Biology 148 Test 3

prophase II -Prophase II is essentially the same as mitotic prophase except that the cells are haploid. Prophase I cells are diploid.

During _____ a spindle forms in a haploid cell. prophase I telophase I and cytokinesis metaphase II anaphase II prophase II

metaphase II -Metaphase II is essentially the same as mitotic metaphase except that the cell is haploid.

During _____ chromosomes align single file along the equator of a haploid cell. prophase I telophase I and cytokinesis metaphase I metaphase II anaphase I

anaphase II -Anaphase II is essentially the same as mitotic anaphase except that the cell is haploid.

During _____ sister chromatids separate. anaphase II metaphase I prophase I prophase II interphase

B. glucose is oxidized and there is net production of ATP -Respiration harnesses the energy from the oxidation of high-energy molecules to produce ATP.

During cellular respiration ____. A. glucose is reduced and there is net hydrolysis of ATP B. glucose is oxidized and there is net production of ATP C. glucose is reduced and there is net production of ATP D. glucose is oxidized and there is net hydrolysis of ATP

D. mitochondrial matrix

During cellular respiration, acetyl CoA accumulates in which location? A. mitochondrial intermembrane space B. mitochondrial inner membrane C. mitochondrial outer membrane D. mitochondrial matrix E. cytosol

A. retained in the two pyruvates

During glycolysis, when each molecule of glucose is catabolized to two molecules of pyruvate, most of the potential energy contained in glucose is _____. A. retained in the two pyruvates B. stored in the NADH produced C. transferred to ADP, forming ATP D. used to phosphorylate fructose to form fructose 6-phosphate E. transferred directly to ATP

sugars -Sugars are produced as a result of photosynthesis.

During photosynthesis, the light energy from the sun is captured and stored in the bonds of _____. sugars hemoglobin oxygen water

C. coenzyme A -One carbon of the three-carbon pyruvate becomes oxidized to CO2 and the remaining two carbons (acetate) combine with coenzyme A to form acetyl coenzyme A.

During pyruvate processing, two carbons from pyruvate combine with ____. A. NAD+ B. ADP C. coenzyme A D. carbon dioxide

HT

A sexually reproducing animal has two unlinked genes, one for head shape (H) and one for tail length (T). Its genotype is HhTt. Which of the following genotypes is possible in a gamete from this organism? HhTt tt HT Hh T

GDP is phosphorylated to produce GTP

A substrate-level phosphorylation occurs in the citric acid cycle when _____. oxaloacetate is phosphorylated NAD+ is phosphorylated to NADH GDP is phosphorylated to produce GTP acetylation of oxaloacetate takes place

Proton gradient -A proton gradient across chloroplast and mitochondrial membranes drives ATP synthesis by the enzyme ATP synthase.

According to the chemiosmotic hypothesis, what provides the energy that directly drives ATP synthesis? Osmotic gradient Electrons Temperature gradient Proton gradient

Net input: -pyruvate -NAD+ -coenzyme A Net output: -CO2 -NADH -acetyl CoA In acetyl CoA formation, pyruvate (a product of glycolysis) is oxidized to acetyl CoA, with the reduction of NAD+ to NADH and the release of one molecule of CO2.

Acetyl CoA Formation Net input: Net output:

NADPH -NADPH supplies the electrons that reduce the phosphorylated 3-PGA.

After 3-PGA is phosphorylated, it is reduced by _____. ATP NADPH NADP+ CO2 ADP

E. haploid, and the chromosomes are each composed of two chromatids

After telophase I of meiosis, the chromosomal makeup of each daughter cell is _____. A. haploid, and the chromosomes are each composed of a single chromatid B. tetraploid, and the chromosomes are each composed of two chromatids C. diploid, and the chromosomes are each composed of a single chromatid D. diploid, and the chromosomes are each composed of two chromatids E. haploid, and the chromosomes are each composed of two chromatids

1/4

Albinism is an autosomal (not sex-linked) recessive trait. A man and woman are both of normal pigmentation, but both have one parent who is albino (without melanin pigmentation). What is the probability that their first child will be an albino? 1 1/2 1/4 0 1/8

telophase II -At the end of telophase II and cytokinesis there are four haploid cells.

At the end of _____ and cytokinesis there are four haploid cells. interphase telophase II prophase I prophase II anaphase I

telophase I -At the end of telophase I and cytokinesis, there are two haploid cells with chromosomes that consist of two sister chromatids each. At the end of telophase II and cytokinesis, chromosomes do not consist of two sister chromatids.

At the end of _____ and cytokinesis, haploid cells contain chromosomes that each consist of two sister chromatids. telophase telophase II telophase I interphase metaphase II

in the electron transport chain

C6H12O6 (glucose) + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O Where is most of the water in this reaction produced? during glycolysis during fermentation in the electron transport chain in the citric acid cycle

E. oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA and the citric acid cycle

Carbon dioxide (CO2) is released during which of the following stages of cellular respiration? A. glycolysis and the oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA B. fermentation and glycolysis C. the citric acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation D. oxidative phosphorylation and fermentation E. oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA and the citric acid cycle

RuBP -In the Calvin cycle, carbon dioxide is added to RuBP.

Carbon fixation involves the addition of carbon dioxide to _____. Rubisco G3P NADPH 3-PGA RuBP

C. ATP will not be produced because there is no ADP and inorganic phosphate in the solution. -This statement is true; although the proton gradient is present, ADP and inorganic phosphate are required to make ATP and were not added to the reaction.

Chloroplast membrane vesicles are equilibrated in a simple solution of pH 5‎ . The solution is then adjusted to pH 8‎ . Which of the following conclusions can be drawn from these experimental conditions? A. Protons will not diffuse toward the outside of the vesicles. B. ATP will be produced because the proton gradient favors proton movement through the ATP synthase channels. C. ATP will not be produced because there is no ADP and inorganic phosphate in the solution. D. The change in the solution's pH results in a gradient across the chloroplast membranes such that there is a lower concentration of protons inside the vesicles and a higher concentration outside.

Net input: -acetyl CoA -ADP -NAD+ Net output: -ATP -coenzyme A -CO2 -NADH In the citric acid cycle, the two carbons from the acetyl group of acetyl CoA are oxidized to two molecules of CO2, while several molecules of NAD+ are reduced to NADH and one molecule of FAD is reduced to FADH2. In addition, one molecule of ATP is produced.

Citric Acid Cycle Net input: Net output:

Net input: -glucose -NAD+ -ADP Net output: -pyruvate -NADH -ATP In glycolysis, the six-carbon sugar glucose is converted to two molecules of pyruvate (three carbons each), with the net production of 2 ATP and 2 NADH per glucose molecule. There is no O2 uptake or CO2 release in glycolysis.

Glycolysis- Net input: Net output:

carry information for the same traits

Homologous chromosomes _____. align on the metaphase plate in meiosis II are identical carry information for the same traits carry the same alleles

anaphase I -During anaphase I sister chromatids remain attached at their centromeres, and homologous chromosomes move to opposite poles.

Homologous chromosomes migrate to opposite poles during _____. metaphase II metaphase I anaphase I prophase II telophase II and cytokinesis

Fusion of gametes -During fertilization, gametes bring together homologous chromosomes to generate a diploid individual.

How do cells acquire homologous chromosome pairs that carry the alleles that are independently assorted? Fusion of gametes DNA replication Mitosis Meiosis

A. half the number of chromosomes and one-fourth the amount of DNA.

How do cells at the completion of meiosis compare with cells that are in prophase of meiosis I? They have _____. A. half the number of chromosomes and one-fourth the amount of DNA. B. half the amount of cytoplasm and twice the amount of DNA. C. twice the amount of cytoplasm and half the amount of DNA. D. the same number of chromosomes and half the amount of DNA. E. half the number of chromosomes and half the amount of DNA.

2

How many NADH are produced by glycolysis? 5 4 3 2 1

6 -Six carbon dioxide molecules are required to produce two G3P molecules, which can be combined to make one glucose molecule.

How many carbon dioxide molecules must be added to RuBP to make a single molecule of glucose? 8 4 6 2 10

Two -The gametes would be either RY or rY.

How many genetically unique types of gametes could be produced by an individual with the genotype RrYY? Two Three Eight One

A. Both electron transport and ATP synthesis would stop. -Oxygen plays an essential role in cellular respiration because it is the final electron acceptor for the entire process. Without O2, mitochondria are unable to oxidize the NADH and FADH2 produced in the first three steps of cellular respiration, and thus cannot make any ATP via oxidative phosphorylation. In addition, without O2 the mitochondria cannot oxidize the NADH and FADH2 back to NAD+ and FAD, which are needed as inputs to the first three stages of cellular respiration.

How would anaerobic conditions (when no O2 is present) affect the rate of electron transport and ATP production during oxidative phosphorylation? (Note that you should not consider the effect on ATP synthesis in glycolysis or the citric acid cycle.) A. Both electron transport and ATP synthesis would stop. B. Electron transport would stop but ATP synthesis would be unaffected. C. Neither electron transport nor ATP synthesis would be affected. D. Electron transport would be unaffected but ATP synthesis would stop.

Chloroplast: blob in matrix stroma: matrix in chloroplast thylakoid: is blob in the stack (stack creates granum)

Identify: Chloroplast, stroma, thylakoid,

12 -Meiosis is a reduction division that reduces the number of chromosomes passed on to daughter cells by one-half.

If a cell has 24 chromosomes, how many chromosomes would each of its four daughter cells have after meiosis? If a cell has 24 chromosomes, how many chromosomes would each of its four daughter cells have after meiosis? 36 12 6 24

B. It has half the amount of DNA as the cell that began meiosis.

If a cell has completed meiosis I and is just beginning meiosis II, which of the following is an appropriate description of its contents? A. It has the same number of chromosomes, but each of them has different alleles than another cell from the same meiosis. B. It has half the amount of DNA as the cell that began meiosis. C. It has half the chromosomes but twice the DNA of the originating cell. D. It has one-fourth the DNA and one-half the chromosomes as the originating cell. E. It is identical in content to another cell formed from the same meiosis I event.

at most, two alleles for that gene

If an organism is diploid and a certain gene found in the organism has eighteen known alleles (variants), then any given organism of that species can/must have which of the following? up to, but not more than, eighteen different traits up to eighteen genes for that trait at most, two alleles for that gene up to eighteen chromosomes with that gene a haploid number of nine chromosomes

fetilization

If meiosis produces haploid cells, how is the diploid number restored for those organisms that spend most of their life cycle in the diploid state? DNA replication fertilization synapsis reverse transcription

B. thylakoid membrane and inner mitochondrial membrane

In a plant cell, where are the ATP synthase complexes located? A. thylakoid membrane only B. thylakoid membrane and inner mitochondrial membrane C. inner mitochondrial membrane only D. thylakoid membrane and plasma membrane E. plasma membrane only

A. NADH and pyruvate

In addition to ATP, what are the end products of glycolysis? A. NADH and pyruvate B. CO2 and H2O C. CO2 and NADH D. H2O, FADH2, and citrate E. CO2 and pyruvate

2 -It takes 2 ATP to produce 4.

In glycolysis there is a net gain of _____ ATP. 3 2 5 4 1

D. substrate-level phosphorylation -A phosphate group is transferred from glyceraldehyde phosphate to ADP.

In glycolysis, ATP molecules are produced by _____. A. photophosphorylation B. cellular respiration C. oxidative phosphorylation D. substrate-level phosphorylation E. photosynthesis

C. two molecules of ATP are used and four molecules of ATP are produced.

In glycolysis, for each molecule of glucose oxidized to pyruvate _____. A. two molecules of ATP are used and six molecules of ATP are produced. B. two molecules of ATP are used and two molecules of ATP are produced. C. two molecules of ATP are used and four molecules of ATP are produced. D. six molecules of ATP are used and six molecules of ATP are produced. E. four molecules of ATP are used and two molecules of ATP are produced.

D. ATP -Some ATP energy is used to start the process of glucose oxidation.

In glycolysis, what starts the process of glucose oxidation? A. ADP B. FADH2 C. hexokinase D. ATP E. NADPH

anaphase I

In meiosis, homologous chromosomes are separated during _____. anaphase II mitosis anaphase I prophase I

Genotype: 1/2 Rr: 1/2 rr; Phenotype: 1/2 Round: 1/2 Wrinkled

In peas, the allele for round seeds (R) is dominant to the allele for wrinkled seeds (r). What would be the genotype and phenotype ratios of offspring from a cross between Rr and rr individuals? Genotype: 1/2 Rr: 1/2 rr; Phenotype: 1/2 Round: 1/2 Wrinkled Genotype: All Rr; Phenotype: All round Genotype: 1/2 Rr: 1/2 rr; Phenotype: All round Genotype: All rr; Phenotype: All wrinkled

3

In the Calvin cycle, how many ATP molecules are required to regenerate RuBP from five G3P molecules? 4 1 5 3 2

E. substrate-level phosphorylation -A phosphate group is transferred from GTP to ADP.

In the citric acid cycle, ATP molecules are produced by _____. A. photosynthesis B. photophosphorylation C. oxidative phosphorylation D. cellular respiration E. substrate-level phosphorylation

A. the random way each pair of homologous chromosomes lines up at the metaphase plate during meiosis I

Independent assortment of chromosomes is a result of _____. A. the random way each pair of homologous chromosomes lines up at the metaphase plate during meiosis I B. the diverse combination of alleles that may be found within any given chromosome C. the random distribution of the sister chromatids to the two daughter cells during anaphase II D. the relatively small degree of homology shared by the X and Y chromosomes E. the random combinations of eggs and sperm during fertilization

meiosis I only

Independent assortment of chromosomes occurs during _____. mitosis and meiosis I meiosis II only mitosis only meiosis I only mitosis and meiosis II

glycolysis - cytosol acetyl CoA formation - mitochondrial matrix citric acid cycle - mitochondrial matrix oxidative phosphorylation - inner mitochondrial membrane Cellular respiration begins with glycolysis in the cytosol. Pyruvate, the product of glycolysis, then enters the mitochondrial matrix, crossing both the outer and inner membranes. Both acetyl CoA formation and the citric acid cycle take place in the matrix. The NADH and FADH2 produced during the first three stages release their electrons to the electron transport chain of oxidative phosphorylation at the inner mitochondrial membrane. The inner membrane provides the barrier that creates an H+ gradient during electron transport, which is used for ATP synthesis.

Locations- glycolysis: acetyl CoA formation: citric acid cycle: oxidative phosphorylation:

two ... haploid -At the end of meiosis I there are two haploid cells.

Meiosis I produces _____ cells, each of which is _____. two ... haploid two... identical to the other four ... haploid two... diploid four ... diploid

four ... haploid -At the end of meiosis II there are typically 4 haploid cells.

Meiosis II typically produces _____ cells, each of which is _____. four ... haploid four ... identical to the other two... diploid four ... diploid two ... haploid

Fewer protons are pumped across the inner mitochondrial membrane when FADH2 is the electron donor than when NADH is the electron donor. -Electrons derived from the oxidation of FADH2 enter the electron transport chain at Complex II, farther down the chain than electrons from NADH (which enter at Complex I).

NADH and FADH2 are both electron carriers that donate their electrons to the electron transport chain. The electrons ultimately reduce O2 to water in the final step of electron transport. However, the amount of ATP made by electrons from an NADH molecule is greater than the amount made by electrons from an FADH2 molecule. Which statement best explains why more ATP is made per molecule of NADH than per molecule of FADH2? A. It takes more energy to make ATP from ADP and Pi using FADH2 than using NADH. B. There is more NADH than FADH2 made for every glucose that enters cellular respiration. C. Fewer protons are pumped across the inner mitochondrial membrane when FADH2 is the electron donor than when NADH is the electron donor. D. FADH2 is made only in the citric acid cycle while NADH is made in glycolysis, acetyl CoA formation, and the citric acid cycle. E. The H+ gradient made from electron transport using NADH is located in a different part of the mitochondrion than the H+ gradient made using FADH2.

Net input: -NADH -O2 -ADP Net output: -NAD+ -H2O -ATP In oxidative phosphorylation, the NADH and FADH2 produced by the first three stages of cellular respiration are oxidized in the electron transport chain, reducing O2 to water and recycling NAD+ and FAD back to the first three stages of cellular respiration. The electron transport reactions supply the energy to drive most of a cell's ATP production.

Oxidative Phosphorylation Net input: Net output:

A. electrons - Reduction is the gain of an electron and oxidation is the loss of an electron.

Redox reactions involve the gain or loss of _____. A. electrons B. phosphate C. neutrons D. protons

Assignment 13 #6

Review Calvin Cycle

Assignment 13 number 4

Review Light reactions

Assignment 15#2

Review Meiosis

E. can produce diverse phenotypes that may enhance survival of a population in a changing environment

Sexual reproduction _____. A. allows animals to conserve resources and reproduce only during optimal conditions B. guarantees that both parents will provide care for each offspring C. yields more numerous offspring more rapidly than is possible with asexual reproduction D. enables males and females to remain isolated from each other while rapidly colonizing habitats E. can produce diverse phenotypes that may enhance survival of a population in a changing environment

mitosis and meiosis II

Sister chromatids separate from each other during _____. meiosis I only mitosis and meiosis II mitosis only meiosis II only mitosis and meiosis I

two

Somatic cells of roundworms have four individual chromosomes per cell. How many chromosomes would you expect to find in an ovum from a roundworm? two eight four a diploid number

100%

Substrate-level phosphorylation accounts for approximately what percentage of the ATP formed by the reactions of glycolysis? 38% 2% 100% 10% 0%

blue and violet

Suppose a plant has a unique photosynthetic pigment and the leaves of this plant appear to be reddish yellow. What wavelengths of visible light are absorbed by this pigment? blue and violet green and yellow blue, green, and red red and yellow green, blue, and yellow

prophase I -Synapsis, the pairing of homologous chromosomes, occurs during prophase I.

Synapsis occurs during _____. anaphase II prophase I telophase I and cytogenesis metaphase II prophase II

B. establishment of a proton gradient across the thylakoid membrane

The chemiosmotic process in chloroplasts involves the _____. A. reduction of water to produce ATP B. establishment of a proton gradient across the thylakoid membrane C. formation of glucose, using carbon dioxide, NADPH, and ATP D. movement of water by osmosis into the thylakoid space from the stroma E. diffusion of electrons through the thylakoid membrane

determines the phenotype in a heterozygote

The dominant allele ____. provides an increased chance of survival to offspring is the most common allele in a population determines the phenotype in a heterozygote can be determined by examining the offspring of a pure-line self-fertilization.

water ... NADPH -NADPH is a reactant in the Calvin cycle.

The light reactions of photosynthesis use _____ and produce _____. NADPH ... NADP+ water ... NADPH NADPH ... oxygen carbon dioxide ... sugar carbon dioxide ... oxygen

A. are membrane proteins present in the thylakoid

The proteins of the electron transport chain active in the light-dependent reactions _____. A. are membrane proteins present in the thylakoid B. are considered to be part of the reaction center of photosystem I C. absorb the same wavelengths of light as their associated chlorophylls D. are free proteins present in the thylakoid lumen

False -A haploid organism only has one set of chromosomes, so it has no homologous chromosomes.

True or false? A haploid organism has one pair of homologous chromosomes. True or false? A haploid organism has one pair of homologous chromosomes. True False

False -The chemiosmotic hypothesis states that the flow of electrons through an electron transport chain generates a proton gradient that leads to the synthesis of ATP.

True or false? The chemiosmotic hypothesis states that the synthesis of ATP generates a proton gradient that leads to electron flow through an electron transport chain. True False

False -The principle of independent assortment is best illustrated by events that take place during metaphase I, during which nonhomologous chromosomes segregate independently of each other.

True or false? The principle of independent assortment is best illustrated by events that take place during metaphase II, during which sister chromatids segregate independently of each other. True False

False -The region of ATP synthase that catalyzes ATP production protrudes out of, but does not span, the chloroplast membrane; the region that spans the membrane is an ion channel through which protons can pass.

True or false? The region of ATP synthase that catalyzes the production of ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate spans the chloroplast membrane. True False

An electron is excited.

What event accompanies energy absorption by chlorophyll (or other pigment molecules of the antenna complex)? An electron is excited. ATP is synthesized from the energy absorbed. Electrons are stripped from NADPH. A carboxylation reaction of the Calvin cycle occurs.

A. The sequence of bases of a particular gene

What information can not be obtained from an individual's karyotype? A. The sequence of bases of a particular gene B. The types of chromosomes present in the individual C. The number of autosomes in the individual D. The ploidy of the individual

They convert carbon dioxide to sugar. -All organisms use the sugars produced by photosynthesis to generate energy.

What is the biological significance of the light-independent reactions of photosynthesis? They make oxygen. They generate ATP and NADPH. They convert ATP to sugar. They convert carbon dioxide to sugar.

One pair of homologous chromosomes -One chromosome in a tetrad is paternally inherited, while the other is maternally inherited. Each chromosome consists of two chromatids. The tetrad is composed of four sister chromatids.

What is the composition of a tetrad at the beginning of prophase I? One pair of homologous chromosomes Four different chromosomes Two pairs of homologous chromosomes Two sister chromatids

D. glycolysis, pyruvate processing, citric acid cycle, electron transport, oxidative phosphorylation

What is the correct sequence of steps in cellular respiration, starting with glucose? A. glycolysis, pyruvate processing, citric acid cycle, fermentation B. glycolysis, citric acid cycle, pyruvate processing, electron transport, oxidative phosphorylation C. glycolysis, citric acid cycle, electron transport, oxidative phosphorylation, fermentation D. glycolysis, pyruvate processing, citric acid cycle, electron transport, oxidative phosphorylation

D. The light-independent reactions turn CO2, a gas, into usable carbon in the form of sugars. -CO2 is unusable until plants have "fixed" this carbon into sugar.

What is the importance of the light-independent reactions in terms of carbon flow in the biosphere? A. The light-independent reactions turn glucose, a sugar, into CO2 gas. B. The light-independent reactions use CO2 to make ATP. C. The light-independent reactions turn sugar into ATP for energy. D. The light-independent reactions turn CO2, a gas, into usable carbon in the form of sugars.

2n

What is the ploidy of organisms that have two sets of chromosomes? What is the ploidy of organisms that have two sets of chromosomes? 3n n 4n 2n

FADH2 -FADH2 is a reduced molecule and an electron donor.

What molecule produced during the citric acid cycle feeds into the electron transport chain? ATP FADH2 oxygen (O2 carbon dioxide

Meiosis -The role of meiosis is to separate homologous chromosomes and their respective alleles, which are assorted in an independent manner.

What process is responsible for the independent assortment of alleles? Mitosis Meiosis. Cytokinesis. DNA replication.

D. glycolysis -Glycolysis occurs in the cytosol.

What process occurs in Box A? (Glucose -> pyruvate in the cytosol) A. electron transport B. electron transport and oxidative phosphorylation C. oxidative phosphorylation D. glycolysis E. the citric acid cycle

D. the citric acid cycle -The citric acid cycle transfers electrons to NADH and FADH2.

What process occurs within Box B? (Inside mitochondria- in a circle) A. oxidative phosphorylation B. electron transport C. photophosphorylation D. the citric acid cycle E. glycolysis

NADPH and ATP -These two molecules are produced in the light-capturing reactions of photosynthesis and are used to provide energy and reducing power to convert carbon dioxide into sugar.

What two molecules produced during the light-capturing reactions of photosynthesis are used in the Calvin cycle? carbon dioxide and oxygen glucose and oxygen oxygen and water NADPH and ATP

D. hydrolysis -Hydrolysis involves breaking bonds with the addition of water.

What type of reaction breaks the bonds that join the phosphate groups in an ATP molecule? A. dehydration synthesis B. entropic C. anabolism D. hydrolysis E. dehydration decomposition

One daughter cell would be 2n; the other would have no chromosomes.

What would be the outcome of meiosis I if none of the homologous chromosomes separate at anaphase? One daughter cell would be 2n; the other would have no chromosomes. Both daughter cells would be n. One daughter cell would be 2n; the other would be n. One daughter cell would be 4n; the other would have no chromosomes.

A. free energy is released -ATP hydrolysis is exergonic.

When ATP is hydrolyzed into ADP and inorganic phosphate, _____. A. free energy is released B. a redox reaction has occurred C. there is no change in free energy D. free energy is required

occurs before meiosis I begins

When does DNA replication take place regarding meiosis? DNA replication _____. occurs during prophase I does not take place in cells destined to undergo meiosis occurs between meiosis I and meiosis II occurs before meiosis I begins

in the stroma

Where does calvin cycle occur?

C. Citric acid cycle: (1) Acetyl CoA; (2) NADH, ATP (or GTP), FADH2,, and CO2

Which answer correctly associates a process in cellular respiration with (1) what goes in and (2) what comes out? A. Citric acid cycle: (1) Acetyl CoA, CO2; (2) NADH, ATP (or GTP), and FADH2 B. Pyruvate processing: (1) Acetyl CoA; (2) Pyruvate, NADH, and CO2. C. Citric acid cycle: (1) Acetyl CoA; (2) NADH, ATP (or GTP), FADH2,, and CO2 D. Glycolysis: (1) Glucose, NADH; (2) Pyruvate

Separation of homologs at anaphase I -The physical separation of alleles on the two homologs in anaphase of meiosis I explains why each gamete contains one allele of each gene.

Which chromosomal event in meiosis explains Mendel's principal of segregation? Independent assortment of nonhomologous chromosomes at metaphase I Separation of homologs at anaphase I Separation of homologs at metaphase I Crossing over between homologs during prophase I

Nonhomologous chromosomes line up independently during meiosis I. -This event explains why alleles on nonhomologous (different) chromosomes assort independently, and explains why gametes contain random assortments of maternal and paternal chromosomes.

Which chromosomal event in meiosis explains Mendel's principle of independent assortment? Separation of sister chromatids during meiosis II Crossing over between homologs during meiosis I Homologs separate during meiosis I. Nonhomologous chromosomes line up independently during meiosis I.

NADH and FADH2

Which electron carrier(s) function in the citric acid cycle? NAD+ only the electron transport chain ADP and ATP NADH and FADH2

ATP and NADPH

Which of the following are products of the light reactions of photosynthesis that are utilized in the Calvin cycle? ADP, i, and NADP+ ATP and NADPH electrons and H+ CO2 and glucose H2O and O2

C. The reaction proceeds with a net release of free energy.

Which of the following is true for all exergonic reactions? A. The products have more total energy than the reactants. B. The reactions are rapid. C. The reaction proceeds with a net release of free energy. D. The reaction goes only in a forward direction: all reactants will be converted to products, but no products will be converted to reactants. E. A net input of energy from the surroundings is required for the reactions to proceed.

NADPH -The NADPH produced by photosystem I is used to supply energy for the production of sugars during photosynthesis.

Which of the following molecules is the primary product of photosystem I? ATP Carbon dioxide Oxygen NADPH

synapsis of chromosomes

Which of the following occurs in meiosis but not in mitosis? condensation of chromosomes chromosome replication synapsis of chromosomes alignment of chromosomes at the equator production of daughter cells

A. glycolysis and fermentation

Which of the following occurs in the cytosol of a eukaryotic cell? A. glycolysis and fermentation B. fermentation and chemiosmosis C. oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA D. oxidative phosphorylation E. citric acid cycle

AaBb, aabb -The offspring of these parents would have a phenotypic ratio of 1:1:1:1.

Which of the following parental genotypes would yield a 1:1:1:1 phenotypic ratio in the offspring? aaBb, AaBb aaBb, aabb AaBb, AaBb AaBb, aabb

Protons -The channels formed by ATP synthase are specific for protons.

Which of the following particles can pass through the ATP synthase channel? Inorganic phosphate ADP Protons ATP

Regneration of RuBP -The regeneration of RuBP ensures that the Calvin cycle can proceed indefinitely, since RuBP fixes carbon dioxide into an organic molecule that is used to produce sugar.

Which of the following reactions ensures that the Calvin cycle can make a continuous supply of glucose? Carbon fixation Regneration of RuBP Production of 3-phosphoglycerate Production of G3P

C. NAD+ is reduced to NADH during glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, and the citric acid cycle. Therefore, glycolysis CANNOT function without NAD+. NAD+ CANNOT donate electrons for use in oxidative phosphorylation. NAD+ DOES NOT have more chemical energy than NADH. NAD+ IS NOT oxidized by the action of hydrogenases.

Which of the following statements about NAD+ is true? A. In the absence of NAD+, glycolysis can still function. B. NAD+ can donate electrons for use in oxidative phosphorylation. C. NAD+ is reduced to NADH during glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, and the citric acid cycle. D. NAD+ has more chemical energy than NADH. E. NAD+ is oxidized by the action of hydrogenases.

A. Meiosis II is similar to mitosis in that sister chromatids of each chromosome separate. -Both meiosis II and mitosis are cell divisions involving the separation of sister chromatids. In meiosis II, a haploid cell divides.

Which of the following statements about meiosis and mitosis is true? A. Meiosis II is similar to mitosis in that sister chromatids of each chromosome separate. B. In meiosis II and mitosis, a diploid cell divides. C. Each daughter cell produced during meiosis and mitosis is genetically identical to the parent cell. D. In mitosis and meiosis I, homologous chromosomes move independently of each other.

C. The light-dependent reactions produce ATP and NADPH, which are then used by the light-independent reactions. -Light energy drives the formation of ATP and NADPH during the light-dependent reactions; these energy molecules are then used during the light-independent reactions to form sugars.

Which of the following statements best describes the relationship between the light-dependent and light-independent reactions of photosynthesis? A. The light-dependent reactions produce carbon dioxide, which is then used by the light-independent reactions. B. The light-dependent reactions pass electrons through an electron transport chain to the light-independent reactions. C. The light-dependent reactions produce ATP and NADPH, which are then used by the light-independent reactions. D. The light-independent reactions release energy, and the light-dependent reactions require energy.

B. Alleles of different genes segregate from one another in a random manner. -The random distribution of alleles is required for independent assortment.

Which of the following statements most accurately describes the process of independent assortment? A. Alleles found on separate chromosomes segregate based upon their origin. B. Alleles of different genes segregate from one another in a random manner. C. Genes located on the same chromosome assort as an independent unit. D. Dominant alleles segregate with recessive alleles.

E. acetyl CoA -CoA is a reactant in the citric acid cycle.

Which of these enters the citric acid cycle? A. G3P B. NADH + H+ C. glucose D. pyruvate E. acetyl CoA

D. FADH2 -FADH2 is a product of the citric acid cycle.

Which of these is NOT a product of glycolysis? A. NADH B. ATP C. pyruvate D. FADH2

acetyl CoA This enters the citric acid cycle

Which of these is NOT a product of the citric acid cycle? FADH2 CO2 ATP NADH + H+ acetyl CoA

3 phosphate- ribose - A base

Which one of these is ATP?

C. γ-phosphate (the terminal phosphate) -The γ-phosphate is the primary phosphate group on the ATP molecule that is hydrolyzed when energy is needed to drive anabolic reactions. Located the farthest from the ribose sugar, it has a higher energy than either the α- or β-phosphate.

Which part of the adenosine triphosphate molecule is released when it is hydrolyzed to provide energy for biological reactions? A. α -phosphate (the phosphate closest to ribose) B. β-phosphate (the middle phosphate) C. γ-phosphate (the terminal phosphate) D. adenine group E. ribose sugar

The light-dependent reactions

Which set of reactions uses H2O and produces O2? The light-dependent reactions The light-independent reactions

C. The activated substrate BP has higher free energy than substrate B. -The higher free energy of activated substrate BP means that its reaction with A is exergonic, whereas the reaction of B with A is endergonic.

Which statement is correct concerning the energetic coupling of reactions shown in Figure 8.9? A. Products of the coupled reaction have lower free energy than products of the uncoupled reaction. B. Substrate A has higher free energy in the coupled versus the uncoupled reaction. C. The activated substrate BP has higher free energy than substrate B. D. AB synthesis from A + BP is exergonic because phosphorylation of substrate B is exergonic.

D. They involve the transfer of electrons. -Energy is transferred via electrons

Which statement is true for all redox reactions? A. An atom or molecule loses one or more electrons via reduction. B. An atom or molecule gains one or more electrons via oxidation. C. They involve the transfer of hydrogens. D. They involve the transfer of electrons.

Chiasma -The chiasma is an X-shaped structure formed from the crossing over of homologous chromosomes, which can then exchange segments at the crossover sites.

Which structure is directly correlated with the production of genetic variability in the daughter cells produced during meiosis? Which structure is directly correlated with the production of genetic variability in the daughter cells produced during meiosis? Chiasma Tetrad Centromere Synapsis

Photophosphorylation -The excitation of chlorophyll by light energy initiates a chain of events that leads to ATP production.

Which term describes ATP production resulting from the capture of light energy by chlorophyll? Oxidative phosphorylation Photophosphorylation Substrate-level phosphorylation Dephosphorylation

blending inheritance -Blending inheritance predicts that the F1 generation should have a phenotype intermediate to that of the parents. This is not what was observed.

Which theory was disproved when Mendel observed that the F1 generation of a monohybrid cross resembled one of the parents? the chromosome theory of inheritance dominance blending inheritance evolution

D. It provides energy coupling between exergonic and endergonic reactions.

Why is ATP an important molecule in metabolism? A. Its terminal phosphate bond has higher energy than the other two phosphate bonds. B. Its terminal phosphate group contains a strong covalent bond that, when hydrolyzed, releases free energy. C. Its hydrolysis provides an input of free energy for exergonic reactions. D. It provides energy coupling between exergonic and endergonic reactions. D. It is one of the four building blocks for DNA synthesis.

E. It uses stored ATP and then forms a net increase in ATP.

Why is glycolysis described as having an investment phase and a payoff phase? A. It uses glucose and generates pyruvate. B. It both splits molecules and assembles molecules. C. It shifts molecules from cytosol to mitochondrion. D. It attaches and detaches phosphate groups. E. It uses stored ATP and then forms a net increase in ATP.