Biology 2

Tracheophytes first arose approximately how many years ago?

410 million

A fern embryo is produced when

A sperm swims to an egg

Which of the following accurately identifies all plants that produce seeds?

Angiosperms and gymnosperms

How do ferns produce haploid spores?

By meiosis in sporangia

Choose the two major groups that comprise the green algae.

Chlorophytes Charophytes

Choose the answers that describe the typical shapes of moss sporangia.

Cylindrical Club-shaped

Choose all components of fern sporophytes.

Fronds Fiddleheads Rhizomes

Select all true statements about lycophytes.

In lycophytes, the sporophyte generation is dominant. Despite resembling true mosses, lycophytes have vascular tissues.

Choose all places where you are likely to find mosses.

In peat bogs The tropics

Choose all features of lycophyte gametophytes.

It is free-living in most lycophytes. It produces both sperm and egg cells.

Which of the following distinguish land plants from the clade of green algae known as the charophytes?

Multicellular sporophytes Multicellular gametophytes Diploid embryos

Select all true statements about hornworts.

Of all bryophytes, their sporophytes are most similar to those of vascular plants. Their gametophytes are photosynthetic. Their sporophytes have stomata.

Select all features of fern sporophytes.

Photosynthetic Vascular Multicellular

Select the three clades of vascular plants.

Pterophytes Lycophytes Seed plants

Select all structures produced by mosses.

Rhizoids Sporangia

In plants, meiosis occurs within what structure?

Sporangia

During the evolution of plant vascular tissues, which developed first?

Stems

Mosses are the most abundant plants in what areas of the world?

The Arctic and Antarctic

Select all adaptations of land plants that distinguish them from their algal relatives.

The presence of a waxy cuticle on air-exposed surfaces The presence of specialized water transporting tissues The presence of stomata for gas exchange

Select all features of horsetails.

They are homosporous. Their stems are hollow. They have jointed stems.

The sporophyte of what plant group consists of evenly forking photosynthetic stems that lack roots and leaves?

Whisk Ferns

A major adaptation to a terrestrial lifestyle in land plants is

a cuticle on exposed surfaces.

In mosses and ferns, the haploid (gametophyte) generation occupies

a larger portion of the life cycle than it does in seed plants.

The lycophytes are the sister group to

all other vascular plants.

In the fern life cycle, a new fern sporophyte is created when a sperm cell produced in the Blank 1 of 2 fertilizes a single egg housed in a(n) Blank 2 of 2 and subsequently forms a zygote.

antheridia archegonium

All of the following are examples of vascular plants except _______.

bryophytes

The closest living descendants of the first land plants are the

bryophytes

The closest living descendants of the first land plants are the nontracheophytes, called the

bryophytes

All vascular plant sporophytes have a waxy Blank 1 of 2 and pores called Blank 2 of 2 to help prevent water loss.

cuticle, stomata

Hornwort gametophytes are typically provided with nitrogen by their symbiotic, nitrogen-fixing

cyanobacteria

The most abundant group of seedless vascular plants is known by the common name of

ferns

The most abundant group of seedless vascular plants is known by the common name of Blank 1 of 1.

ferns

One reason bryophytes require water for fertilization is because their sperm are

flagellated

Stomata are required in land plants because land plants

have a cuticle.

A plant is said to be Blank 1 of 1 if all of its spores are similar in appearance.

homosporous

Plants that produce one spore type are called ______.

homosporous

The Blank 1 of 1 are seedless vascular plants with hollow jointed stems.

horsetails

The most common type of liverwort is ______.

leafy

Over the course of plant evolution, the general trend has been toward

more embryo protection and a smaller gametophyte.

The bryophytes are also known as - plants because they lack tracheids.

nontracheophyte

The bryophytes are also known as Blank 1 of 1 plants because they lack tracheids.

nontracheophyte

Choose the two types of vascular tissue.

phloem xylem

In mosses and ferns, the gametophyte generation is

photosynthetic and free-living.

Mosses differ from other bryophytes because their gametophytes

produce structures that look like leaves and stems

A unique feature of whisk fern gametophytes is that some

produce vascular tissue.

Seeds are very resistant structures, that can Blank 1 of 2 and nourish the young Blank 2 of 2. Listen to the complete question

protect plant

The greatest diversity of mosses is found in

the tropics.

Bryophyte rhizoids are not true roots because

they are unicellular.

A mature fern sporangium disperses its spores

through a catapulting mechanism.

Bryophytes are particularly common in what areas?

Near stream beds Damp forest floors Moist areas of the tropics

Today, club mosses are most abundant in what areas?

The tropics and moist temperate regions

Land plants evolved from

freshwater green algae

Approximately how long ago did green algae and the land plants share a common ancestor?

1 billion

Which of the following are characteristics of all (with a few exceptions, such as parasitic plants) land plants?

Diploid embryos Multicellular haploid and diploid generations The ability to photosynthesize

Which of the following is true of gamete production in humans and land plants?

Gametes are formed by meiosis in humans. Gametes are formed by mitosis in land plants.

Choose all features of the alga ancestor of land plants.

Lived in freshwater Photosynthetic

Select all types of leaves found in vascular plants.

Lycophylls Euphylls

The sister group to all other vascular plants is the Blank 1 of 1.

Lycophytes

Select the main evolutionary innovation that helped the tracheophytes to become dominant in many terrestrial ecosystems.

The development of vascular tissue

Which of the following are similarities that evolved independently in at least some species of both lycophytes and other vascular plants?

The presence of leaves A treelike growth form

Which of the following is true of bryophyte rhizoids?

They aid in absorption.

Select all true statements about whisk fern sporophytes.

They are photosynthetic (green). They lack true leaves.

Select all features of whisk fern gametophytes.

They associate with fungi for nutrient uptake They are colorless

Select all ways in which moss leaflike structures differ from true leaves.

They lack stomata They lack veins Most of their surface is one cell layer thick

Select all features of liverworts.

They may be leafy or lobed. Gametophytes have rhizoids.

Select all adaptive features of seeds.

They protect the embryo. They nourish the embryo.

Select all true statements about bryophytes.

They undergo meiosis to produce spores The gametophyte generation is more conspicuous than the sporophyte

What clade arose approximately 410 million years ago?

Tracheophytes

Select all functions of roots.

Transport of water Plant support

Select all major limiting factors for the establishment of early terrestrial plant life.

Water availability Carbon dioxide

Choose all features that confined the green algal ancestors of plants to water.

ess water availibility in terrestrial environment-higer levels of UV light on land

True or false: Although club mosses were worldwide in distribution in the past, they are now limited to the tropics.

false

A common feature of whisk ferns and horsetails is that they both have sperm with Blank 1 of 2; for that reason, those plants require free water for Blank 2 of 2.

flagella fertillization

Although some lycophytes have photosynthetic gametophytes, the gametophytes of other lycophyte species may grow below ground and obtain nourishment from a symbiotic relationship with soil

fungi

Although some lycophytes have photosynthetic gametophytes, the gametophytes of other lycophyte species may grow below ground and obtain nourishment from a symbiotic relationship with soil Blank 1 of 1.

fungi

In plants, the gametophyte produces Blank 1 of 2 and the sporophyte produces Blank 2 of 2.

gametes spores

Over the course of plant evolution from bryophytes to seed plants, the general trend has been toward a significant decrease in the size of the Blank 1 of 1 stage in the life cycle.

gametophyte

In plants, the haploid generation is called the Blank 1 of 2 and the diploid generation is the Blank 2 of 2.

gametophyte sporophyte

Approximately 1 billion years ago, land plants shared a common ancestor with

green algae

Seeds are produced by

gymnosperms and angiosperms

In liverworts, the well-known flattened species are lobed and resemble Blank 1 of 2, whereas the Blank 2 of 2 form is much more common. Listen to the complete question

liver leafy

Evidence suggests that leaves evolved more than once; Blank 1 of 2 are small leaves found in the lycophytes and Blank 2 of 2 are the true leaves of ferns and seed plants.

lycophylls euphylls

Of the two types of leaves, those with a single vein supporting relatively small leaves are called Blank 1 of 2 while those with branching veins that likely arose when branching stems became webbed with leaf tissue are

lycophylls euphylls

Of the two types of leaves, those with a single vein supporting relatively small leaves are called Blank 1 of 2 while those with branching veins that likely arose when branching stems became webbed with leaf tissue are Blank 2 of 2. Listen to the complete question

lycophylls euphylls

Even though Blank 1 of 1 diverged from all other vascular plants early in their evolutionary history, they are similar in having leaves and a treelike growth form.

lycophytes

In plants, spores are produced within sporangia through the process of

meiosis

in humans, gametes such as sperm and eggs are formed by the cellular process of Blank 1 of 2 whereas land plants produce gametes by the process of

meiosis mitosis

The waxy cuticle and stomata on the above-ground parts of tracheophyte sporophytes function in

reduction of water loss.

What structure functions both in support of the plant and transport of water and nutrients in tracheophytes?

roots

The three clades of vascular plants are the lycophytes, pterophytes, and Blank 1 of 1plants.

seed

Liverworts reproduce through

sexual and asexual means.

The cone-like structure on a horsetail stem produces haploid

spores

Moss sporophytes typically have a slender Blank 1 of 2 with a swollen capsule, known as the Blank 2 of 2, at its tip. Listen to the complete question

stalk sporangium

The earliest vascular plants contained

stems but not roots.

Land plants usually produce many Blank 1 of 1 on their leaves to allow gas exchange across the waxy cuticle on exposed surfaces.

stomata

The charophytes and all land plants are collectively referred to as

streptophytes

An important difference that distinguished the leaflike structures of moss gametophytes from true leaves is

the lack of vascular tissue.

Because water availability was a limiting factor for the growth of early terrestrial plant life, such plants likely had the ability to

tolerate dessication.

Nontracheophytes are plants that lack

tracheids

Tracheophytes are dominant in many terrestrial ecosystems because of their ability to produce

vascular tissue.

In bryophytes the sperm are flagellated and have to swim to the archegonia; therefore, the presence of Blank 1 of 1 is necessary for fertilization.

water

Choose all that are carried in vascular tissue.

water minerals sucrose hormones

The adaptation of plants to a terrestrial environment required more

water loss management