Biology 31 2

Vaccine

Vaccination only works to prevent infection. It cannot cure a person who is already sick. Allows a person to develop memory cells and acquired immunity against an illness without contracting it. A vaccine is a substance that stimulates an immune response, producing acquired immunity without illness or infection. Vaccine contains antigen of pathogen. Antigen causes immune system to produce memory cells.

Fact

When a pathogen enters the body, basophils in the blood stream or mast cells found in other tissues release chemical signals. The signals attract other white blood cells to the site of the infection.

Fact

When an allergen enters the body, mast cell or basophils release histamine. Histamine is a chemical that causes nonspecific immune response like inflammation. Eosinophils also have a role in a role in allergies and an inflammation response. When histamine is released in response to a pathogen, the inflammation helps fight infection. When inflammation occurs in response to an allergen, it is unnecessary because no benefit is given.

Fact

When people breathe in pollen or spores, the histamine response may make them sneeze, get watery eyes, or become congested.

Fact

When someone has an allergy, the immune system produces antibodies in response to an allergen.

Fact

When the immune system detects a pathogen it detects an immune response

pathogens

agent that causes disease

Fact

allergic reactions to airborne allergens can cause asthma

Allergens

antigen that does not cause disease but still produces an immune response. They cause allergic reactions.

Inflammation response

begins when mast cells or basophils release chemicals called histamines in response to a pathogen invasion. Histamines cause the cells in blood vessel wall to spread out. Fluids can then move out of the blood vessel and into surrounding tissues. White blood cells squeeze out of the capillary and move toward the site of infection. Once outside of the circulatory system, white blood cells fight off the infection. When the pathogens are defeated, swelling stops, and tissue repair begins. Inflammation is a normal body response.

autoimmune disease

body treats its own cells as though they are foreign invaders

Leukemia

cancer of the bone marrow that weakens the immune system by preventing white blood cells from maturing. It does not form tumors. Bone marrow produces white blood that don't mature. In effort to replace the defective white blood cells, the bone marrow produces more and more white blood cells. However, none turn out to become mature. Eventually, the bone marrow spends all of its time making white blood cells. As a result, it makes fewer red blood cells and platelets than are need to replace those that die or become damaged.

Infectious diseases

caused by germs

Antibodies fight pathogens by

causing them to burst, inactivating them, or causing them to clump

phagocyte

cell that destroys other cells by surrounding and engulfing them

antiseptics

chemical, such as soap, vinegar, or rubbing alcohol, that destroys pathogens outside of the body. Rubbing alcohol weakens cell membranes, the microbes nutrients leak out, and the microbe bursts. Antiseptics are not specific. Kill pathogens outside of the body

Immune system uses three types of proteins to fight off invading proteins

complement proteins, antibodies, and interferons

Acquired immune deficiency syndrome

condition characterized by having several infecting and very few T cells, final stage of the immune system's decline due to HIV. AIDS almost always results in death. Treatment involves antiviral drugs.

T cells

destroys infected body cells causing them to burst

Viruses

disease causing strands of DNA or RNA that are surrounded by protein coats. Viruses cause flus, colds, and aids.

Graft-versus-host disease

donor marrow makes antibodies against the hosts healthy tissue

Disease causing agents smaller than bacteria

filterable viruses

Nonspecific responses to pathogens

happen the same way

Inflammation

immune response that is characterized by swelling, redness, pain, and itching. This occurs when a pathogen enters the body or when the bodies other tissues become damaged.

allergy

immune response that occurs when the body responds to a nondisease-causing antigen, such as pollen or animal dander. Oversensitivity to a normally harmless antigen.

Humoral Immunity

immune response that relies on B cells to produce antibodies to help fight the infection. A pathogen binds to a b cell. The b cell engulfs the pathogen and puts part of the antigen onto its surface. When a t cell encounters the antigen-presenting B cell, it binds to the antigen. The t cell releases proteins that activate the cell. Once activated, the B cell divides and differentiates into activated B cells and memory B cells. Activated B cells produce as many as 200 pathogen specific antibodies per second. In some cases, antibodies cause pathogens to clump. Phagocytes engulf and destroy the pathogen clumps.

Cellular immunity

immune response that relies on T cells to destroy infected body cells. A phagocyte recognizes a foreign invader and engulfs it. Phagocyte takes the antigen and displays it on their cell membrane. A phagocyte that displays foreign antigens on its membrane is called an antigen-presenting cell. A T cell encounters the antigen presenting cell and binds to it. The antigen presenting cell release proteins that activate the T cell. When a T cell is activated, it makes two different types of T cells, activated and memory. The activated T cells will fight the current infection, but memory t cells act as reserves that will wait for future invasion. The activated T cells bind to and destroy infected body cells.

Genetic immunity

immunity that a species has because a pathogen is not specialized to harming that species

Passive immunity

immunity that occurs without the body undergoing an immune response. Transferred between generations.

Active immunity

immunity that the body responds to an antigen. Also immunity in response to a specific pathogen that has infected or is infecting your body

opportunistic infection

infection caused by a pathogen that a healthy immune system would normally be able to fight off

Diseases can either be

infectious or noninfectious

Complement proteins

made by white blood cells and by certain organs. They weaken a pathogens cell membrane, allowing water to enter the cell and cause it to burst. Others attract phagocytes to infected area. Others cause microbes to stick to the walls of blood vessels, where they can more easily be found and destroyed by circulating phagocytes

Red bone marrow

makes red and white blood cells and platelets

Antibiotics

medicines that target bacteria or fungi. Penicillin make bacteria unable to from cell walls. Kill pathogens inside of the body. Antibiotics target one type of bacteria or fungus.

Chemical allergens

metals that come in contact with the skin

Inherited Immunity

occurs when pathogen fighting antibodies in a mothers immune system are passed to the unborn baby through the umbilical cord or mom's milk

Tissue Rejection

process by which a transplant recipient's immune system makes antibodies against the protein markers on the donor's tissue; can result in the destruction of the donor tissue

antibiotic resistance

process by which bacteria mutate so that they are no longer affected by an antibiotic.

Interferons

produced by body cells, it presents viruses from replicating in infected cells. Cells release interferons, which stimulate uninfected body cells to produce enzymes that will prevent viruses from entering and infecting them. Others stimulate an inflammation response.

B cells

produces antibodies to fight off the infection

Antigens

protein marker that helps the immune system identify foreign particles

Antibodies

proteins made by B cells, destroy pathogens by binding to pathogens membrane proteins, causing pathogens to clump making them easier for phagocytes to engulf and destroy, activate complement proteins that weaken the pathogens cell membrane

Anaphylaxis

severe allergic reaction that causes airways to tighten and blood vessels to leak. The immune system releases a large amount of histamine, which causes airways to tighten and blood vessels to become porous. Anaphylaxis can cause death.

Bacteria

single-celled organisms. They can cause illness by releasing chemicals that are toxic to host or destroy healthy body cell. Food poisoning is caused by bacteria released toxins

Specific Responses to pathogens

slightly different for each pathogen

memory cells

specialized T and B cells that provide acquired immunity because they remember an antigen that has previously invaded your body

Fact

specific immune defense lead to acquired immunity and they occur on the cellular level

Fact

After phagocytes lymphocytes reach the site of the infection

Fact

All cells have protein markers on their surfaces

Fact

Allergies may be caused from an abundance of antibodies.

Fact

Antigen receptors on the surface of your white blood cells determine whether your immune system will attack or ignore a transplanted tissue. Cells with protein markers that fit into the white blood cell's receptor molecules are foreign. Cells with protein markers that do not interact with white blood cells' receptor molecules are not detected by the immune system.

Kochs postulates

Four conditions that must be met to say that a certain pathogen causes a disease

Fact

HIV can only survive in human blood cells, can not live long outside of the body.

Fact

HIV is diagnosed whether a person's blood contains antibodies against HIV

Fact

Humoral and Cellular immune responses both produce acquired immunity

Fact

If protein markers on donated tissue differ from your cells' proteins, an immune response can occur and the translated tissue will be attacked and rejected.

Fact

If the pathogen enters your body after you are vaccinated, your memory b cells make antibodies right away. If you have not been vaccinated, your body must go through the entire humoral immune response.

Fact

If the pathogen is a a parasite, eosinophils come and spray the parasite with poison

Fact

If the pathogen is a virus, bacterium or fungus, neutrophils and macrophages go to work. These are phagocytes.

germ theory

theory that states that diseases are caused by microscopic particles called pathogens

Noninfectious disease

they are not due to germs

Fungi

they pierce healthy cells and take the cells nutrients. They are single-celled or multi-celled.

Airborne allergens

this that cause allergic responses when breathed in. Allergy season occurs when certain plants and molds are reproducing

T cells

trigger the body''s immune responses. When HIV enters a T cell, the T cell becomes ineffective and can no longer stimulate an immune response. T cell is host to HIV>

Acquired Immunity

type of active immunity that occurs after your immune system reacts to a pathogen infection. It keeps you from being sick by a particular pathogen more than once.

Human immunodeficiency virus

virus that weakens the immune system by reproducing in and destroying t cells; causes aids. This is a retrovirus. It has nine genes. HIV makes the body likely to get opportunistic infections.

Lister used

weak acid to clean operating tools

Lymphocytes

white blood cells that initiate the specific immune responses

Four main types of vaccines

whole dead bacteria or virus, live attenuated viruses contain weak living pathogens, component vaccines use only parts of the pathogen that contain the antigen, such as the protein coat of a virus that has had its genetic material removed, toxoid vaccines made from inactivated bacterial toxins, which are chemicals a bacterium produces that causes a person to become ill.

Fact

The immune system relies on the circulatory system to send chemical signals to coordinate an attack and to transport specialized cells to the infection

Fact

The warrior cells of the immune system travel through the lymphatic and circulatory systems to reach the site of infection