Biology 31 2
Vaccine
Vaccination only works to prevent infection. It cannot cure a person who is already sick. Allows a person to develop memory cells and acquired immunity against an illness without contracting it. A vaccine is a substance that stimulates an immune response, producing acquired immunity without illness or infection. Vaccine contains antigen of pathogen. Antigen causes immune system to produce memory cells.
Fact
When a pathogen enters the body, basophils in the blood stream or mast cells found in other tissues release chemical signals. The signals attract other white blood cells to the site of the infection.
Fact
When an allergen enters the body, mast cell or basophils release histamine. Histamine is a chemical that causes nonspecific immune response like inflammation. Eosinophils also have a role in a role in allergies and an inflammation response. When histamine is released in response to a pathogen, the inflammation helps fight infection. When inflammation occurs in response to an allergen, it is unnecessary because no benefit is given.
Fact
When people breathe in pollen or spores, the histamine response may make them sneeze, get watery eyes, or become congested.
Fact
When someone has an allergy, the immune system produces antibodies in response to an allergen.
Fact
When the immune system detects a pathogen it detects an immune response
pathogens
agent that causes disease
Fact
allergic reactions to airborne allergens can cause asthma
Allergens
antigen that does not cause disease but still produces an immune response. They cause allergic reactions.
Inflammation response
begins when mast cells or basophils release chemicals called histamines in response to a pathogen invasion. Histamines cause the cells in blood vessel wall to spread out. Fluids can then move out of the blood vessel and into surrounding tissues. White blood cells squeeze out of the capillary and move toward the site of infection. Once outside of the circulatory system, white blood cells fight off the infection. When the pathogens are defeated, swelling stops, and tissue repair begins. Inflammation is a normal body response.
autoimmune disease
body treats its own cells as though they are foreign invaders
Leukemia
cancer of the bone marrow that weakens the immune system by preventing white blood cells from maturing. It does not form tumors. Bone marrow produces white blood that don't mature. In effort to replace the defective white blood cells, the bone marrow produces more and more white blood cells. However, none turn out to become mature. Eventually, the bone marrow spends all of its time making white blood cells. As a result, it makes fewer red blood cells and platelets than are need to replace those that die or become damaged.
Infectious diseases
caused by germs
Antibodies fight pathogens by
causing them to burst, inactivating them, or causing them to clump
phagocyte
cell that destroys other cells by surrounding and engulfing them
antiseptics
chemical, such as soap, vinegar, or rubbing alcohol, that destroys pathogens outside of the body. Rubbing alcohol weakens cell membranes, the microbes nutrients leak out, and the microbe bursts. Antiseptics are not specific. Kill pathogens outside of the body
Immune system uses three types of proteins to fight off invading proteins
complement proteins, antibodies, and interferons
Acquired immune deficiency syndrome
condition characterized by having several infecting and very few T cells, final stage of the immune system's decline due to HIV. AIDS almost always results in death. Treatment involves antiviral drugs.
T cells
destroys infected body cells causing them to burst
Viruses
disease causing strands of DNA or RNA that are surrounded by protein coats. Viruses cause flus, colds, and aids.
Graft-versus-host disease
donor marrow makes antibodies against the hosts healthy tissue
Disease causing agents smaller than bacteria
filterable viruses
Nonspecific responses to pathogens
happen the same way
Inflammation
immune response that is characterized by swelling, redness, pain, and itching. This occurs when a pathogen enters the body or when the bodies other tissues become damaged.
allergy
immune response that occurs when the body responds to a nondisease-causing antigen, such as pollen or animal dander. Oversensitivity to a normally harmless antigen.
Humoral Immunity
immune response that relies on B cells to produce antibodies to help fight the infection. A pathogen binds to a b cell. The b cell engulfs the pathogen and puts part of the antigen onto its surface. When a t cell encounters the antigen-presenting B cell, it binds to the antigen. The t cell releases proteins that activate the cell. Once activated, the B cell divides and differentiates into activated B cells and memory B cells. Activated B cells produce as many as 200 pathogen specific antibodies per second. In some cases, antibodies cause pathogens to clump. Phagocytes engulf and destroy the pathogen clumps.
Cellular immunity
immune response that relies on T cells to destroy infected body cells. A phagocyte recognizes a foreign invader and engulfs it. Phagocyte takes the antigen and displays it on their cell membrane. A phagocyte that displays foreign antigens on its membrane is called an antigen-presenting cell. A T cell encounters the antigen presenting cell and binds to it. The antigen presenting cell release proteins that activate the T cell. When a T cell is activated, it makes two different types of T cells, activated and memory. The activated T cells will fight the current infection, but memory t cells act as reserves that will wait for future invasion. The activated T cells bind to and destroy infected body cells.
Genetic immunity
immunity that a species has because a pathogen is not specialized to harming that species
Passive immunity
immunity that occurs without the body undergoing an immune response. Transferred between generations.
Active immunity
immunity that the body responds to an antigen. Also immunity in response to a specific pathogen that has infected or is infecting your body
opportunistic infection
infection caused by a pathogen that a healthy immune system would normally be able to fight off
Diseases can either be
infectious or noninfectious
Complement proteins
made by white blood cells and by certain organs. They weaken a pathogens cell membrane, allowing water to enter the cell and cause it to burst. Others attract phagocytes to infected area. Others cause microbes to stick to the walls of blood vessels, where they can more easily be found and destroyed by circulating phagocytes
Red bone marrow
makes red and white blood cells and platelets
Antibiotics
medicines that target bacteria or fungi. Penicillin make bacteria unable to from cell walls. Kill pathogens inside of the body. Antibiotics target one type of bacteria or fungus.
Chemical allergens
metals that come in contact with the skin
Inherited Immunity
occurs when pathogen fighting antibodies in a mothers immune system are passed to the unborn baby through the umbilical cord or mom's milk
Tissue Rejection
process by which a transplant recipient's immune system makes antibodies against the protein markers on the donor's tissue; can result in the destruction of the donor tissue
antibiotic resistance
process by which bacteria mutate so that they are no longer affected by an antibiotic.
Interferons
produced by body cells, it presents viruses from replicating in infected cells. Cells release interferons, which stimulate uninfected body cells to produce enzymes that will prevent viruses from entering and infecting them. Others stimulate an inflammation response.
B cells
produces antibodies to fight off the infection
Antigens
protein marker that helps the immune system identify foreign particles
Antibodies
proteins made by B cells, destroy pathogens by binding to pathogens membrane proteins, causing pathogens to clump making them easier for phagocytes to engulf and destroy, activate complement proteins that weaken the pathogens cell membrane
Anaphylaxis
severe allergic reaction that causes airways to tighten and blood vessels to leak. The immune system releases a large amount of histamine, which causes airways to tighten and blood vessels to become porous. Anaphylaxis can cause death.
Bacteria
single-celled organisms. They can cause illness by releasing chemicals that are toxic to host or destroy healthy body cell. Food poisoning is caused by bacteria released toxins
Specific Responses to pathogens
slightly different for each pathogen
memory cells
specialized T and B cells that provide acquired immunity because they remember an antigen that has previously invaded your body
Fact
specific immune defense lead to acquired immunity and they occur on the cellular level
Fact
After phagocytes lymphocytes reach the site of the infection
Fact
All cells have protein markers on their surfaces
Fact
Allergies may be caused from an abundance of antibodies.
Fact
Antigen receptors on the surface of your white blood cells determine whether your immune system will attack or ignore a transplanted tissue. Cells with protein markers that fit into the white blood cell's receptor molecules are foreign. Cells with protein markers that do not interact with white blood cells' receptor molecules are not detected by the immune system.
Kochs postulates
Four conditions that must be met to say that a certain pathogen causes a disease
Fact
HIV can only survive in human blood cells, can not live long outside of the body.
Fact
HIV is diagnosed whether a person's blood contains antibodies against HIV
Fact
Humoral and Cellular immune responses both produce acquired immunity
Fact
If protein markers on donated tissue differ from your cells' proteins, an immune response can occur and the translated tissue will be attacked and rejected.
Fact
If the pathogen enters your body after you are vaccinated, your memory b cells make antibodies right away. If you have not been vaccinated, your body must go through the entire humoral immune response.
Fact
If the pathogen is a a parasite, eosinophils come and spray the parasite with poison
Fact
If the pathogen is a virus, bacterium or fungus, neutrophils and macrophages go to work. These are phagocytes.
germ theory
theory that states that diseases are caused by microscopic particles called pathogens
Noninfectious disease
they are not due to germs
Fungi
they pierce healthy cells and take the cells nutrients. They are single-celled or multi-celled.
Airborne allergens
this that cause allergic responses when breathed in. Allergy season occurs when certain plants and molds are reproducing
T cells
trigger the body''s immune responses. When HIV enters a T cell, the T cell becomes ineffective and can no longer stimulate an immune response. T cell is host to HIV>
Acquired Immunity
type of active immunity that occurs after your immune system reacts to a pathogen infection. It keeps you from being sick by a particular pathogen more than once.
Human immunodeficiency virus
virus that weakens the immune system by reproducing in and destroying t cells; causes aids. This is a retrovirus. It has nine genes. HIV makes the body likely to get opportunistic infections.
Lister used
weak acid to clean operating tools
Lymphocytes
white blood cells that initiate the specific immune responses
Four main types of vaccines
whole dead bacteria or virus, live attenuated viruses contain weak living pathogens, component vaccines use only parts of the pathogen that contain the antigen, such as the protein coat of a virus that has had its genetic material removed, toxoid vaccines made from inactivated bacterial toxins, which are chemicals a bacterium produces that causes a person to become ill.
Fact
The immune system relies on the circulatory system to send chemical signals to coordinate an attack and to transport specialized cells to the infection
Fact
The warrior cells of the immune system travel through the lymphatic and circulatory systems to reach the site of infection