Biology 204 Final exam

to produce

-gen-

Identify the role(s) of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) in human reproduction.

1. FSH stimulates the growth of new follicles in the ovary. 2. FSH promotes the activity of Sertoli cells, which nourish sperm developing within seminiferous tubules.

indicate the sequence of events occurring between fusion of the sperm and egg and formation of the fertilization envelope.

1. Sperm and egg fuse; cytoplasmic Ca2+ wave begins 2. Cortical granules fuse with egg plasma membrane 3. Sperm-binding receptors on egg plasma membrane and deraded 4. vitelline layer is released frm egg plasma membrane 5. perivitelline space expands due to osmotic water movement 6. Formation of fertilization envelope complete

What processes cause the cytoplasmic Ca2+ concentration to return to its normal low level?

1. The Ca2+ channels close, preventing Ca2+ ions from leaving the ER. 2. The ATP-dependent Ca2+ pumps in the ER are activated, pumping Ca2+ back into the ER.

Can polyspermy occur when 1. No channel blocker added (control)? or 2. Channel blocker added (experimental)?

1. no 2. yes

Can the cytoplasmic Ca2+ concentration increase in response to the fusion of sperm and egg when 1. No channel blocker is added (control)? or when a 2. Channel blocker is added (experimental)?

1. yes 2. no

Can the fertilization envelope form? 1. No channel blocker added (control) 2. Channel blocker added (experimental)

1. yes 2. no

Can fusion of sperm and egg occur when.... 1. No channel blocker is added (control)? or when a 2. Channel blocker is added (experimental)?

1. yes 2. yes

Which three statements are true of blood flowing through a capillary at the location marked by the green circle?

1.Dissolved oxygen in the blood is lowest at this point. 2. Oxygen diffuses from the water into the blood. 3. The water surrounding the blood has a low concentration of oxygen.

Which five of the following statements are true about organogenesis in a frog embryo?

1.The endoderm gives rise to the lining of the frog's digestive tract. 2. The notochord does not persist in adult frogs. 3. The neural tube forms from ectoderm and develops into the central nervous system. 4. Some somite cells migrate to other locations in the developing embryo. 5. Somites form along the length of the notochord and neural tube.

Which of the following describes the path taken by oxygen-rich blood?

From the gills to the body tissues (Red indicates vessels that carry oxygen-rich blood. In fish, blood picks up oxygen as it passes through the gills. This oxygen-rich blood then travels directly to the body tissues, where the oxygen is used.)

Which of the following statements describing hominin evolution is/are correct

Homo sapiens is the only surviving member of a highly branched evolutionary tree of hominin species.

Bacteria that produce vitamins are found in the greatest concentration in location _____.

Large intestine

Is the number of divisions that gives rise to mature intestinal cells always the same?

No, the number of divisions from the zygote to particular intestinal cells ranges from seven to nine.

Which of the following is most true of sexual reproduction?

Only half of the offspring from sexually reproducing females are also females.

The developmental precursors to the gonadal tissues of Caenorhabditis elegans uniquely contain _____.

P granules of mRNA and protein

Most of the digestion of fats occurs in structure(s) _____.

Small intestine

What happens to Ca2+ channels in the ER when the signal reaches them?

The Ca2+ channels in the ER open.

What is the immediate effect of the influx of Ca2+ ions into the egg cytoplasm?

The cortical granules in the cytoplasm fuse with the egg plasma membrane.

After fusion of a sperm, what happens to the cytoplasmic Ca2+ concentration in an egg that has been treated with Ca2+channel blocker?

The cytoplasmic Ca2+ concentration does not change.

Which of the following statements about human evolution is correct?

The upright posture and enlarged brain of humans evolved separately.

Identify the roles played by human gut bacteria.

Ulcers are caused by the acid-tolerant bacterium Helicobacter pylori.

top, highest

acro-

A human blastomere is _____.

an embryonic cell that is smaller than the ovum

male

andro

front

antero-

During metamorphosis, a tadpoles tail is reduced in size by the process of _____.

apoptosis

bud, precursor

blast

The __________ forms during cleavage and s displayed by the primitive gut during gastrulation

blastocoel

At the time of implantation, the human embryo is called a _____.

blastocyst

The first opening of the primitive gut is called the _________, which eventually deelops into the frogs anus

blastopore

the _______ is an opening in the embryo that later develops into either the anus or the mouth

blastopore

The _______ consists f a ball of cells surrounding a blastocoel

blastula

Different types of food are eaten by various groups of animals, but it is usually true that _____.

cellulose digestion in ruminant mammals occurs before the ingested foods reach the small intestine

with or together with

co-

against

contra-

The outermost germ layer in the gastrula is the _________

ectoderm

Endoderm, mesoderm and ectoderm comprise the ______________

embryonic germ layers

The primitive gut is lined with ______

endoderm

The hormone that stimulates the production of red blood cells, and the organ where this hormone is synthesized, are _____.

erythropoietin and kidney, respectively

Which of the following hormones would you use if you want to induce ovulation in a few days?

estradiol (estrogen)

true or false? The earliest stages of spermatogenesis occur closest to the lumen of the seminiferous tubules

false

stomach

gastr-

Changes in cell position occur extensively during _____.

gastrulation

female

gyn

A decrease from pH 7.4 to pH 7.2 causes hemoglobin to _____.

increase its binding of H+

The nematode Caenorhabditis elegans _____.

is composed of about 1000 cells, in which the developmental origin of each cell has been mapped

middle

meso-

the _______ lies between the endoderm and ectoderm

mesoderm

The ____________ is the precursor of the brain and spinal cord

neural tube

egg

oo- (or ov-)

behind

post- (or postero-)

first

prim-

the ____________ is formed by a "tube" of endoderm

primitive gut (archenteron)

before

pro- (or pre-)

The pancreas is involved in the digestion of _____. I) protein II) fat III) nucleic acids IV) carbohydrates

protein, fat, nucleic acids, and carbohydrates

half

semi-

Which of the following statements about hominin evolution is correct? As hominins have evolved, _____.

sexual dimorphism was significantly reduced

The blocks of tissue that form on both sides of the neural tube are called ________

somites

seed

sperm

Which of the following organs is correctly paired with its function?

stomach - protein digestion

witness

test-

What is the "twofold" cost of sex?

the higher number of female offspring produced by an asexual female

The primitive streak in a bird is the functional equivalent of _____.

the lip of the blastopore in the frog

One feature that amphibians and humans have in common is

the number of circuits for circulation.

The greatest difference in the concentration of respiratory gases is found in which of the following pairs of mammalian blood vessels?

the pulmonary vein and the jugular vein

true or false? A human oocyte completes meiosis after a sperm penetrates it

true

Which of the following is the correct sequence of blood flow in birds and mammals?

vena cava --> right atrium --> right ventricle --> pulmonary artery

An advantage of gas exchange in fresh water, compared with gas exchange in air, is that _____.

water loss through evaporation across the respiratory surface can be minimized

The __________ consists of nutrient-rich cells and is surrounded by the blastopore in the late gastrula

yolk plug