Biology 1407 Chapter 22

#5 Part B Which term describes a trait that increases an individual's ability to survive in a particular environment? Evolution Fitness Heritability Adaptation

Adaptation

Identify the pair of homologous structures. Maple leaf and oak leaf Maple leaf and maple seed Neither of the above; plants do not have homologous structures.

Maple leaf and oak leaf

Which of the following is(are) homologous to the bones in this image? (images of various animal bones) It's got the teradactal bone structure.

A - the cat one. The digits of a cat are homologous to those of these whale bones.

#5 Part F A farmer wishes to develop a strain of high-yield corn that is also resistant to drought. He has the following individuals from the current year's crop: Individual A—Yield: 179 bushels/acre; drought resistance: high Individual B—Yield: 220 bushels/acre; drought resistance: low Individual C—Yield: 185 bushels/acre; drought resistance: medium Individual D—Yield: 140 bushels/acre; drought resistance: high Individual E—Yield: 200 bushels/acre; drought resistance: medium Which of the following crosses would produce the highest corn yield with the highest resistance to drought? -A and B -B and B -A and E -C and E

A and E This cross would result in an average corn yield of 189.5 bushels/acre and have a medium-high drought resistance, which is the best you can get for both traits.

#5 Part D Which of the following organisms could be produced by artificial selection? -A cow that produces a large quantity of milk. -A chimpanzee that communicates through sign language. -A dog that serves as the "eyes" for a blind individual. -A rabbit that is housebroken.

A cow that produces a large quantity of milk.

The following question refer to the figure below, which shows an outcrop of sedimentary rock whose strata are labeled A-D. If x indicates the location of fossils of two closely related species, then fossils of their most-recent common ancestor are most likely to occur in which stratum? C D B A

C

During a study session about evolution, one of your fellow students remarks, "The giraffe stretched its neck while reaching for higher leaves; its offspring inherited longer necks as a result." Which statement is most likely to be helpful in correcting this student's misconception? -Spontaneous mutations can result in the appearance of new traits. -Characteristics acquired during an organism's life are generally not passed on through genes. -Disuse of an organ may lead to its eventual disappearance. -Only favorable adaptations have survival value.

Characteristics acquired during an organism's life are generally not passed on through genes.

#5 Part C Which term describes the ability of a trait to be passed on to offspring? Adaptation Heritability Fitness Evolution

Heritability

#5 Part E Which pair of chickens should a farmer breed to produce larger chickens? Large hen, large rooster Small hen, large rooster Small hen, small rooster Large hen, small rooster

Large hen, large rooster

Starting from the wild mustard Brassica oleracea, breeders have created the strains known as Brussels sprouts, broccoli, kale, and cabbage. Therefore, which of the following statements is correct? -Heritable variation is low in wild mustard otherwise this wild strain would have different characteristics. -In this wild mustard, there is enough heritable variation to permit these different varieties. -In wild mustard, most of the variation is due to differences in soil or other aspects of the environment. -Natural selection is rare in wild populations of wild mustard.

In this wild mustard, there is enough heritable variation to permit these different varieties.

What must be true of any organ described as vestigial? -It must be both homologous and analogous to some feature in an ancestor. -It must be analogous to some feature in an ancestor. -It must be homologous to some feature in an ancestor. -It need be neither homologous nor analogous to some feature in an ancestor.

It must be homologous to some feature in an ancestor. Vestigial: A feature of an organism that is a historical remnant of a structure that served a function in the organism's ancestors Analogous: Having characteristics that are similar because of convergent evolution, not homology

Part A Which of the following statements about natural selection is true? -Natural selection favors individuals that reproduce more than others. -Natural selection occurs in opposition to evolution. -Natural selection is a process whereby genes are selected randomly for preservation in the next generation. -Natural selection can be used by farmers to generate organisms with desirable traits.

Natural selection favors individuals that reproduce more than others.

The upper forelimbs of humans and bats have fairly similar skeletal structures, whereas the corresponding bones in whales have very different shapes and proportions. However, genetic data suggest that all three kinds of organisms diverged from a common ancestor at about the same time. Which of the following is the most likely explanation for these data? -Whales are not properly classified as mammals. -Genes mutate faster in whales than in humans or bats. -Natural selection in an aquatic environment resulted in significant changes to whale forelimb anatomy. -Forelimb evolution was adaptive in people and bats, but not in whales. -Humans and bats evolved by natural selection, and whales evolved by Lamarckian mechanisms.

Natural selection in an aquatic environment resulted in significant changes to whale forelimb anatomy

Parasitic species tend to have simple morphologies. Which of the following statements best explains this observation? -Parasites have not yet had time to progress, because they are young evolutionarily. -Parasites do not live long enough to inherit acquired characteristics. -Simple morphologies convey some advantage in most parasites. -Parasites are lower organisms, and this is why they have simple morphologies.

Simple morphologies convey some advantage in most parasites.

In 1959, doctors began using the powerful antibiotic methicillin to treat infections of Staphylococcus aureus, but within two years, methicillin-resistant strains of S. aureus (MRSA) appeared. How did the resistant strains of S. aureus emerge? -In response to treatment of Staphylococcus aureus infections with methicillin, some bacteria began to synthesize cell walls using a protein that was not affected by methicillin. These bacteria survived the methicillin treatments and reproduced at higher rates than did other individuals. Over time, these resistant individuals became increasingly common. -Staphylococcus aureus bacteria that were able to synthesize cell walls using a protein that was not affected by methicillin survived the methicillin treatments and reproduced at higher rates than did other individuals. Over time, these resistant individuals became increasingly common. -In response to treatment of Staphylococcus aureus infections with methicillin, bacterial populations gradually began to synthesize cell walls using a protein that was not affected by methicillin.

Staphylococcus aureus bacteria that were able to synthesize cell walls using a protein that was not affected by methicillin survived the methicillin treatments and reproduced at higher rates than did other individuals. Over time, these resistant individuals became increasingly common.

Which of the following observations led to Darwin's major inferences? -Members of a population vary in their heritable traits. -Body parts that are not used deteriorate over time. -Organisms only go extinct when catastrophes occur. -Although organisms can produce huge numbers of offspring, many of these offspring do not survive. -The first and fourth answers are correct.

The first and fourth answers are correct. Members of a population vary in their heritable traits. Although organisms can produce huge numbers of offspring, many of these offspring do not survive.

A population of organisms will not evolve if _____. -the population lives in a habitat without competing species present -the population size is large -all individual variation is due only to environmental factors -the environment is changing at a relatively slow rate

all individual variation is due only to environmental factors

Varieties of Staphylococcus aureus that are resistant to the drug methicillin _____. -developed in response to the use of methicillin -already existed in the population before methicillin was developed -always have an advantage in every environment -were strongly selected for as methicillin became widely used to treat bacterial infections -The second and fourth answers are correct.

The second and fourth answers are correct: -already existed in the population before methicillin was developed -were strongly selected for as methicillin became widely used to treat bacterial infections Resistant varieties existed in the population but did not confer any advantage until the environment changed with the introduction of the drug methicillin.

A farmer uses triazine herbicide to control pigweed in his field. For the first few years, the triazine works well and almost all the pigweed dies; but after several years, the farmer sees more and more pigweed. Which of these explanations best explains what happened? -Triazine-resistant pigweed has less-efficient photosynthesis metabolism. -The herbicide company lost its triazine formula and started selling poor-quality triazine. -Triazine-resistant weeds were more likely to survive and reproduce. -Natural selection caused the pigweed to mutate, creating a new triazine-resistant species.

Triazine-resistant weeds were more likely to survive and reproduce.

Over long periods of time, many cave-dwelling organisms have lost their eyes. Tapeworms have lost their digestive systems. Whales have lost their hind limbs. How can natural selection account for these losses? -Natural selection cannot account for losses, but accounts only for new structures and functions. -The ancestors of these organisms experienced harmful mutations that forced them to lose these structures. -Under particular circumstances that persisted for long periods, each of these structures presented greater costs than benefits. -Natural selection accounts for these losses by the principle of use and disuse.

Under particular circumstances that persisted for long periods, each of these structures presented greater costs than benefits.

An adaptation is _____. -a trait that gives an organism a reproductive advantage in the current environment -an individual's attempt to conform to its environment -a trait that gives rise to a new species -the cause of natural selection -all of the above

a trait that gives an organism a reproductive advantage in the current environment

The cow Bos primigenius (which is bred for meat and milk) has a smaller brain and larger eyes than closely related wild species of ungulates. These traits most likely arose by _____. -natural selection, because these traits evolved in the population over time -natural selection, because these traits were not consciously selected by humans -artificial selection, because changes in these traits co-occurred with human selection for high milk output and high muscle content -artificial selection, because these animals differ from their close relatives and common ancestor

artificial selection, because changes in these traits co-occurred with human selection for high milk output and high muscle content

The role that humans play in artificial selection is to _____. -determine who lives and who dies -perform artificial insemination -choose which organisms reproduce -create genetic diversity

choose which organisms reproduce

Darwin and Wallace's theory of evolution by natural selection was revolutionary because it _____. -proved that individuals acclimated to their environment over time -dismissed the idea that species are constant and emphasized the importance of variation and change in populations -was the first time a biologist had proposed that species changed through time -was the first theory to refute the ideas of special creation

dismissed the idea that species are constant and emphasized the importance of variation and change in populations

The wing of a bat is homologous to the _____ of a whale. rib cage baleen blowhole flipper tail

flipper

Which of the following must exist in a population before natural selection can act upon that population? -the population has predators -genetic variation among individuals -sexual reproduction -variation among individuals caused by -environmental factors

genetic variation among individuals

Structures as different as human arms, bat wings, and dolphin flippers contain many of the same bones, which develop from similar embryonic tissues. These structural similarities are an example of _____. -the evolution of similar appearance as a result of common function -homology -convergent evolution -the evolution of common structure as a result of common function

homology Similarity in characteristics resulting from a shared ancestry

DNA sequences in many human genes are very similar to the sequences of corresponding genes in chimpanzees. The most likely explanation for this result is that -humans and chimpanzees share a relatively recent common ancestor. -convergent evolution led to the DNA similarities. -chimpanzees evolved from humans. -humans and chimpanzees are not closely related. -humans evolved from chimpanzees.

humans and chimpanzees share a relatively recent common ancestor.

The greatest number of endemic species is expected in environments that are _____. -isolated and ecologically diverse -easily reached and ecologically diverse -easily reached and show little ecological diversity -isolated and show little ecological diversity

isolated and show little ecological diversity

From his observations of organisms in the Galapagos islands, Darwin reasoned that _____. -the organisms in the Galapagos had been specially created to thrive in that environment -the shape of a bird's beak does not affect its ability to survive and reproduce -organisms had adapted to new environments, giving rise to new species -all island species should be similar to each other -none of the above

organisms had adapted to new environments, giving rise to new species

Charles Darwin _____. - proposed natural selection as the mechanism of evolution -was the first to realize that fossils are remains of ancient organisms -eagerly published his theory before it was well-developed -was the first person to conclude that organisms evolve -proposed that unused parts of the body deteriorate

proposed natural selection as the mechanism of evolution Although Wallace submitted his work for publication first, Darwin's work was known to have pre-dated Wallace's work and was much more detailed; therefore, Darwin was given credit for the theory.

Catastrophism was Cuvier's attempt to explain the existence of _____. uniformitarianism evolution the origin of new species the fossil record

the fossil record