I D. Prophase II E. Metaphase II
E. Metaphase II
The nonpregnant uterine wall consists mostly of __________. A. perimetrium B. endometrium C. dense regular connective tissue D. dense irregular connective tissue E. myometrium
E. Myometrium
Why do cones exhibit less neuronal convergence than rods? A. Rods cannot distinguish different colors from each other. B. Rods do not function in bright light. C. No images are perceived within the optic disc. D. Cones do not detect black and white. E. Photopic vision has higher resolution than scotopic vision.
E. Photopic vision has higher resolution than scotopic vision.
In the adult ovary, more than 90% of the follicles are found as __________. A. Primary follicles B. Secondary follicles C. Tertiary follicles D. Graafian follicles E. Primordial follicles
E. Primordial follicles
Where is the primary olfactory cortex located? A. Parietal lobe B. Insula C. Occipital lobe D. Frontal lobe E. Temporal lobe
E. Temporal lobe
When you travel in an elevator, what senses when the elevator is moving? A. The inner hair cells of the basilar membrane B. The outer hair cells of the basilar membrane C. The hair cells of the tectorial membrane D. The hair cells of the otolithic membrane of the macula utriculi E. The hair cells of the otolithic membrane of the macula sacculi
E. The hair cells of the otolithic membrane of the macula sacculi
Which of the following provides fetal nutrition and secretes hormones that regulate pregnancy and fetal development? A. The uterus B. The myometrium C. The endometrium D. The blastocyst E. The placenta
E. The placenta
Tissues can become edematous (swollen) when which of the following occurs? A. Colloid osmotic pressure (COP) is high. B. There is hyperproteinemia C. The concentration of sodium and proteins in blood is high D. The hematocrit is high E. There is a dietary protein deficiency
E. There is a dietary protein deficiency
Erythrocytes transport oxygen and ________. A. defend the body against pathogens B. initiate blood clotting C. regulate erythropoiesis D. transport nutrients E. transport some carbon dioxide
E. Transport some carbon dioxide
In which structure does fertilization usually occur? A. Urethra B. Uterus C. Ovary D. Urinary bladder E. Uterine tube
E. Uterine tube
Which of the following does not contribute to the sense of equilibrium? A. Otolithic membrane B. Semicircular canals C. Saccule D. Utricle E. Vallate papillae
E. Vallate papillae
The main reason why an individual with type AB, Rh negative blood cannot donate blood to an individual with type A, Rh positive blood is because ______ A. anti A antibodies in the donor will agglutinate RBCs of the recipient B. anti A antibodies in the recipient will agglutinate RBCs of the donor C. anti B antibodies in the donor will agglutinate RBCs of the recipient D. anti D antibodies in the donor will agglutinate RBCs of the recipient E. anti B antibodies in the recipient will agglutinate RBCs of the donor
E. anti B antibodies in the recipient will agglutinate RBCs of the donor
Some lymphocytes can survive as long as _____ A. days B. weeks C. months D. years E. decades
E. decades
Most oxygen is transported in the blood bound to _______. A. the plasma membrane of erythrocytes B. alpha chains in hemoglobin C. beta chains in hemoglobin D. delta chains in hemoglobin E. heme groups in hemoglobin
E. heme groups in hemoglobin
Adjustment to close-range vision involves all of the following except __________. A. activity of the extrinsic eye muscles B. change in the curvature of the lens C. constriction of the pupil D. ciliary muscle activity E. light adaptation
E. light adaptation
Contraceptive pills mimic the ___________ feedback effect of ___________. A. positive; FSH and LH B. positive; estrogens and progesterone C. negative; FSH and LH D. negative; human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) E. negative; estrogens and progesterone
E. negative; estrogens and progesterone
The number of ____typically increases in response to bacterial infections A. basophils B. monocytes C. erythrocytes D. eosinophils E. neutrophils
E. neutrophils
The initial effect of a stimulus on a sensory receptor is a local electrical change specifically called a(an) __________. A. action potential B. graded potential C. local potential D. sensory potential E. receptor potential
E. receptor potential
Which of the following is a lung disease marked by abnormally few but large alveoli? Cor pulmonale Pulmonary hemosiderosis Emphysema Atelectasis Collapsed lung
Emphysema
Which of the following is not a function of gastric hydrochloric acid (HCl)? Multiple Choice Activate pepsinogen to pepsin Activate lingual lipase Emulsify lipids Destroy ingested pathogens Convert Fe3+ to Fe2+
Emulsify lipids
Which of the following is the correct list of tooth anatomy from the most superficial to the deepest? Multiple Choice Cementum, root canal, enamel Enamel, root canal, dentin Dentin, enamel, cementum Enamel, dentin, pulp Crown, enamel, dentin
Enamel, dentin, pulp
Which of the following is not a component of the pancreatic juice? Multiple Choice Trypsinogen Chymotrypsinogen Deoxyribonuclease Sodium bicarbonate Enteropeptidase
Enteropeptidase
Which of the following makes it possible for even a small quantity of hormone to have a strong effect on its target cell? Up-regulation Down-regulation The antagonistic effect Enzyme amplification Negative feedback inhibition
Enzyme amplification
__________ are found especially in the mucous membrane, standing guard against parasites and allergens. Multiple Choice Monocytes Lymphocytes Basophils Neutrophils Eosinophils
Eosinophils
Which of the following has no effect on oxyhemoglobin dissociation? Epinephrine Fever Thyroid hormone Low pH Erythrocyte count
Erythrocyte count
Blood banks dispose of blood that has low levels of bisphosphoglycerate. What would be the probable reason for doing so? A low BPG level causes acidosis of blood. Erythrocytes low in BPG do not unload CO2 very well. Erythrocytes low in BPG do not unload O2 very well. Erythrocytes low in BPG do not load O2 very well. A decline in BPG level is accompanied by a decline in hemoglobin level.
Erythrocytes low in BPG do not unload O2 very well.
Which of the following enters a target cell's nucleus and acts directly on the genes. Insulin Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) Estrogen Glucagon Oxytocin (OT)
Estrogen
Which of the following enters a target cell's nucleus and acts directly on the genes. Estrogen Glucagon Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) Insulin Oxytocin (OT)
Estrogen
How is the vital capacity calculated? Inspiratory reserve volume + expiratory volume Inspiratory reserve volume + tidal volume Expiratory reserve volume + tidal volume Expiratory reserve volume + tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume Respiratory volume + tidal volume
Expiratory reserve volume + tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume
An ECG provides direct information about valve function. True False
FALSE
Arterial blood supply to heart muscle is continuous whether the heart is in systole or diastole. True False
FALSE
Autonomic regulation of heart rate is via two reflex centers found in the pons. True False
FALSE
Cardiac muscle has more mitochondria and depends less on a continual supply of oxygen than does skeletal muscle. True False
FALSE
Gastric juice consists entirely of water and hydrochloric acid. True False
FALSE
The "lub" sounds of the heart are valuable in diagnosis because they provide information about the function of the heart's pulmonary and aortic valves. True False
FALSE
The enteric nervous system regulates much of the digestive activity, but its action depends on the central nervous system(CNNS). True False
FALSE
The large intestine absorbs water,fats, and salts. True False
FALSE
The papillary muscles contract after the other ventricular muscles so that they can take up the slack on the chordae tendineae before the full force of ventricular contractions sends blood against the AV valve flaps. True False
FALSE
The small intestine begins with the duodenum, which is its longest segment. True False
FALSE
A buffer system converts a weak acid or base into a strong one. True False
False
According to the Bohr effect, a low level of oxyhemoglobin enables the blood to transport more CO2. True False
False
Acidosis is a pH lower than 7, whereas alkalosis is a pH higher than 7. True False
False
After the terminal bronchi air enters the alveoli next. True False
False
An ECG measures the contraction of the atria and the ventricles. True False
False
Blood Plasma osmolarity is higher than intracellular fluid osmolarity. True False
False
Breathing is controlled solely by the medulla oblongata and pons. True False
False
Cardiac output (CO) is the amount of blood pumped out by each ventricle each time the heart beats. True False
False
Cellular immunity uses B cells and humoral immunity uses antibodies. True False
False
Clonal selection of T cells happens in the thymus. True False
False
Divergent sensory pathways explain the phenomenon of referred pain. True False
False
Eicosanoids are derived from steroids. True False
False
Endurance athletes commonly have a resting heart rate as low as 40 bpm, and a stroke volume as low as 50 mL/beats. True False
False
Ethyl (drinking) alcohol stimulates the secretion of ADH, thereby reducing reabsorption by the collecting duct. True False
False
Glomerular capillaries suffer little damage from hypertension because of the protective influence of the afferent arterioles. True False
False
Hemoglobin releases the same amount of oxygen to all the tissues regardless of variations in their metabolic rate. True False
False
Humoral immunity takes care of intracellular viruses, whereas cellular immunity takes care of extracellular viruses. True False
False
Hypocalcemia causes muscle weakness, whereas hypercalcemia causes potentially fatal muscle tetanus. True False
False
Inhibin modulates the secretion of LH. True False
False
Interferons are secreted in response to bacterial infections. True False
False
Large veins, medium veins, and venules have valves to prevent the backflow of blood. True False
False
Light falling on the retina is absorbed by rhodopsin and photopsin in the pigment epithelium. True False
False
Lymph originates in blood capillaries that pick up tissue fluid. True False
False
Many effects of growth hormone are mediated by insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) secreted by the pancreas. True False
False
Most Memory B cells are found circulating in the lymph. True False
False
Natriuretic peptides promote sodium and potassium excretion. True False
False
Progesterone stimulates uterine contractions. True False
False
Prolactin is secreted during pregnancy to stimulate milk synthesis so that milk will be available by thetime the infant is born. True False
False
Pyrogens act by increasing the set point for body temperature in the thalamus. True False
False
Respiratory arrest is an irreversible condition. True False
False
Rods secrete glutamate from the base of the cell when exposed to light. True False
False
Sensory receptors sense only stimuli external to the body such as light sound waves olfaction and touch. True False
False
TEST and EST are abbreviations for testosterone and estrogen. True False
False
The AV nodes is the pacemaker of the heart. True False
False
The antigenicity of a molecule is due to specific regions of it called haptens. True False
False
The blood vessels that carry blood to and from the body tissues form the pulmonary circuit. True False
False
The brush borders of intestinal absorptive cells contain numerous goblet cells. True False
False
The contraction of the ventricles precedes the QRS complex. True False
False
The countercurrent multiplier mechanism for water conservation was discovered by limiting studies to humans and thus hypothesizing how form determines function. True False
False
The kidneys secrete ADH in response to dehydration. True False
False
The macula sacculi is nearly horizontal and the macula utriculi is nearly vertical. True False
False
The maximum amount of air the lungs can contain is known as inspiratory capacity. True False
False
The middle ear consists of a fluid-filled chamber. True False
False
The ovarian cycle typically lasts about 28 days, with day 1 considered to be the first day after ovulation. True False
False
The pulmonary circuit is supplied by both the right and the left sides of the heart. True False
False
The rate of oxygen diffusion is affected by the pressure gradient of carbon dioxide. True False
False
The right and left coronary sinuses supply oxygenated blood to the wall of the heart. True False
False
The serratus anterior is active in eupnea. True False
False
The superior ven cava, inferior vena cava, and the coronary sinus empty into the left atrium. True False
False
The systemic circuit contains oxygen-rich blood only. True False
False
The three physiological buffer systems are urinary, digestive, and respiratory. True False
False
The ureters pass anterior to the bladder and enter it from below. True False
False
The uterus is a thick muscular chamber inferior to the urinary bladder. True False
False
The ventricles are almost empty at the end of ventricular diastole. True False
False
The vestibule contains organs of hearing and equilibrium. True False
False
Transduction begins with an action potential in a sensory receptor. True False
False
Ventricular pressure increases the fastest during ventricular filling. True False
False
A. celiac trunk, superior mesenteric artery, renal arteries, gonadal arteries, inferior mesenteric artery, and common iliac arteries.
From superior to inferior, the major branches of the abdominal aorta are A. celiac trunk, superior mesenteric artery, renal arteries, gonadal arteries, inferior mesenteric artery, and common iliac arteries. B. celiac trunk, superior mesenteric artery, gonadal arteries, renal arteries, inferior mesenteric artery, and common iliac arteries. C. superior mesenteric artery, celiac trunk, renal arteries, gonadal arteries, inferior mesenteric artery, and common iliac arteries. D. superior mesenteric artery, celiac trunk, gonadal arteries, renal arteries, inferior mesenteric artery, and common iliac arteries. E. superior mesenteric artery, inferior mesenteric artery, celiac trunk, gonadal arteries, renal arteries, and common iliac arteries.
Of the following hormones, which has more target cells in the body than the others? Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) Corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) Growth hormone (GH) Oxytocin (OT)
Growth hormone (GH)
Of the following hormones, which has more target cells in the body than the others? Corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) Oxytocin (OT) Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) Growth hormone (GH)
Growth hormone (GH)
__________ participate in both innate immunity and the immune response. Multiple Choice Memory T (TM) cells Regulatory T (TR) cells Natural killer (NK) cells Helper T (TH) cells Cytotoxic T (TC) cells
Helper T (TH) cells
What protein is the most important buffer in erythrocytes? Multiple Choice Albumin Fibrinogen Gamma globulin Hemoglobin Myoglobin
Hemoglobin
Which of the following does not stimulate aldosterone secretion? Multiple Choice Hypotension Hyponatremia Hyperkalemia High blood sodium concentration High blood potassium concentration
High blood sodium concentration
A. 0
How many pulmonary arteries empty into the right atrium of the heart? A. 0 B. 1 C. 2 D. 4 E. 7
Which of the following is not reabsorbed by the proximal convoluted tubule? Multiple Choice Potassium Sodium chloride Hydrogen ions Urea Water
Hydrogen ions
D. 140/90.
Hypertension is commonly considered to be a chronic resting blood pressure higher than A. 180/90. B. 130/60. C. 120/75. D. 140/90. E. 200/90.
A patient suffering from diabetic acidosis would display which of the following symptoms? Multiple Choice Hyperventilation Hypoventilation Decreased H+ secretion by the kidneys Decreased ammonia secretion by the kidneys
Hyperventilation
Which of the following is not a characteristic of diabetes mellitus? Hypoglycemia Polyuria Polyphagia Polydipsia Glucosuria
Hypoglycemia
Which of the following effects on a gland can be caused by a tumor? Hypersecretion only Hyposecretion and hypersecretion Hyposecretion only
Hyposecretion and hypersecretion
Hypocapnia will lead to which of the following conditions? Hypoventilation due to acidosis Hypoventilation due to alkalosis Hyperventilation due to acidosis Hyperventilation due to alkalosis
Hypoventilation due to alkalosis
Which of the following is the term for a deficiency of oxygen or the inability to utilize oxygen in a tissue? Apoxia Hypoxia Anoxia Cyanosis Eupnea
Hypoxia
Which class of immunoglobulin provides passive immunity to the newborn? Multiple Choice IgD IgE IgM IgA
IgA
__________ constitutes about 80% of circulating antibodies in plasma. Multiple Choice IgD IgE IgA IgM IgG
IgG
__________ is not a cardinal sign characteristic of inflammation. Multiple Choice Impaired use Redness Pain Heat Swelling
Impaired use
C. failure of the venous valves.
In people who stand for long periods, blood tends to pool in the lower limbs and this may result in varicose veins. Varicose veins are caused by A. an aneurysm or weak point in an artery. B. an aneurysm or weak point in a vein. C. failure of the venous valves. D. failure of the lymphatic valves. E. a ruptured aneurysm in a vein.
Which of the following can prolonged exposure to cold weather lead to? Multiple Choice Fluid sequestration in the upper limbs Hypotonic hydration Hypervolemia Increased sensible water loss Increased respiratory water loss
Increased respiratory water loss
__________ lacks the capacity to remember a pathogen or react differently to it in the future, whereas __________ utilizes memory cells to adapt to a given pathogen and ward it off more easily in the future. Multiple Choice Innate immunity; cytotoxicity Adaptive immunity; innate immunity A natural killer cell; a macrophage Innate immunity; adaptive immunity
Innate immunity; adaptive immunity
Which of the following is not a steroid hormone? Insulin Cortisol Progesterone Aldosterone Estradiol
Insulin
Which of the following is not a steroid hormone? Insulin Estradiol Aldosterone Cortisol Progesterone
Insulin
__________ are antimicrobial proteins. Multiple Choice Bradykinins Interferons Cytokines Kinins Prostaglandins
Interferons
__________ are secreted by cells infected with viruses, alerting neighboring cells and protecting them from becoming infected. Multiple Choice Complement system globulins Interferons Granzymes Pyrogens Perforins
Interferons
Which of the following correctly traces blood flow from the renal cortex to the renal vein? Multiple Choice Interlobular v. → interlobar v. → segmental v. → renal v. Arcuate v. → interlobar v. → segmental v. → renal v. Interlobar v. → interlobular v. → arcuate v. → renal v. Segmental v. → arcuate v. → interlobar v. → renal v. Interlobular v. → arcuate v. → interlobar v. → renal v.
Interlobular v. → arcuate v. → interlobar v. → renal v.
Where is the greatest volume of water in the body found? Multiple Choice Intracellular fluid (ICF) Extracellular fluid (ECF) Tissue (interstitial) fluid Blood plasma and lymph Transcellular fluid
Intracellular fluid (ICF)
Which two substances are most useful for determining a patient's glomerular filtration rate? Multiple Choice Insulin and glucose Inulin and creatinine Sodium and water Albumin and inulin Insulin and urea
Inulin and creatinine
Congestive heart failure results in which of the following? Hypoxemic hypoxia Ischemic hypoxia Anemic hypoxia Histotoxic hypoxia Idiopathic hypoxia
Ischemic hypoxia
Which of the following characterizes a weak base? Multiple Choice It binds a little OH- and has a weak effect on pH. It binds a lot of OH- and has a strong effect on pH. It binds a little H+ and has a weak effect on pH. It resists changes in OH-. It lowers the pH.
It binds a little H+ and has a weak effect on pH.
Acidosis has what effect on the resting membrane potential of nerve cells? Multiple Choice It causes repolarization. It causes depolarization below threshold. It causes hyperpolarization. It causes depolarization above threshold.
It causes hyperpolarization.
Which of the following describes an antiport system on the basal side of renal tubule cells? Multiple Choice It transports bicarbonate from the tubular fluid back into the tubule cells. It transports H+ in both directions across the epithelium. It transports CO2 from the blood into the tubule cells. It exchanges K+ for Na+. It exchanges H+ for Na+.
It exchanges K+ for Na+.
What is the function of aldosterone? Multiple Choice It increases both Na+ and K+ reabsorption. It increases both Na+ and K+ secretion. It increases Na+ reabsorption and K+ secretion. It reduces Na+ reabsorption and K+ secretion. It causes the urine to be more diluted.
It increases Na+ reabsorption and K+ secretion.
Which of the following is not a role of calcium in the body? Multiple Choice It participates in muscle contraction. It is a significant component of nucleic acids. They serve as second messengers. It activates exocytosis. It is important in blood clotting.
It is a significant component of nucleic acids.
Creatinine has a renal clearance of 140 mL/min. Why is this? Multiple Choice It is absorbed by the nephron loop. It is secreted by the glomerulus. It is absorbed by the renal tubules. It is secreted by the renal tubules. It is produced in the pulmonary tissue.
It is secreted by the renal tubules.
Which of the following statements regarding the migrating motor complex is true? Multiple Choice It milks the chyme toward the colon. It allows a bolus to move down the esophagus. It churns and mixes residue in the descending colon. It churns and mixes a bolus with gastric juices. It propels pancreatic juice down the pancreatic duct.
It milks the chyme toward the colon.
What is the function of antidiuretic hormone? Multiple Choice It stimulates angiotensin II secretion. It promotes water conservation. It stimulates hypothalamic osmoreceptors. It inhibits salivation and thirst. It targets the cerebral cortex.
It promotes water conservation.
Which of the following statements is true regarding the sodium-glucose transport protein (SGLT)? Multiple Choice It is a uniport carrier. It is an antiport carrier. It uses solvent drag to transport glucose and sodium. It transports glucose and sodium from the intestinal lumen into the epithelial cells. It transports glucose from the intestinal lumen into the epithelial cells, and sodium in the opposite direction.
It transports glucose and sodium from the intestinal lumen into the epithelial cells.
Which of the following are primarily responsible for maintaining the salinity gradient of the renal medulla? Multiple Choice Cortical nephrons Juxtamedullary nephrons Collecting ducts Proximal convoluted tubules Distal convoluted tubules
Juxtamedullary nephrons
What is the greatest determinant of the intracellular water volume? Multiple Choice K+ Na+ Ca2+ Cl- PO43-
K+
What is the most abundant cation in the ICF? Multiple Choice Ca2+ Na+ K+ Cl- Pi
K+
Deep, rapid breathing often seen in terminal diabetes mellitus is known as what? Tachypnea Dyspnea Orthopnea Hyperpnea Kussmaul respiration
Kussmaul respiration
Each of the following lists some of the tissue layers of the digestive tract. Which one has them in correct order from lumen to external surface? Multiple Choice Lamina propria, muscularis mucosae, submucosa, muscularis externa, serosa Serosa, lamina propria, submucosa, muscularis mucosae, muscularis externa Mucosa, submucosa, muscularis mucosae, muscularis externa, lamina propria Mucosa, muscularis mucosae, submucosa, muscularis externa, lamina propria Mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, lamina propria, serosa
Lamina propria, muscularis mucosae, submucosa, muscularis externa, serosa
Which of the following does not contain ciliated cells? Nasal cavity Trachea Primary bronchus Terminal bronchiole Larygopharynx
Larygopharynx
Which of the following directly stems from the ascending aorta before it branches into the circumflex branch and anterior interventricular branch?
Left coronary artery
An obstruction in which of the following will cause the most severe myocardial infarction (MI)?
Left coronary artery (LCA)
Which bronchus is about 5cm long and slightly narrower and more horizontal than the one on the opposite side? Left segmental bronchus Right segmental bronchus Right lobar bronchus Left main bronchus Right main bronchus
Left main bronchus
Which of the following is the accessory organ of digestion responsible for producing bile? Multiple Choice Tongue Liver Pancreas Salivary glands Gallbladder
Liver
FALSE
Lung tissue receives nourishment and waste removal from the pulmonary circuit. T or F
Which of the following is not a hypothalamic hormone? Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) Prolactin-inhibiting hormone (PIH) Luteinizing hormone (LH) Thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) Somatostatin
Luteinizing hormone (LH)
Which of the following is not an example of lymphatic tissue? Multiple Choice Aggregated lymphoid nodule MALT Lymphatic nodules Macrophages Diffuse lymphatic tissue
Macrophages
An excessive intake of antacids can lead to which of the following? Multiple Choice Metabolic alkalosis Metabolic acidosis Respiratory alkalosis Respiratory acidosis Digestive alkalosis
Metabolic alkalosis
Chronic vomiting can lead to which of the following? Multiple Choice Metabolic acidosis Metabolic alkalosis Respiratory alkalosis Respiratory acidosis Lymphatic alkalosis
Metabolic alkalosis
D. veins
Most blood is in the_____. A. pulmonary circuit. B. heart. C. arteries. D. veins. E. capillaries.
B. cardiogenic
Myocardial infarction can lead to _______________ shock. A. neurogenic B. cardiogenic C. obstructed venous return D. venous pooling (vascular) E. hypovolemic
Chloride homeostasis is achieved mainly as a result of ____________ homeostasis. Multiple Choice H2PO4- PO43- HCO3- Na+ K+
Na+
Hypernatremia is a plasma __________ concentration above normal. Multiple Choice Ca2+ Na+ K+ Cl- Pi
Na+
What is the most significant solute in determining the distribution of water among fluid compartments? Multiple Choice Na+ Cl- Ca2+ K+ Pi
Na+
What is the principal cation of the ECF? Multiple Choice Ca2+ Cl- K+ Na+ Pi
Na+
The pacemaker potential is a result of _________
Na+ inflow
In the thick segment of the ascending limb of the nephron loop, K+ reenters the cell from the interstitial fluid via the _________. K+ is then secreted into the tubular fluid. Multiple Choice Na+-K+ pump countercurrent multiplier countercurrent exchange vasa recta juxtaglomerular apparatus
Na+-K+ pump
Natriuretic peptide inhibits __________ reabsorption by the collecting duct, which _________ urine output. Multiple Choice K+; increases NaCl; decreases NaCl; increases K+; decreases Ca2+; increases
NaCl; increases
___________ employ a "respiratory burst" to produce bactericidal chemicals such as hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and hypochlorite (HClO). Multiple Choice Neutrophils Basophils Cytotoxic T cells Natural killer cells Suppressor T cells
Neutrophils
In the air we breathe, which gas is found in the highest concentration? Oxygen Water vapor Nitrogen Carbon dioxide Hydrogen
Nitrogen
Which of the following induces renin secretion, constricts afferent arterioles, and reduces GFR and urine volume? Multiple Choice Aldosterone Antidiuretic hormone Parathyroid hormone Norepinephrine Angiotensin II
Norepinephrine
Polio can sometimes damage the brainstem respiratory centers and result in which condition? A Bohr effect Adult respiratory distress syndrome A pneumothorax Atelectasis Ondine's curse
Ondine's curse
Scuba divers breathe a nitrogen-oxygen mixture rather than pure compressed oxygen in order to avoid what condition? The bends Oxygen toxicity Rapture of the deep Caisson disease Hypoxemic hypoxia
Oxygen toxicity
The __ wave of an ECG is a recording of the depolarization of the atrial myocardium.
P
During the cardiac cycle as recorded on an ECG, atrial systole begins during the __ segment/interval.
PQ
The time for signal to pass from SA node to AV node is represented by the ___ segment of the ECG
PQ
Emotional states are integrated by the __________, which generates an output that creates such respiratory variations as laughing and crying. VRG PRG DRG SRG
PRG
Which of the following hormones is not a tropin? TSH GRH ACTH PRL TRH
PRL
Which of these hormones does not stimulate the release of another hormone by its target cells? TSH GnRH PRL ACTH TRH
PRL
_________ are secreted by one cell into the tissue fluid, diffuse to nearby cells in the same tissue, and stimulate their physiology. Neurotransmitters Neuromodulators Hormones Parahormones Paracrines
Paracrines
Which of the following is the most superficial layer enclosing the heart?
Parietal layer of the serous pericardium
Which of the following enzymes functions at the lowest pH? Multiple Choice Salivary amylase Pancreatic amylase Pepsin Trypsin Dipeptidase
Pepsin
Which of the following is the proper sequence by which proteins are digested by different enzymes? Multiple Choice Pepsin, trypsin, carboxypeptidase, dipeptidase Pepsin, trypsin, dipeptidase, carboxypeptidase Trypsin, pepsin, carboxypeptidase, dipeptidase Trypsin, pepsin, dipeptidase, carboxypeptidase Dipeptidase, carboxypeptidase, pepsin, trypsin
Pepsin, trypsin, carboxypeptidase, dipeptidase
Which of the following form the inner layer of the glomerular capsule and wrap around the capillaries of the glomerulus? Multiple Choice Macula densa cells Mesangial cells Nephrocytes Podocytes Monocytes
Podocytes
Repolarization of a cardiocyte is due to opening of ______ channels.
Potassium
Which of the following is not a method by which natriuretic peptides reduce blood volume and pressure? Multiple Choice Increasing glomerular filtration rate Inhibiting renin and aldosterone secretion Inhibiting the action of ADH on the kidney Inhibiting NaCl reabsorption by the collecting duct Preventing sodium loss in the urine
Preventing sodium loss in the urine
Which of the following is not normally found in saliva? Multiple Choice Mucus Lysozyme Amylase Lipase Protease
Protease
Which of the following nutrients must be digested in order to be absorbed? Multiple Choice Water Vitamins Proteins Minerals Cholesterol
Proteins
Which of the following belong to the pulmonary circuit?
Pulmonary arteries and pulmonary veins
C. considerably lower
Pulmonary arteries have ________________ blood pressure compared to systemic arteries. A. similar B. a little lower C. considerably lower D. considerably higher E. a little higher
Which of the following is the term for the lungs resistance to expansion? Pulmonary ventilation Pulmonary compliance Pulmonary stenosis Pulmonary surfactant Pulmonary impedance
Pulmonary compliance
During the cardiac cycle as recorded on an ECG, ventricular systole begins shortly after which major deflection?
QRP wave
Isovolumetric contraction occurs during the __________ of the electrocardiogram
R wave
D. local control
Reactive hyperemia is a result of ________________ to increase perfusion into a tissue A. urinary control B. neural control C. hormonal control D. local control E. respiratory control
Emphysema can lead to which of the following? Multiple Choice Metabolic acidosis Metabolic alkalosis Respiratory alkalosis Respiratory acidosis Digestive alkalosis
Respiratory acidosis
Which of the following is not associated with the large absorptive surface of the small intestine? Multiple Choice Circular folds (plicae circulares) Intestinal length Microvilli Villi Rugae
Rugae
Which structures are considered to be part of the cardiac conduction system?
SA node, AV node, bundle of HIS, bundle branches, and Purkinje fibers
_________ is a hormone, whereas __________ is an enzyme. Multiple Choice Enteropeptidase; pepsin Gastrin; secretin Gastrin; cholecystokinin (CCK) Gastric lipase; histamine Secretin; pepsin
Secretin; pepsin
Which of the following correctly traces blood flow from the renal artery into the renal cortex? Multiple Choice Arcuate a. → interlobar a. → afferent arteriole → interlobular a. Interlobar a. → interlobular a. → segmental a. → arcuate a. Segmental a. → interlobar a. → arcuate a. → interlobular a. Afferent arteriole → interlobular a. → arcuate a. → interlobar a. Segmental a. → arcuate a. → interlobar a. → interlobular a.
Segmental a. → interlobar a. → arcuate a. → interlobular a.
Conditions around metabolically active tissues do what to the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve? Shift it right Shift it left Decrease the slope Increase the slope
Shift it right
Which of the following would lead to anemic hypoxia? Sickle-cell disease Emphysema Squamous-cell carcinoma Asthma Atelectasis
Sickle-cell disease
Which is the correct path of an electrical excitation from the pacemaker to a cardiomyocyte in the left ventricle (LV)?
Sinuatrial (SA) node → atrioventricular (AV) node → atrioventricular (AV) bundle → subendocardial conducting network → cardiomyocyte in LV
Which of the following is not found in the ureter? Multiple Choice Adventitia Two layers of smooth muscle Three layers of smooth muscle Transitional epithelium Skeletal muscle
Skeletal muscle
What is the least common but most dangerous form of lung cancer? Mesothelioma Adenocarcinoma Squamous cell carcinoma Small-cell carcinoma
Small-cell carcinoma
Which of the following is not secreted by the pancreas? Somatotropin (growth hormone) Somatostatin (growth hormone-inhibiting hormone) Gastrin Insulin Glucagon
Somatotropin (growth hormone)
Which of the following is not an accessory organ of digestion? Multiple Choice Tongue Liver Pancreas Salivary glands Spleen
Spleen
Which of the following cannot act as antigen-presenting cells? Multiple Choice Reticular cells Dendritic cells Macrophages B cells T cells
T cells
In a normal ECG, the deflection that is generated by ventricular repolarization is called the __________
T wave
Anastomoses among coronary arterial branches provide collateral routes for blood delivery to the heart muscle. True False
TRUE
As pressure in the aorta rises due to atherosclerosis, more ventricular pressure is required to open the aortic valve. True False
TRUE
Both pancreatic juice and bile are secreted into the duodenum. True False
TRUE
Chronic release of excess thyroxine can cause a sustained increase in heart rate and a weakened heart. True False
TRUE
Congestive heart failure means that the pumping efficiency of the heart is depressed so that there is inadequate delivery of blood to body tissues. True False
TRUE
Enamel is found in the crown of a tooth, whereas dentin is part of both the crown and the root. True False
TRUE
Most fat is digested by pancreatic lipase. True False
TRUE
Proxysmal atrial tachycardia is characterized by bursts of atrial contractions with little pause between them. True False
TRUE
The left side of the heart pumps the same volume of blood as the right. True False
TRUE
The liver is the body's largest gland. True False
TRUE
The myocardium receives its blood supply from the coronary arteries. True False
TRUE
The small intestine uses segmentation to mix chyme with digestive enzymes, increase its contact with the mucosa, and propel it forward through the digestive tract. True False
TRUE
The stomach contains enteric pacemaker cells responsible for its regular churning motion and thus mechanical digestion. True False
TRUE
Tissues damaged by myocardial infarction are replaced by connective tissue. True False
TRUE
Trabeculae carneae are found in the ventricles and never the atria. True False
TRUE
Which of the following is not part of the cardiac conduction system?
Tendinous cords
C. internal carotid artery
The _______________ supplies 80% of the cerebrum. A. superficial temporal artery B. occipital artery C. internal carotid artery D. anterior cerebral artery E. middle cerebral artery
What are the major chemical buffer systems of the body? Multiple Choice The urinary and respiratory The urinary and digestive The bicarbonate, phosphate, and protein The bicarbonate, nucleic acids, and protein The bicarbonate, phosphate, and nitrate
The bicarbonate, phosphate, and protein
FALSE
The brachial vein is the most common site of blood pressure measurement with the sphygmomanometer. T or F
Which organ system does not excrete waste? Multiple Choice The urinary system The cardiovascular system The integumentary system The digestive system The respiratory system
The cardiovascular system
A. an anastomosis surrounding the pituitary gland.
The cerebral arterial circle (circle of Willis) is A. an anastomosis surrounding the pituitary gland. B. a portal system connecting the hypothalamus with the anterior pituitary. C. a short anastomosis found in the cerebellum. D. formed by the superior and inferior sagittal sinuses. E. an anastomosis circling the entire cortex.
Which of the following is not a trigger for mass movements of the colon? Multiple Choice The gastrocolic reflex The duodenocolic reflex Chyme filling the duodenum Chyme filling the stomach The colorectal reflex
The colorectal reflex
Which of the following does(do) not belong to the second line of defense? Multiple Choice The macrophage system Natural killer cells Inflammation The gastric juices Interferon and the complement system
The gastric juices
TRUE
The greatest outflow from the dural venous sinuses is via the internal jugular vein.
Which of the following is not true about the anatomy of the urinary system? Multiple Choice The kidneys are retroperitoneal. The ureters connect the kidneys to the urinary bladder. The urethra of males is longer than the urethra of females. The kidneys are at equal heights within the pelvic cavity. The right kidney is located more inferiorly than the left kidney.
The kidneys are at equal heights within the pelvic cavity.
Which of the following is true regarding the difference between the mucosa of the small and large intestines? Multiple Choice They both have villi, but only the small intestine has microvilli. The large intestinal has deeper intestinal crypts than the small intestine. The small intestine has simple columnar epithelium and the large intestine does not. Intestinal crypts are only found in the large intestine. The large intestine has larger circular folds than the small intestine.
The large intestinal has deeper intestinal crypts than the small intestine.
D. bronchial arteries.
The lungs receive a systemic blood supply by way of the A. right pulmonary artery. B. left pulmonary artery. C. pulmonary veins. D. bronchial arteries. E. lobar arteries.
Which of the following forces does not help lymph to flow? Multiple Choice Rhythmic contractions of lymphatic vessels The thoracic pump The skeletal muscle pump The lymphatic node pump Arterial pulsations squeezing lymphatic vessels
The lymphatic node pump
A. increased circulation to the brain.
The medullary ischemic reflex results in A. increased circulation to the brain. B. reduced circulation to the brain. C. ischemia of the medulla oblongata. D. increased circulation to the adrenal medulla. E. hormone secretion by the adrenal medulla when perfusion drops.
E. blood hydrostatic pressure.
The most important force driving filtration at the arterial end of a capillary is A. oncotic pressure. B. tissue fluid colloid osmotic pressure. C. blood colloid osmotic pressure. D. interstitial hydrostatic pressure. E. blood hydrostatic pressure.
C. blood colloid osmotic pressure.
The most important force driving reabsorption at the venous end of a capillary is A. oncotic pressure. B. tissue fluid colloid osmotic pressure. C. blood colloid osmotic pressure. D. interstitial hydrostatic pressure. E. blood hydrostatic pressure.
B. the pressure generated by the heart.
The most important force in venous flow is A. cardiac suction. B. the pressure generated by the heart. C. the skeletal muscle pump. D. the thoracic (respiratory) pump. E. one way flow due to valves.
B. tunica externa; vasa vasorum
The outermost wall of an artery or vein is called the __________________ and in large arteries and veins contains the ______________. A. tunica media; smooth muscle B. tunica externa; vasa vasorum C. tunica externa; valves D. tunica intima; endothelium E. tunica intima; basement membrane
Which of the following organs has both endocrine and exocrine functions? The adrenal gland The salivary glands The ovary The pineal gland The thymus
The ovary
Which of these does not prevent the spontaneous formation of a clot? The smooth prostacyclin-coated endothelium of blood vessels The dilution of thrombin when blood flows at a normal rate The presence of antithrombin in plasma The presence of heparin in plasmaThe presence of tissue thromboplastin
The presence of tissue thromboplastin
B. the azygos system.
The principal venous drainage of the thoracic organs is accomplished by way of A. the branches of the celiac trunk. B. the azygos system. C. mesenteric circulation. D. the hepatic portal system. E. the coronary and pulmonary veins.
Which buffer system accounts for 75% of all chemical buffering in the body fluids? Multiple Choice The protein buffer system The bicarbonate system The phosphate system The carbonic acid system The ammonium buffer system
The protein buffer system
TRUE
The radial artery is lateral to the ulnar artery. T or F
What determines osmosis from one fluid compartment to another? Multiple Choice The temperature difference between compartments The relative concentration of solutes in each compartment The relative volume in each compartment The relative size of each compartment The blood pressure
The relative concentration of solutes in each compartment
Which of these conditions is not a result of hyperkalemia? Multiple Choice Cells are more excitable. The resting membrane potential is more negative. The cells are partially depolarized. The cells are more sensitive to stimulation. There is less diffusion of potassium out of the cells.
The resting membrane potential is more negative.
An extended period of time between the P wave and the QRS complex may indicate which of the following?
The signal is taking too long to get to the AV node
Neither follicle stimulating (FSH) hormone nor testosterone alone can stimulate significant sperm production, whereas when they act together, the testes produce some 300,000 sperm per minute. This is an example of which principle regarding hormones? Hormone clearance The cascade effect The synergistic effect The permissive effect The antagonistic effect
The synergistic effect
Which of the following is not composed of cuboidal epithelium? Multiple Choice The thin segment of the nephron loop The thick segment of the nephron loop The collecting duct The proximal convoluted tubule The distal convoluted tubule
The thin segment of the nephron loop
FALSE
The three primary branches of the celiac trunk are the common hepatic, left gastric, and splenic veins. T or F
Which organ system excretes nitrogenous wastes? Multiple Choice The urinary system The cardiovascular system The integumentary system The digestive system The respiratory system
The urinary system
B. medulla oblongata
The vasomotor center of the __________________ controls blood vessels throughout the body. A. hypothalamus B. medulla oblongata C. spinal cord D. cerebellum E. cortex
A. viscosity increases.
The velocity of blood flow decreases when A. viscosity increases. B. blood pressure increases. C. vessel radius increases. D. afterload increases. E. vasomotion decreases.
Which of the following best describes what happens in the cardiac cycle during the T wave of an ECG?
The ventricles repolarize
What is the basic distinction between an alveolar duct and an alveolar atrium? Their shape Their size Their function Their epithelial type The presence or absence of cilia
Their shape
B. right and left brachiocephalic arteries
There are no ________________ in humans. A. right and left common carotid arteries B. right and left brachiocephalic arteries C. right and left brachiocephalic veins D. right and left subclavian veins E. right and left subclavian arteries
Tom is in respiratory arrest due to an electrical shock. Why does a good samaritan have up to 4 or 5 minutes to begin CPR and save Tom's life? There is reserve oxygen in Tom's lungs. There is a venous reserve of oxygen in Tom's blood. The ambient Po2 can support life that long. The Haldane effect lasts up to 5 minutes. Tom's hypoxic drive will keep him alive for up to 5 minutes.
There is a venous reserve of oxygen in Tom's blood.
C. secretion
These are all mechanisms of movement through the capillary wall except A. reabsorption. B. filtration. C. secretion. D. transcytosis. E. diffusion.
C. heart → arteries → capillary bed → vein → capillary bed → arteries → heart
These are all possible circulatory routes from the heart except A. heart → arteries → capillary bed → veins → heart B. heart → arteries → capillary bed → vein → capillary bed → veins → heart C. heart → arteries → capillary bed → vein → capillary bed → arteries → heart D. heart → arteries → arterial anastomosis → capillary bed → veins → heart E. heart → arteries → arterial anastomosis → capillary bed → venous anastomosis → veins → heart
D. the vertebral veins
These are all tributaries of the inferior vena cava except A. the hepatic veins. B. the internal and external iliac veins. C. the inferior phrenic veins. D. the vertebral veins. E. the lumbar veins.
B. the great saphenous vein.
These are all veins of the upper limb except A. the cephalic vein. B. the great saphenous vein. C. the basilic vein. D. the median antebrachial vein. E. the ulnar vein.
E. the anterior interosseous artery.
These are all vessels of the lower limb except A. the popliteal vein. B. the posterior tibial artery. C. the medial plantar artery. D. the fibular vein. E. the anterior interosseous artery.
Which of the following is not a feature of cardiac muscle?
They have about the same endurance as skeletal muscle fibers
Which of the following accurately describes the inorganic phosphates (Pi) of the body fluids? Multiple Choice They are not a significant component of nucleic acids. They are not important for cell membrane structure. They are not necessary in the linking of endergonic with exergonic reactions. They form crystals with calcium in the presence of calsequestrin. They participate in the activation of some enzymes.
They participate in the activation of some enzymes.
Which of the following is not a function of the kidneys? Multiple Choice They regulate osmolarity of the body fluids. They fight osteoporosis by synthesizing vitamin D. They help control blood pressure. They release waste into the bloodstream. They indirectly increase oxyhemoglobin.
They release waste into the bloodstream.
A. the femoral artery
This figure shows arteries of the lower limb. What does "6" represent? A. the femoral artery B. the external iliac artery C. the deep femoral artery D. the internal iliac artery E. the popliteal artery
E. below 20 mm Hg
This figure shows changes in blood pressure relative to distance from the heart. What would be the approximate blood pressure in a blood vessel leaving the stomach for a person lying on her back (not standing)? A. above 100 mm Hg B. 80 mm Hg C. 60 mm Hg D. 40 mm Hg E. below 20 mm Hg
D. 1
This figure shows the aorta and its major branches. What label shows the artery on the right side of the body with the most extensive distribution of all the head-neck arteries? A. 4 B. 3 C. 2 D. 1 E. 5
C. the inferior mesenteric a.
This figure shows the arteries of the abdomen and pelvic region. What does "6" represent? A. the median sacral a. B. the lumbar a. C. the inferior mesenteric a. D. the superior mesenteric a. E. the gonadal a.
E. the subclavian v.
This figure shows the superficial veins of the neck and head. What does "8" represent? A. the axillary v. B. the internal jugular v. C. the external jugular v. D. the brachiocephalic v. E. the subclavian v.
E. 5
This figure shows variations in circulatory pathways. The pathway labeled ____________ shows alternative routes of blood supply called anastomoses. A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4 E. 5
E. the hepatic portal vein
This figure shows veins of the abdomen and pelvic region. What does "2" represent? A. the inferior mesenteric vein B. the gastric vein C. the splenic vein D. the hepatic vein E. the hepatic portal vein
C. the brachial vein(s)
This figure shows veins of the upper limb. What does "5" represent? A. the basilic vein(s) B. the cephalic vein(s) C. the brachial vein(s) D. the axillary vein(s) E. the median cubital vein(s)
D. the great saphenous vein
This is the longest vein, and portions of this vein are commonly used as grafts in coronary bypass surgery. A. the inferior vena cava B. the femoral vein C. the deep femoral vein D. the great saphenous vein E. the common iliac vein
During coagulation, which of the following is found in the extrinsic mechanism only? Thromboplastin Thrombin Calcium Prothrombin Prothrombin activator
Thromboplastin
Which of the following are not secreted by platelets? Growth factors Thrombopoietin Procoagulants Vasoconstrictors Chemicals that attract neutrophils
Thrombopoietin
Which of the following cartilages is largest? Corniculate cartilage Epiglottic cartilage Thyroid cartilage Cricoid cartilage Arytenoid cartilage
Thyroid cartilage
In which compartment would fluid accumulate in edema? Multiple Choice Intracellular fluid Transcellular fluid Tissue (interstitial) fluid Blood plasma Lymph
Tissue (interstitial) fluid
Among its other purposes, how is the Valsalva maneuver used? To aid in defecation and urination As part of the procedure for giving CPR to a person in respiratory arrest To ventilate the lungs during eupnea To expel more than the usual tidal volume from the lungs To clear carbon monoxide from the body and replace it with oxygen
To aid in defecation and urination
Which of the following is not a role of prostaglandins? To induce labor contractions To stop fever and pain To constrict or dilate arterioles To act as vasodilators or vasoconstrictors To inhibit gastric secretion
To stop fever and pain
Which of the following nutrients is absorbed by the lacteals of the small intestine? Multiple Choice Triglycerides Amino acids Glucose Minerals Water-soluble vitamins
Triglycerides
Adaptive immunity involves macrophages, antibodies, and interleukin. True False
True
Aldosterone promotes potassium excretion. True False
True
Although two breast cancer genes are known, most cases are nonhereditary. True False
True
Blood flow through a capillary bed is regulated by precapillary sphincters True False
True
Both gap junctions and desmosomes are found within intercalated discs. True False
True
Carbon monoxide competes with oxygen for the same binding site. True False
True
Cells in the cleft between the afferent and efferent arterioles and among capillaries of the glomerulus are known as mesangial cells. True False
True
Chloride homeostasis is regulated as a side effect of sodium homeostasis. True False
True
Congestive heart failure means that the pumping efficiency of the heart is depressed so that there is inadequate delivery of blood to body tissues. True False
True
Cytotoxic T cells respond only to antigens bound to MHC-I proteins. True False
True
Diseases that affect the descending corticospinal tracts may limit inhibition of the sacral somatic motor neurons and thus could result in urinary incontinence. True False
True
Erythrocytes do not carry out aerobic respiration; thus, they do not consume any of the oxygen they are transporting. True False
True
Fast pain is a localized response mediated by myelinated nerve fibers. True False
True
Fluid intake is governed mainly by hypothalamic receptors called osmoreceptors. True False
True
Gas transport is the process of carrying gases from alveoli to the systemic tissues and vice versa. True False
True
Gustatory signals travel from the tongue through the facial glossopharyngeal nerves. True False
True
Helper T cells respond only to epitopes attached to MHC proteins. True False
True
Human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) stimulates the corpus luteum to grow and secrete estrogen and progesterone. True False
True
Hypercapnia and acidosis have positive chronotropic effects. True False
True
Hyponatremia is usually a result of hypotonic hydration. True False
True
Hypovolemic refers to a reduction in total body water while maintaining normal osmolarity. True False
True
In a state of fluid balance, average daily fluid gains and losses are equal. True False
True
Interleukins are chemical signals by which immune cells communicate with each other. True False
True
Lymph vessels are closed-ended at their distal end. True False
True
Most somesthetic signals in the right side of the body reach the cerebral cortex in the contralateral primary somesthetic area. True False
True
Mucous membranes prevent most pathogens from entering the body because of the stickiness of the mucus and the presence of lysozymes True False
True
Olfaction results from the stimulation of chemoreceptors. True False
True
Oxytocin stimulates contraction of myoepithelial cell of the mammary acini. True False
True
Papillary muscles prevent the AV valves from prolapsing (bulging) excessively into the atria when the ventricles contract. True False
True
Pericardial fluid is found in the space between the visceral and parietal layers of the pericardium. True False
True
Pus is made of dead neutrophils, macrophages, and other tissue debris from a damaged tissue. True False
True
Red bone marrow is the point of origin of all immune cells of the lymphatic system. True False
True
Repolarization of a ventricular cardiomyocyte takes longer than repolarization of a typical neuron. True False
True
Taste signals travel from the tongue through the facial and glossopharyngeal nerves. True False
True
The "discharging" chambers of the heart are the ventricles. True False
True
The aortic and pulmonary semilunar valves prevent backflow of blood into the associated ventricles. True False
True
The cornea belongs to the tunica fibrosa (fibrous layer) of the eyeball. True False
True
The coronary blood vessels are part of the the systemic circulation. True False
True
The expansion of the lungs during inspiration generates a pressure gradient causing air to flow into the lungs. This is an example of Boyle's law. True False
True
The fenestrated endothelium of the capillary has pores small enough to exclude blood cells from the filtrate. True False
True
The fibrous skeleton of the heart serves as electrical insulation between the atria and the ventricles. True False
True
The first heart sound is produced by the closure of the atrioventricular valves. True False
True
The kidneys neutralize more acid or base than any other buffer system. True False
True
The lymphatic system is involved in circulation, immunity, and nutrient absorption. True False
True
The most toxic of our metabolic wastes are nitrogenous wastes. True False
True
The myocardium is the thickest layer in the wall of the heart. True False
True
The number of ovarian follicles declines with age, leading to a reduction of estrogen levels. True False
True
The ossicles belong to the middle ear. True False
True
The pleurae and pleural fluid help prevent the spread of pulmonary infection to the pericardium. True False
True
The thick segment of the nephron loop is impermeable to water. True False
True
The vagina has no glands but it is moistened by mucus from glands in the cervical canal. True False
True
Thyroid hormone has a calorigenic effect. True False
True
Uncompensated alkalosis is a pH imbalance that can only be corrected with clinical intervention. True False
True
Vasomotion can raise or lower blood pressure throughout the body True False
True
Ventricular fibrillation is a condition of rapid and irregular contractions of the ventricles. True False
True
Vitamin A is necessary for the synthesis of rhodopsin. True False
True
When the ventricles are in systole, the atria are in diastole. True False
True
Worrying about your upcoming exam in history class is a valid form of stress. True False
True
In which condition are the lungs infected with Mycobacterium and produce fibrous nodules around the bacteria, leading to progressive pulmonary fibrosis? Pneumonia Dyspnea Pneumothorax Tuberculosis Rhinitis
Tuberculosis
Which center bears the primary responsibility for generating the respiratory rhythm, but is influenced by several other centers? PRG DRG VRG SRG
VRG
Which of the following would reduce the glomerular filtration rate? Multiple Choice Vasoconstriction of the efferent arteriole A drop in oncotic pressure Vasodilation of the afferent arteriole Vasoconstriction of the afferent arteriole An increase in osmotic pressure in the glomerular capsule
Vasoconstriction of the afferent arteriole
D. smooth muscle in the tunica media.
Vasomotion is associated with the presence of A. collagen and elastic tissue in the tunica media. B. elastic tissue in the tunica externa. C. endothelium in the tunica interna. D. smooth muscle in the tunica media. E. fenestrations in the tunica externa.
During which phase of the cardiac cycle does blood flow through the coronary circulation?
Ventricular diastole
Which is the correct sequence of events of the cardiac cycle?
Ventricular filling → isovolumetric contraction → ventricular ejection → isovolumetric relaxation
Which two ligaments extend from the thyroid cartilage to the arytenoid cartilages? Vestibular and vocal Laryngeal and corniculate Corniculate and cricoid Cricoid and arytenoid Thyrohyoid and cricoids
Vestibular and vocal
B. 80 mm Hg
What is the mean arterial pressure for a person with 110 and 65 mm Hg as systolic and diastolic pressure, respectively? A. 45 mm Hg B. 80 mm Hg C. 87.5 mm Hg D. 90 mm Hg E. 175 mm Hg
C. Epinephrine and angiotensin II; epinephrine
____________ are powerful vasoconstrictors, and _______________ also increases heart rate A. Norepinephrine and antidiuretic hormone (ADH); antidiuretic hormone (ADH) B. Norepinephrine and atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP); norepinephrine C. Epinephrine and angiotensin II; epinephrine D. Epinephrine and aldosterone; epinephrine E. Epinephrine and antidiuretic hormone (ADH); antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
A. Waste products are taken up
____________ by the capillaries at their venous end. A. Waste products are taken up B. Oxygen and glucose are taken up C. Oxygen and glucose are given off D. Wastes are given off E. Organic nutrients are taken up
B. Dehydration
____________ would not increase capillary filtration. A. Blockage of lymphatic capillaries B. Dehydration C. Increased capillary permeability D. Dietary protein deficiency E. Obstructed venous return
C. Large arteries
______________ have the thickest tunica media. A. Small arteries B. Small veins C. Large arteries D. Large veins E. Capillaries
E. septic
______________ shock occurs when bacterial toxins trigger vasodilation and increase capillary permeability. A. Compensated B. Anaphylactic C. Neurogenic D. Cardiogenic E. Septic
D. Widespread vasodilation
_______________ does not contribute to venous return. A. The difference of pressure between venules and the venae cavae B. The expansion and contraction of the thoracic cavity during ventilation C. The suction created by the atria slightly expanding during ventricular systole D. Widespread vasodilation E. Contraction of skeletal muscles of the limbs
B. Vessel radius
_______________ has the most important effect on blood velocity. A. Blood viscosity B. Vessel radius C. Blood osmolarity D. Hematocrit E. Vessel length
C. Hypovolemic
___________________ shock can be produced by hemorrhage, severe burns, or dehydration. A. Anaphylactic B. Cardiogenic C. Hypovolemic D. Venous pooling (vascular) E. Neurogenic
A hepatic triad consists of __________. Multiple Choice the right, left, and common hepatic ducts the common hepatic duct, cystic duct, and bile duct the hepatic portal vein and two hepatic ducts a bile ductule, a branch of the hepatic artery, and a branch of the hepatic portal vein a central vein, a hepatic lobule, and a hepatic sinusoid
a bile ductule, a branch of the hepatic artery, and a branch of the hepatic portal vein
The structural framework of a blood clot is formed by __________ a fibrinogen polymer soluble fibrin a fibrin polymer soluble fibrinogena thrombin polymer
a fibrin polymer
The infundibulum is a ___________. mass of endocrine and neural cells portal system between the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland bulky nucleus composed of the paraventricular nucleus and the supraoptic nucleus depression of the sphenoid bone that protects the pituitary gland projection of the hypothalamus from which the pituitary gland hangs
a projection of the hypothalamus from which the pituitary gland hangs
The release of glucocorticoids from the adrenal cortex is controlled by a. Adrenocorticotropic hormone from the anterior pituitary gland b. Releasing hormones from the thalamus c. Stimulation from sympathetic neurons d. Stimulation from parasympathetic neurons
a. Adrenocorticotropic hormone from the anterior pituitary gland
Which of the following statements about thyroxine is TRUE? a. Both the T3 and T4 forms enter target cells. b. Inside the target cell, all T3 is converted to T4. c. Only the T4 form can enter the nucleus. d. The first and second choices are correct. e. All of the choices are correct.
a. Both the T3 and T4 forms enter target cells.
Androgens are produced in the adrenal cortex by the a. Zona reticularis b. Zona glomerulosa c. Zona medullary d. Zona fasciculata
a. Zona reticularis
The ___ secrete(s) ___, which promotes Na+ and water retention. a. adrenal cortex; aldosterone b. adrenal medulla; epinephrine c. thyroid; calcitonin d. pancreas; cortisol e. kidneys; corticosterone
a. adrenal cortex; aldosterone
Diabetes insipidus is caused by a. antidiuretic hormone (ADH) hyposecretion. b. antidiuretic hormone (ADH) hypersecretion. c. cortisol hypersecretion. d. aldosterone hypersecretion. e. epinephrine hypersecretion.
a. antidiuretic hormone (ADH) hyposecretion.
The ___ secrete(s) a hormone as a response to hypocalcemia. a. parathyroid glands b. thyroid gland c. pineal gland d. pituitary gland e. thymus
a. parathyroid glands
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is released by the a. posterior pituitary. b. kidney. c. hypothalamus. d. cerebellum. e. anterior pituitary.
a. posterior pituitary.
The ___ secretes a hormone that increases the body's metabolic rate, promotes alertness , quickens reflexes, and stimulates the fetal nervous system. a. thyroid gland b. adrenal gland c. thymus d. pancreas e. parathyroid gland
a. thyroid gland
Growth hormone (GH) hypersecretion causes gigantism when it begins in childhood, but it is more likely to cause __________ when it begins in adulthood. myxedema Graves disease Cushing syndrome goiter acromegaly
acromegaly
Aspirin and ibuprofen block the __________. action of lipoxygenase action of cyclooxygenase action of phospholipase A1 action of phospholipase A2 action of cyclooxygenase release of arachidonic acid from the plasma membrane
action of cyclooxygenase
The __________ secrete(s) __________, which promotes Na+ and water retention. adrenal medulla; epinephrine pancreas; cortisol kidneys; corticosterone adrenal cortex; aldosterone thyroid; calcitonin
adrenal cortex; aldosterone
Cardiac muscle requires oxygen and therefore relies on _____ metabolism to produce ATP.
aerobic
The blood pressure in the great arteries determines the ______ of the heart.
afterload
Hypokalemia can result from all of the following except __________. Multiple Choice chronic vomiting diarrhea heavy sweating aldosterone hyposecretion excessive use of laxatives
aldosterone hyposecretion
Bronchoconstriction, dyspnea, and widespread vasodilation are all characteristics of __________. Multiple Choice local anaphylaxis anaphylactic shock autoimmune disease an HIV infection AIDS
anaphylactic shock
An immediate and intense type I reaction that can be treated with antihistamines is characteristic of __________. Multiple Choice anaphylaxis anaphylactic shock autoimmune disease an HIV infection AIDS
anaphylaxis
when two arteries OR veins join, this is referred to as _____
anastomosis
In response to a drop in overall blood pressure, __________ stimulates constriction of the glomerular inlet and even greater constriction of the outlet. Multiple Choice azotemia sodium chloride parathyroid hormone aldosterone angiotensin II
angiotensin II
The _________ secretes growth hormone, which is also known as somatotropin. posterior pituitary anterior pituitary hypothalamus thyroid thymus
anterior pituitary
Thyrotropin-releasing hormone targets the __________. hypothalamus thyroid gland anterior pituitary posterior pituitary thyroid hormone
anterior pituitary
Thyrotropin-releasing hormone targets the __________. thyroid gland thyroid hormone hypothalamus posterior pituitary anterior pituitary
anterior pituitary
The hypophyseal portal system connects the _________ with the _________. anterior pituitary; hypothalamus posterior pituitary; hypothalamus anterior pituitary; posterior pituitary hypothalamus; thyroid pituitary glands; thyroid
anterior pituitary; hypothalamus
When the ventricles relax, the __________ valve prevents backflow of blood into the left ventricle
aortic
Total saturation of protein transporters for a given solute in the renal tubules would result in __________. Multiple Choice reabsorption of all the solute a renal clearance of zero a net filtration pressure of 1.0 appearance of that solute in the urine absence of that solute from the urine
appearance of that solute in the urine
Eicosanoids are derived from __________. prostacyclin arachidonic acid thromboxanes prostaglandins leukotriene
arachidonic acid
The auricles:
are flap-like extensions of the right and left atrium.
Any abnormal cardiac rhythm is called a(n) _________
arrhythmia
Vaccination stimulates __________ immunity. Multiple Choice natural active artificial active natural passive artificial passive innate
artificial active
The serum used for emergency treatment of snakebites stimulates __________ immunity. Multiple Choice artificial passive artificial active natural passive natural active
artificial passive
The right and left coronary arteries arise from the _____ _____.
ascending aorta
Impulse conduction through the cardiac conduction system is slowest through the _____ node, allowing a pause between atrial contraction and ventricular contraction.
atrioventricular
The ______ valves regulate the opening between the atria and the ventricles.
atrioventricular
The cardiocytes are described as ______ because individual cells can depolarize on their own without outside stimulation.
autorhythmic
The heartbeat is described as _______ because the signal for contraction originates in the heart muscle itself.
autorhythmic
As blood calcium levels increase, a. Calcitonin released is inhibited b. Calcitonin is released c. Vitamin D is released d. Parathyroid hormone is released
b. Calcitonin is released
What structure regulates the activity of the pituitary gland? a. Cerebrum b. Hypothalamus c. Thalamus d. Pons
b. Hypothalamus
Which of the following is(are) the function(s) of oxytocin? a. Causes contraction of uterine muscles b. Initiates the production of milk c. Causes the let-down of milk d. Both A and B are correct e. Both A and C are correct
b. Initiates the production of milk
Which method of secretion control is being employed when adrenocorticotropic hormone stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete its hormones? a. Nervous system b. Other hormones c. Blood levels of chemicals d. Enzymes
b. Other hormones
Which of the following hormones is NOT produced by the anterior pituitary gland? a. Follicle-stimulating hormone b. Oxytocin c. Growth hormone d. Thyroid-stimulating hormone
b. Oxytocin
___ secretion is controlled by neuroendocrine reflexes, whereas ___ secretion is controlled by negative feedback mechanisms. a. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH); oxytocin (OT) b. Oxytocin (OT); antidiuretic hormone (ADH) c. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH); thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) d. Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH); luteinizing hormone (LH) e. Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH); luteinizing hormone (LH)
b. Oxytocin (OT); antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
Hormones act as amplitude-modulated signals, which means that the strength of the signal depends on a. The frequency of the action potential b. The concentration of the chemical c. How long the chemical is released d. None of the choices are correct
b. The concentration of the chemical
What substance stimulates the production and release of thyroid hormone? a. Calcium b. Thyroid-stimulating hormone c. Growth hormone d. Insulin
b. Thyroid-stimulating hormone
Which of the following is NOT a layer of the adrenal cortex? a. Zona reticularis b. Zona medullary c. Zona glomerulosa d. Zona fasciculata
b. Zona medullary
Thyrotropin-releasing hormone targets the a. hypothalamus. b. anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis). c. posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis). d. thyroid hormone. e. thyroid gland.
b. anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis).
The steroid hormone-receptor complex binds to a. the cell membrane thereby increasing its permeability. b. hormone response elements in DNA. c. hormone response elements in mRNA. d. ribosomes to stimulate translation. e. hormone response elements on proteins.
b. hormone response elements in DNA.
Absence of iodine in the diet leads to a. hypoglycemia. b. hypothyroidism. c. hypocalcemia. d. hypoparathyroidism. e. hypoxemia.
b. hypothyroidism.
Steroid hormones bind to a. carbohydrate receptors on the cell membrane of the target cell. b. protein receptors in the cytoplasm or nucleus of the target cell. c. carbohydrate receptors in the cytoplasm of the target cell. d. protein receptors on the cell membrane of the target cell.
b. protein receptors in the cytoplasm or nucleus of the target cell.
The initial response to stress is called ____ and is mediated mainly by ___. a. the alarm reaction; cortisol b. the alarm reaction; norepinephrine and epinephrine c. the resistance stage; aldosterone and cortisol d. the resistance stage; cortisol e. the exhaustion stage; norepinephrine and epinephrine
b. the alarm reaction; norepinephrine and epinephrine
The _____ is the broad flat, superior portion of the heart.
base
The blood transports more CO2 in the form of ___________ than in any other form. carbaminohemoglobin carboxyhemoglobin bicarbonate ions dissolved CO2 gas bisphosphocarbonate
bicarbonate ions
The urine is most likely to be hypotonic when the __________. Multiple Choice body's water volume is high body's pH is low output of antidiuretic hormone is high output of natriuretic peptides is high person is lost and deprived of drinking water
body's water volume is high
Contact digestion takes place in/at the __________. Multiple Choice gastric pits surface of the gastric mucosa intestinal crypts brush border of the small intestine cytoplasm in the cells of the small intestine
brush border of the small intestine
Which anterior pituitary hormone is NOT involved with the reproductive system? a. Luteinizing hormone b. Follicle-stimulating hormone c. Adrenocorticotropic hormone d. Prolactin
c. Adrenocorticotropic hormone
What type of secretion is released by cells and used locally on the same type of cell that released it? a. Exocrine agents b. Endocrine agents c. Autocrine agents d. Paracrine agents
c. Autocrine agents
What is the action of insulin on blood glucose levels? a. Has no effect on blood glucose levels b. Increases blood glucose levels c. Decreases blood glucose levels
c. Decreases blood glucose levels
What is carried by neurons of the hypothalamohypophysial tract? a. Releasing hormones to the posterior pituitary gland b. Hypothalamic hormones to the anterior pituitary gland c. Hypothalamic hormones to the posterior pituitary gland d. Neurotransmitters to the posterior pituitary gland
c. Hypothalamic hormones to the posterior pituitary gland
What hormone is involved with the development and maturation of the immune system? a. Cortisol b. Prostaglandin c. Thymosin d. Thyroxine
c. Thymosin
ADH functions to a. increase urine volume output and cause blood vessel dilation. b. decrease urine volume output, but has no effect on blood vessels. c. decrease urine volume output and cause blood vessel constriction. d. increase urine volume output and cause blood vessel constriction. e. decrease urine volume output and cause blood vessel dilation.
c. decrease urine volume output and cause blood vessel constriction.
The hypothalamus controls the posterior pituitary by a. stimulating its tissue to synthesize hormones. b. the hypophyseal portal system. c. neuroendocrine reflexes. d. None of the choices are correct. e. secreting hormones that enter capillaries, travel down the portal venules, and diffuse out into the pituitary tissue.
c. neuroendocrine reflexes.
The neurohypophysis (posterior pituitary) secretes a. thyroid hormone (TH). b. prolactin (PRL). c. oxytocin (OT). d. adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH). e. growth hormone (GH).
c. oxytocin (OT).
Congestive heart failure (CHF) of the right ventricle _________
can cause systemic edema
Cellular (cell-mediated) immunity is effective against __________. Multiple Choice allergens venoms cancer cells extracellular viruses toxins
cancer cells
Carbon dioxide is transported by all the following means except _________. carbaminohemoglobin carbonic acid carbonate bicarbonate ions dissolved gas
carbonate
The enzyme that catalyzes the first step reaction in HCl production by gastric parietal cells is called __________. Multiple Choice carbonic acid carbonic anhydrase dipeptidase protease ATPase
carbonic anhydrase
The ______ center of the medulla oblongata initiates autonomic output to the heart.
cardiac
The heart indents into the __________ of the left lung. oblique fissure hilum apex cardiac notch base
cardiac notch
The difference between maximum cardiac output and resting cardiac output is referred to as the____ _____.
cardiac reserve
The condition called ______ involves compression of the heart by an abnormal accumulation of fluid or clotted blood in the pericardial cavity.
cardiac tamponade
Parasympathetic nerve fibers transmit _____ effects from the cardiac center to the heart.
cardioinhibitory
The oral phase of swallowing is under __________ control and the pharyngo-esophageal phase is __________. Multiple Choice central nervous system; also controlled by the central nervous system central nervous system; controlled by autonomic reflexes autonomic nervous system; controlled by autonomic reflexes voluntary; also voluntary involuntary; also involuntary
central nervous system; controlled by autonomic reflexes
Pepsinogen is produced by __________ and is activated by __________, which is secreted by __________. Multiple Choice chief cells; carbonic anhydrase (CAH); parietal cells chief cells; hydrochloric acid (HCl); parietal cells parietal cells; hydrochloric acid (HCl); chief cells parietal cells; carbonic anhydrase (CAH); chief cells enteroendocrine cells; carbonic anhydrase (CAH); parietal cells
chief cells; hydrochloric acid (HCl); parietal cells
Pancreatic enzymes are secreted in response to a hormone called __________. Multiple Choice insulin cholecystokinin (CCK) secretin glucagon gastrin
cholecystokinin (CCK)
Which branch of the left coronary artery continues around to the posterior of the heart leading to the coronary sulcus?
circumflex
A term that means an alternative route for blood circulation is a ______ circulation.
collateral
The strength of a contraction for a given preload is defined as the ________ of the myocardium.
contractility
The blood vessels that supply nutrients, oxygen, etc., to the heart muscle make up the type of circulation called the _____ circulation.
coronary
The right _____ artery runs along the right sulcus and supplies blood to the right atrium and SA node.
coronary
The zona fasciculata in the adrenal gland secretes ___________. glucagon epinephrine estradiol aldosterone cortisol
cortisol
Loop diuretics reduce body water content by acting on the __________. Multiple Choice feedback loop between the kidney and posterior pituitary gland countercurrent multiplier system countercurrent exchanger system aquaporins of the collecting duct thirst mechanism and water intake
countercurrent multiplier system
Which does NOT apply to hormones? a. They are sometimes secreted by neural tissue. b. They are chemical regulators that are conveyed from one organ to another via the bloodstream. c. In some cases, the same chemical substances can also function as local regulators and/or neurotransmitters. d. All hormones are derived from cholesterol. e. They are secreted into the blood by ductless glands.
d. All hormones are derived from cholesterol.
Aldosterone a. Is released from the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex b. Increases Na+ reabsorption and therefore, water reabsorption in the kidneys c. Increases K+ and H+ excretion into the urine d. All of the choices are correct
d. All of the choices are correct
Glucagon causes the liver to a. Convert glucose into amino acids b. Convert glucose into glycogen c. Convert glycogen into ketones d. Convert glycogen into glucose
d. Convert glycogen into glucose
An abnormally small person with normal body proportions is a result of a. Thyroid hormone deficiency as an adult b. Growth hormone deficiency as an adult c. Thyroid hormone deficiency during growth years d. Growth hormone deficiency during growth years
d. Growth hormone deficiency during growth years
What structure physically connects the hypothalamus to the pituitary gland? a. Mammillary bodies b. Brain stem c, Intermediate mass of thalamus d. Infundibulum
d. Infundibulum
Hormone receptors on the plasma membrane are called a. Integral receptors b. Intracellular receptors c. Extracellular receptors d. Membrane-bound receptors
d. Membrane-bound receptors
Which of the following statements about thyroxine is TRUE? a. It is water-insoluble. b. it is lipophilic. c. It cannot pass through the cell membrane. d. The first and second choices are correct. e. The first, second, and third choices are correct.
d. The first and second choices are correct.
The infundibulum is a. a bulky nucleus composed of the paraventricular nucleus and the supraoptic nucleus. b. a mass of endocrine and neural cells. c. a depression of the sphenoid bone that protects the pituitary gland. d. a projection of the hypothalamus from which the pituitary gland hangs. e. a portal system between the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland.
d. a projection of the hypothalamus from which the pituitary gland hangs.
If the adrenal glands were removed from a patient, his plasma cortisol levels would ________, secretion of CRH by the __________________ would __________________, and secretion of ACTH by the ______________ would _____________. a. increase; hypothalamus; decrease; anterior pituitary gland; decrease b. decrease; adenohypophysis; increase; anterior pituitary gland; increase c. increase; hypothalamus; increase; adenohypophysis; increase d. decrease; hypothalamus; increase; adenohypophysis; increase e. decrease; anterior pituitary gland; increase; hypothalamus; increase
d. decrease; hypothalamus; increase; adenohypophysis; increase
The thyroid gland secretes a. large amounts of triiodothyronine but no tetraiodothyronine. b. large amounts of tetraiodothyronine but no triiodothyronine. c. large amounts of both triiodothyronine and tetraiodothyronine. d. large amounts of tetraiodothyronine and small amounts of triiodothyronine. e. large amounts of triiodothyronine and small amounts of tetraiodothyronine.
d. large amounts of tetraiodothyronine and small amounts of triiodothyronine.
Cortisol a. promotes glycogen synthesis. b. stimulates protein synthesis. c. stimulates glucose intake by most organs. d. promotes breakdown of fat and protein. e. inhibits fat digestion.
d. promotes breakdown of fat and protein.
In life threatening starvation, the kidneys synthesize glucose by __________. Multiple Choice secreting erythropoietin secreting renin deaminating amino acids contributing to calcium homeostasis producing uric acid
deaminating amino acids
Memory T cells can be up to __________ old. Multiple Choice weeks days decades years months
decades
Nitrogen bubbles can form in the blood and other tissues when a scuba diver ascends too rapidly, producing a syndrome called _________. decompression sickness hyperbaric disease cerebral embolism pulmonary barotrauma pulmonary edema
decompression sickness
An decrease in venous return to the heart leads to a(n) ______ in preload and therefore a(n) ______ in stroke volume.
decrease; decrease
An excess in blood calcium ion levels can cause a(n) ______ HR.
decreased
The QRS wave of an ECG is a recording of the _____ of the ventricular myocardium.
depolarization
Cells of the sinuatrial node __________ during the pacemaker potential
depolarize slow
The __________ muscle is located in the urinary bladder. Multiple Choice detrusor distractor pubococcygeus corpus spongiosum corpus cavernosum
detrusor
Prior to chemical tests for glycosuria, clinicians checked for sweetness of the urine as a sign of __________. Multiple Choice diabetes insipidus acute glomerulonephritis diabetes mellitus renal calculus pyelitis
diabetes mellitus
Aldosterone acts on the __________. Multiple Choice proximal convoluted tubule medullary portion of the collecting duct descending limb of the nephron loop distal convoluted tubule glomerulus
distal convoluted tubule
Most body water intake is from __________, whereas most body water lost is via __________. Multiple Choice metabolic water; cutaneous transpiration metabolic water; sweat drinking; cutaneous transpiration and expired air drinking; urine drinking; radiation
drinking; urine
Dehydration is detected by osmoreceptors in the a. anterior pituitary. b. cerebellum. c. kidney. d. posterior pituitary. e. hypothalamus.
e. hypothalamus.
Which of the hormones listed below has the most profound direct effect to stimulate the increased resorption of bone when plasma Ca2+ levels decrease? a. thyroxine b. insulin c. cortisol d. calcitonin e. parathyroid hormone
e. parathyroid hormone
The mode of action of steroid hormones involves a. stimulation of DNA replication. b. modification of enzyme activity. c. a second messenger. d. inhibition of protein synthesis. e. stimulation of mRNA transcription.
e. stimulation of mRNA transcription.
Lecithin prepares fats for hydrolysis by forming __________. Multiple Choice triglycerides, fatty acids, and glycerol low density lipoproteins (LDL) chylomicrons emulsification droplets micelles
emulsification droplets
Complement fixation cannot lead to __________. Multiple Choice enhanced inflammation opsonization endogenous pyrexia bacterial phagocytosis cytolysis
endogenous pyrexia
The __________ regulates digestive tract motility, secretion, and blood flow. Its neurons are found in the __________. Multiple Choice autonomic nervous system; serosa central nervous system; muscularis externa and muscularis mucosae enteric nervous system; submucosa and muscularis externa visceral sensory division; muscularis externa and submucosa visceral motor division; mucosa and submucosa
enteric nervous system; submucosa and muscularis externa
Crude sounds are formed into intelligible speech by all of the following except the _________. pharynx epiglottis oral cavity tongue lips
epiglottis
A(n) __________ is the region of the molecule that is recognized by antibodies. Multiple Choice epitope antigen hapten major histocompatibility complex (MHC) antibody monomer
epitope
The bicarbonate buffer system would not work very well in the human body if not for the action of the respiratory system, which ___________. Multiple Choice supplies the buffer system with CO2 supplies the buffer system with O2 expels HCO3- produced by the buffer system expels H+ produced by the buffer system expels CO2 produced by the buffer system
expels CO2 produced by the buffer system
Addison disease is a consequence of a tumor of the adrenal medulla. True False
false
Eicosanoids are derived from steroids. True False
false
Hormones are normally secreted via ducts into the bloodstream. True False
false
Hormones serve as intracellular messengers. True False
false
Many effects of growth hormone are mediated by insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) secreted by the pancreas. True False
false
Peptide hormones are synthesized by cytoplasmic ribosomes as active enzymes. True False
false
Steroid hormones are water-soluble. True False
false
Testosterone is a gonadotropin. True False
false
The exhaustion stage of the general adaptation syndrome (stress response) sets in only if protein reserves are depleted. True False
false
The three most abundant classes of nutrients are __________. Multiple Choice carbohydrates, proteins, and minerals fats, proteins, and carbohydrates proteins, nucleic acids, and carbohydrates triglycerides, starches, and proteins proteins, fats, and minerals
fats, proteins, and carbohydrates
A pyrogen is a substance that causes __________. Multiple Choice inflammation opsonization complement fixation cytolysis fever
fever
The innermost connective tissue layer protecting the kidney and assisting in staving off infection is known as the __________. Multiple Choice perirenal fat capsule renal fascia hilum fibrous capsule renal medulla
fibrous capsule
The __________ phase is associated with food stretching the stomach and activating myenteric and vagovagal reflexes, which in turn stimulate gastric secretions. Multiple Choice cephalic gastric intestinal gastrointestinal mesenteric
gastric
The transition from an afferent arteriole to an efferent arteriole occurs in the __________. Multiple Choice glomerulus medulla cortical radiate veins peritubular capillaries vasa recta
glomerulus
Many hours after a meal, alpha (α) cells in the pancreatic islets secrete _________, which _________ blood glucose. glucagon; lowers glucagon; raises insulin; lowers insulin; raises glucocorticoids; raises
glucagon, raises
Normal urine from a healthy person should not contain __________. Multiple Choice creatinine urobilin glucose ammonia magnesium
glucose
Mucus plays an important role in cleansing inhaled air. It is produced by __________ of the respiratory tract. squamous alveolar cells great alveolar cells the pleurae ciliated cells goblet cells
goblet cells
One group of proteolytic enzymes secreted by natural killer (NK) cells is __________. Multiple Choice selectins cytokines granzymes perforins interferons
granzymes
The movement of colonic contents from one puckered section to another is called __________. Multiple Choice the gastrocolic reflex the duodenocolic reflex mass movement haustral contraction defecation
haustral contraction
The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) targets mainly __________. Multiple Choice helper T cells B cells plasma cells cytotoxic T cells natural killer cells
helper T cells
The cessation of bleeding is specifically called __________
hemostasis
Basophils of the blood help to get defensive leukocytes to the site quickly by releasing an anticoagulant called __________ and a vasodilator called __________. Multiple Choice bradykinin; histamine selectin; prostaglandin histamine; heparin heparin; histamine prostaglandins; selectin
heparin; histamine
The medial concavity of the kidney is called the __________, which admits the renal nerves, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and ureter. Multiple Choice medulla corpuscle cortex hilum capsule
hilum
The addition of CO2 to the blood generates __________ ions in the RBCs, which in turn stimulates RBCs to unload more oxygen. sodium potassium nitrogen hydrogen chloride
hydrogen
The absence of iodine in the diet leads to __________. hypoparathyroidism hypothyroidism hypocalcemia hypoglycemia hypoxemia
hypothyroidism
One characteristic of the immune response is specificity. This means that __________. Multiple Choice immunity starts in defined organs in the body immunity starts in specialized tissues in the body immunity is carried on by a specific group of cells of the immune system immunity is directed against a particular pathogen immunity is carried on by a specific group of tissues of the immune system
immunity is directed against a particular pathogen
The enterogastric reflex serves to __________. Multiple Choice relax the stomach in preparation for swallowed food stimulate acid and enzyme secretion when food enters the stomach stimulate intestinal motility when there is food in the stomach inhibit gastric motility when there is chyme in the small intestine relax the ileocecal valve when chyme is on its way to the colon
inhibit gastric motility when there is chyme in the small intestine
The amount of air in excess of tidal volume that can be inhaled with maximum effort is the __________. vital capacity inspiratory reserve volume expiratory reserve volume residual volume inspiratory capacity
inspiratory reserve volume
The __________ is not a portion of the urethra. Multiple Choice external urethral orifice internal urethral sphincter prostatic urethra membranous urethra spongy urethra
internal urethral sphincter
The groove that extends downward from the coronary sulcus on the front of the heart is the anterior _______ sulcus.
interventricular
The __________ of the small intestine is/are similar to the __________ of the stomach. Multiple Choice villi; pyloric glands rugae; aggregated lymphoid nodules intestinal crypts; gastric pits goblet cells; parietal cells pyloric sphincter; ileocecal valve
intestinal crypts; gastric pits
Necessary for Vitamin B12 absorption, __________ is/are secreted by __________ cells. Multiple Choice intrinsic factor; parietal bile salts; chief lecithin; hepatic hydrochloric acid; parietal enteropeptidase; mucous
intrinsic factor; parietal
The __________ is not an endocrine gland but it has a role in endocrine function. kidney pancreas thyroid gland parathyroid gland adrenal gland
kidney
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) targets the __________. kidneys adrenal gland anterior pituitary hypothalamus pancreas
kidneys
Which of the following has an abundance of lymphoid tissue in the mucosa and submucosa? Multiple Choice small intestine large intestine stomach esophagus mouth
large intestine
Which of the following is not involved in chemical digestion? Multiple Choice large intestine small intestine stomach mouth
large intestine
The anterior pitiurary is __________ than the posterior pituitary and has __________ connection to the hypothalamus. smaller; no nervous larger; a nervous larger; no nervous smaller; a nervous
larger; no nervous
The upper respiratory tract extends from the nose through the _________. trachea pharynx larynx alveoli lungs
larynx
The artery that travels under the left auricle and then divides into two branches is the ______ artery.
left coronary
Special lymphatic vessels, called lacteals, absorb dietary __________ that are not absorbed by the blood capillaries. Multiple Choice water glucose vitamins amino acids lipids
lipids
Renin hydrolyzes angiotensinogen, which is released from the _________, to form angiotensin I. Multiple Choice lungs kidneys liver heart spleen
liver
The __________ is not an organ of the urinary system. Multiple Choice urethra liver ureter urinary bladder kidney
liver
The __________ stores excess glucose and releases it into the blood when needed. Multiple Choice pancreas stomach liver spleen small intestine
liver
The __________ synthesizes bile acids by metabolizing __________. Multiple Choice duodenum; neutral fats ileum; bilirubin gallbladder; cholesterol pancreas; bile salts liver; cholesterol
liver; cholesterol
Circulating hormones are mostly taken up and degraded by the _________ and the __________. adrenal glands; intestines liver; kidneys blood; kidneys liver; spleen spleen; kidneys
liver; kidneys
The respiratory system contains a total of five __________. segmental bronchi choanae laryngeal cartilages lobes tracheal cartilages
lobes
Antigen-presenting cells usually display processed antigens to T cells in the _____________. Multiple Choice blood plasma lymph nodes thymus red bone marrow liver
lymph nodes
The only lymphatic organ(s) with afferent lymphatic vessels is(are) the __________. Multiple Choice lymph nodes thymus spleen red bone marrow tonsils
lymph nodes
The majority of T cells of the naive lymphocyte pool wait for the encounter with foreign antigens in the __________. Multiple Choice plasma thymus lymphatic tissues lymph blood plasma
lymphatic tissues
Helper T (TH) cells recognize antigens when they are bound to a(n) __________. Multiple Choice hapten immunoglobulin natural killer cell major histocompatibility complex (MHC) protein basophil
major histocompatibility complex (MHC) protein
The left _____ vein is the blood vessel that collects venous drainage from the apex and the left aspect of the heart.
marginal
The first of a series of neutrophil behaviors in inflammation is __________. Multiple Choice chemotaxis margination diapedesis phagocytosis opsonization
margination
The swallowing center is located in the __________. Multiple Choice mouth oropharynx esophagus medulla oblongata enteric nervous system
medulla oblongata
The vagus and glossopharyngeal nerves carry afferent signals from peripheral chemoreceptors to a chemosensitive area in the ___________. pontine respiratory group dorsal respiratory group ventral respiratory group medulla oblongata pons
medulla oblongata
The hormone called _________ plays an important role in synchronizing physiological function with the cycle of daylight and darkness. calcitonin melanin melatonin hepcidin inhibin
melatonin
The serous membranes that suspend the stomach and intestines from the abdominal wall are called __________. Multiple Choice mesenteries mucosae submucosae muscularis mucosae muscularis externa
mesenteries
The small intestine is suspended from the abdominal wall by the ___________. Multiple Choice falciform ligament mesentery greater omentum lesser omentum esophageal hiatus
mesentery
Lipids are transported to the surface of the intestinal absorptive cells by __________, and are then processed into __________. Multiple Choice fat droplets; micelles fat droplets; chylomicrons micelles; fat droplets micelles; chylomicrons
micelles; chylomicrons
A renal pyramid voids urine into the __________. Multiple Choice minor calyx major calyx renal medulla renal papilla ureter
minor calyx
When the left ventricle contracts, the __________ valve closes and the __________ valve is pushed open
mitral; aortic
Carbohydrate digestion begins in the __________, whereas protein digestion begins in the __________. Multiple Choice liver; small intestine small intestine; stomach mouth; stomach mouth; small intestine stomach; small intestine
mouth; stomach
The layer that is responsible for the motility that propels food and residue through the digestive tract is called the __________. Multiple Choice lumen muscularis externa submucosa mucosa (mucous membrane) serosa
muscularis externa
Defecation is controlled by a __________. Multiple Choice myenteric reflex only spinal reflex only myenteric reflex and a spinal reflex
myenteric reflex and a spinal reflex
The nose is divided into right and left halves called the __________. nasal cavities nasal fossae nasal septa nasal vestibules nasal apertures
nasal fossae
Immune surveillance is a process in which __________ nonspecifically detect and destroy foreign cells and diseased host cells. Multiple Choice T lymphocytes (T cells) reticular cells dendritic cells macrophages natural killer (NK) cells
natural killer (NK) cells
When an enemy cell is present, a(n) __________ secretes perforins, which bore a hole in the enemy cell membrane. Multiple Choice interferon interleukin natural killer cell antibody opsonization
natural killer cell
Target organs most often regulate the pituitary gland via _________. negative feedback inhibition positive feedback inhibition up-regulation down-regulation antagonistic regulation
negative feedback inhibition
Complement C3b protein coats bacteria and stimulates phagocytosis by __________ during a process called __________. Multiple Choice lymphocytes and monocytes; opsonization neutrophils and macrophages; cytolysis mast cells and basophils; opsonization mast cells and basophils; cytolysis neutrophils and macrophages; opsonization
neutrophils and macrophages; opsonization
When the AV node acts as pacemaker, the slower heartbeat is called a(n) ______ rhythm.
nodal
The surface of the tongue is covered with __________ stratified squamous epithelium, and has bumps called __________, where many taste buds can be found. Multiple Choice keratinized; lingual papillae keratinized; lingual frenulum nonkeratinized; lingual papillae nonkeratinized; tonsils nonkeratinized; vallate papillae
nonkeratinized; lingual papillae
An example of chemical digestion is the break down of __________ into __________. Multiple Choice proteins; nucleotides amino acids; proteins polysaccharides; amino acids nucleic acids; nucleotides fatty acids; cholesterol
nucleic acids; nucleotides
A single lobe of a kidney is comprised of __________. Multiple Choice two calyces and a renal pelvis one pyramid and the overlying cortex one major calyx and all of its minor calyces a renal medulla and two renal columns one collecting duct and all nephrons that drain into it
one pyramid and the overlying cortex
Fluid intake is governed mainly by hypothalamic neurons called __________. Multiple Choice baroreceptors proprioceptors nociceptors osmoreceptors mechanoreceptors
osmoreceptors
The posterior pituitary secretes _________. prolactin (PRL) adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) oxytocin (OT) thyroid hormone (TH) growth hormone (GH)
oxytocin (OT)
A spontaneously developing local potential that generates action potentials in the SA node is called a(n) _____ potential.
pacemaker
The __________ tonsils are the largest, and their surgical removal (tonsillectomy) used to be one of the most common surgical procedures performed in children. Multiple Choice adenoid lingual palatine pharyngeal nasopharyngeal
palatine
Input from the ______ nervous system to the SA node lowers the heart rate.
parasympathetic
The __________ secrete(s) a hormone as a response to hypocalcemia. parathyroid glands thyroid gland thymus pineal gland pituitary gland
parathyroid glands
The __________ secrete(s) a hormone as a response to hypocalcemia. thymus thyroid gland parathyroid glands pineal gland pituitary gland
parathyroid glands
Hydrochloric acid (HCl) is secreted by __________ cells. Multiple Choice mucous regenerative (stem) parietal chief enteroendocrine
parietal
The internal ridges of myocardium found in the right atrium and auricle are referred to as:
pectinate muscles
The enzyme(s) called __________ break(s) down the substrate called __________. Multiple Choice lactase; glucose peptidases; proteins lipases; micelles lactose; lactase nucleases; nucleotides
peptidases; proteins
The heart is enfolded within a space called the ___________
pericardial cavity
The ___________ can be found as part of the epithalamus, near the superior colliculi of the midbrain. hypothalamus pituitary gland pineal gland hypophysis adrenal gland
pineal gland
Before B cells secrete antibodies, they differentiate into _________. Multiple Choice stem cells antigen-presenting cells plasma cells T cells macrophages
plasma cells
When a clot is no longer needed, fibrin is dissolved by __________
plasmin
Contraction of a cardiocyte occurs during the _____ phase of its action potential.
plateau
The ______ branch is a branch of the right coronary artery which supplies the back walls of the ventricles.
posterior interventricular
The amount of tension in the ventricular myocardium immediately before it begins to contract is known as the ____.
preload
In a healthy kidney, very little __________ is filtered by the glomerulus. Multiple Choice amino acids electrolytes glucose vitamins protein
protein
Lymph is similar to blood plasma, but very low in __________. Multiple Choice protein carbon dioxide metabolic waste electrolytes sodium and potassium
protein
Glucose and amino acids are reabsorbed from the glomerular filtrate by the __________. Multiple Choice renal corpuscle proximal convoluted tubule distal convoluted tubule glomerular capillaries collecting duct
proximal convoluted tubule
Because of the great deal of active transport that occurs here, the __________ of one's nephrons collectively account for about 6% of one's daily resting ATP and caloric consumption. Multiple Choice proximal convoluted tubules distal convoluted tubules loops of Henle collecting ducts glomeruli
proximal convoluted tubules
Each alveolus is surrounded by a web of blood capillaries supplied by the _________. aorta pulmonary artery pulmonary vein inferior vena cava superior vena cava
pulmonary artery
The __________ carry blood toward the lungs
pulmonary trunk and arteries
The __________ regulates the flow of contents from the stomach to the duodenum. Multiple Choice gastric rugae antrum pyloric sphincter fundus cardial part
pyloric sphincter
The nervous system reacts to stimuli __________ compared to the endocrine system, adapts __________ compared to the endocrine system, and has __________ effects compared to the endocrine system. slowly; slowly; widespread quickly; slowly; specific quickly; quickly; widespread quickly; quickly; specific slowly; quickly; specific
quickly; quickly; specific
When the renal tubules secrete hydrogen ions into the tubular fluid, they __________ at the same time. Multiple Choice secrete potassium secrete sodium reabsorb potassium secrete chloride reabsorb sodium
reabsorb sodium
Which of the following is true regarding endocrine glands? They secrete substances that do not alter the metabolism of their target cells, but have extracellular effects. They secrete their products by way of ducts. They have an unusually low density of blood capillaries. They release their secretions into the blood. Their secretions may be released onto the body surface.
release their secretion into the blood
Blood plasma is filtered in the __________. Multiple Choice renal tubule renal corpuscle renal capsule renal column renal calyx
renal corpuscle
Breathing into and out of a paper bag for a long period of time will lead to __________. Multiple Choice metabolic alkalosis metabolic acidosis urinary alkalosis urinary acidosis respiratory acidosis
respiratory acidosis
Which side of the heart pumps blood to the lungs?
right
The __________ provides most of the Ca2+ needed for myocardial contraction
sarcoplasmic reticulum
Helper T (TH) cells do not __________. Multiple Choice secrete cytokines that stimulate clonal selection of B cells secrete cytokines that stimulate clonal selection of cytotoxic T cells secrete cytokines that stimulate macrophage activity secrete inflammatory chemicals secrete fever-producing chemicals
secrete fever-producing chemicals
Cytotoxic T (TC) cells are like natural killer (NK) cells because they both __________. Multiple Choice secrete interferons secrete granzymes and perforin participate in the immune response participate in innate immunity secrete tumor necrosis factor (TNF)
secrete granzymes and perforin
A sodium bicarbonate solution is secreted in response to a hormone called __________. Multiple Choice insulin cholecystokinin (CCK) secretin glucagon gastrin
secretin
Hypocalcemia stimulates __________. Multiple Choice a decrease in aldosterone production secretion of parathyroid hormone secretion of renin an increase in blood urea nitrogen vasoconstriction of the afferent arterioles
secretion of parathyroid hormone
Autoimmune diseases are disorders in which the immune system fails to distinguish __________ from foreign ones. Multiple Choice self-immunoglobulins self-antibodies self-antigens self-interleukins self-complement proteins
self-antigens
The second heart sound is associated with the closing of the ______ valves.
semilunar
Abnormal openings in the interatrial or interventricular walls resulting in abnormal blood flow through heart are called _____ _____.
septal defects
The outermost layer of the digestive tract, which is composed of a thin layer of areolar tissue and simple squamous epithelium, is called the __________. Multiple Choice lumen muscularis externa submucosa mucosa (mucous membrane) serosa (mesentery)
serosa (mesentery)
When sodium channels are fully open, the membrane of the ventricular cardiomyocyte _________
sharply depolarizes
The __________ is the pacemaker that initiates each heart beat
sinuatrial (SA) node
The plateau in the action potential of cardiac muscle results from the action of __________
slow Ca2+ channels
The action potential of a cardiocyte has a plateau due to the opening of ______ channels.
slow calcium
Amino acids and monosaccharides are absorbed in the __________, and fatty acids are absorbed in the __________. Multiple Choice small intestine; large intestine small intestine; liver stomach; small intestine stomach; large intestine small intestine; small intestine
small intestine; small intestine
Depolarization of a cardiocyte is due to the opening of ____ channels.
sodium
The pacemaker potential of SA node cells is due to the influx of ______ ions.
sodium
The depolarization of the SA node (from threshold to peak) is due to the inflow of ______ and ______ ions.
sodium and calcium
The countercurrent multiplier recaptures __________ and is based on fluid flowing in the __________ direction in two adjacent tubules. Multiple Choice potassium; same calcium; opposite calcium; same sodium; opposite sodium; same
sodium; opposite
A ______ is the instrument used to measure blood pressure.
sphygmomanometer
Output from higher brain centers can bypass both the DRG and VRG and go directly to __________, which controls the accessory muscles of respiration. the diaphragm spinal integration centers the cerebral cortex the vagus nerve
spinal integration centers
Any situation that upsets homeostasis and threatens one's physical or emotional well-being is called __________. stress pathology disease hyperthyroidism hirsuitism
stress
Defecation is stimulated by __________. Multiple Choice the chemical composition of the feces bacterial flora in the feces water content of the feces lipid content in the feces stretching of the rectum
stretching of the rectum
The __________ gland is an extrinsic salivary gland, whereas the __________ gland is an intrinsic salivary gland. Multiple Choice lingual; labial submandibular; lingual submandibular; sublingual sublingual; parotid lingual; sublingual
submandibular; lingual
The overall purpose of the countercurrent exchange system is to __________. Multiple Choice supply salt and urea to the renal medulla supply nutrients and oxygen to the renal cortex supply nutrients and oxygen to the renal medulla remove metabolic wastes from the renal cortex remove metabolic wastes from the renal medulla
supply salt and urea to the renal medulla
Cardiostimulatory effects of the cardiac center are transmitted to the heart via fibers of the _______ branch of the autonomic nervous system.
sympathetic
Stimulation of the SA node by the _____ branch of the autonomic nervous system raises the heart rate.
sympathetic
The __________ innervation of the kidneys reduces urine production, while the function of its __________ innervation is unknown. Multiple Choice sympathetic; parasympathetic parasympathetic; sympathetic central; peripheral peripheral; central enteric; somatic
sympathetic; parasympathetic
The muscle tone of the __________ along the colon contracts it lengthwise, causing its walls to bulge and form pouches called __________. Multiple Choice circular folds; ceca taeniae coli; haustra haustra; taeniae coli internal sphincters; omental (epiploic) appendages internal sphincters; ceca
taeniae coli; haustra
Glucagon increases blood glucose concentration and insulin decreases it. This is an example of _____. the cascade effect hormone clearance the antagonistic effect the permissive effect the synergistic effect
the antagonistic effect
Micturition is another term for __________. Multiple Choice the production of nitrogenous wastes glomerular filtration the countercurrent multiplier process inflammation of the urinary bladder the elimination of urine
the elimination of urine
Acid reflux into the esophagus ("heartburn") is normally prevented by __________. Multiple Choice pharyngeal constrictors the upper esophageal sphincter the lower esophageal sphincter (LES) esophageal glands pharyngeal and buccal sphincters
the lower esophageal sphincter (LES)
The mechanism of stabilizing the GFR based on the tendency of smooth muscle to contract when stretched is known as __________. Multiple Choice renal autoregulation the myogenic mechanism tubuloglomerular feedback sympathetic control the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone mechanism
the myogenic mechanism
What makes a cell responsive to a particular hormone? The chemical properties of the hormone The presence of a receptor for that particular hormone The location of the gland that secretes the hormone The location of the target cells in the body The site where the hormone is secreted
the presence of a receptor for that particular hormone
Several digestive enzymes are secreted as zymogens because __________. Multiple Choice it saves one step in their synthesis gastric cells do not have the necessary enzymes for their synthesis they start digesting intracellular proteins of the gastric cells more quickly they act only in the stomach lumen and do not digest intracellular proteins they can start digesting dietary proteins more quickly
they act only in the stomach lumen and do not digest intracellular proteins
Removal of the __________ would be more harmful to a one-year-old child than an adult. Multiple Choice spleen lymph node thymus appendix palatine tonsil
thymus
T cells achieve immunocompetence in the __________. Multiple Choice bone marrow bloodstream spleen thymus liver
thymus
The __________ secretes several hormones that stimulate the development of lymphatic organs and regulates development and activity of T cells (white blood cells). thyroid thymus adrenal gland spleen parathyroid
thymus
The __________ show(s) a remarkable degree of degeneration (involution) with age. Multiple Choice lymph nodes thymus spleen pharyngeal tonsils appendix
thymus
Indicate which of the chemicals can cause an increase in HR.
thyroid hormone, caffeine and nicotine
Cardiac output is equal to stroke volume ______ heart rate.
times
A child's growth would be stunted by thyroid hormone deficiency. True False
true
ADH helps to conserve water during dehydration. True False
true
ADH travels to its target cells via the bloodstream. True False
true
Both the thymus and the pineal gland shrink after childhood. True False
true
Cholesterol is essential for the synthesis of steroid hormones. True False
true
Epinephrine is said to have a glucose-sparing effect. True False
true
Hormones are chemical messengers that are transported by the bloodstream and stimulate physiological responses in cells of another tissue or organ. True False
true
Myxedema is characterized by low metabolic rate, sluggishness, and sleepiness. True False
true
Prostaglandins are considered paracrines. True False
true
Regardless of the cause of stress, the body reacts in a fairly consistent way to different stressors. True False
true
Regardless of the cause of stress, the body reacts in a fairly consistent way to different stressors. True False
true
Steroid hormones travel in the blood attached to protein carriers. True False
true
Stimuli for the secretion of hormones include changes in plasma concentrations of ions, nutrients, and other hormones. True False
true
The adrenal cortex secretes androgens. True False
true
The hypothalamus secretes eight hormones, six to regulate the anterior pituitary and two that are stored in the posterior pituitary. True False
true
The thyroxine-hormone receptor complex increases the level of transcription of specific genes. True False
true
Thyroid hormone has a calorigenic effect. True False
true
Thyroxine is brought to target cells via a protein-carrier. True False
true
True or false: Papillary muscles contract just before the rest of the myocardium in order to tense the tendinous cord prior to ejection of blood.
true
In the nephron, the fluid that immediately precedes urine is known as __________. Multiple Choice plasma glomerular filtrate tubular fluid renal filtrate medullary filtrate
tubular fluid
Each immunoglobulin (Ig) has __________ antigen-binding site(s). Multiple Choice two four six one three
two
Most common allergies are the result of __________. Multiple Choice autoimmune diseases type IV (delayed) hypersensitivity type III (immune complex) hypersensitivity type II (antibody-dependent cytotoxic) hypersensitivity type I (acute) hypersensitivity
type I (acute) hypersensitivity
Beta cell destruction that causes type 1 diabetes mellitus is a(n) __________. Multiple Choice anaphylactic hypersensitivity type IV (delayed) hypersensitivity type III (immune complex) hypersensitivity type II (antibody-dependent cytotoxic) hypersensitivity type I (acute) hypersensitivity
type IV (delayed) hypersensitivity
A byproduct of protein catabolism, __________ constitutes approximately one-half of all nitrogenous waste. Multiple Choice urea creatinine uric acid azotemia ammonia
urea
Water output is largely controlled by varying ___________. Multiple Choice metabolic water production sweating cutaneous transpiration drinking urine volume
urine volume
The pigment responsible for the color of urine is called __________. Multiple Choice monochrome urochrome cyanochrome multichrome pyuria
urochrome
The _____ nerve conveys parasympathetic signals to the heart.
vagus
Which of the following occurs in response to chemical irritants or sensory stimuli? Multiple Choice vomiting mechanical digestion segmentation mass movement
vomiting
Metabolically active tissues have which of the following sets of conditions that shift the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve to the right? ↑ PO2, ↓ PCO2, ↑ temperature, ↑ BPG ↓ PO2, ↑ PCO2, ↑ temperature, ↑ BPG ↓ PO2, ↑ PCO2, ↓ temperature, ↑ BPG ↑ PO2, ↓ PCO2, ↑ temperature, ↓ BPG
↓ PO2, ↑ PCO2, ↑ temperature, ↑ BPG
