biology

How does the body recognize "self" cells compared to "nonself" cells?

"Self" cells are marked by glycoproteins called major-histocompatibility complexes (MHCs)

The influenza name A/Singapore/INFIMH-16-0019/2016 A(H3N2)-like virus, indicated that is the the ______ form of the virus.

A

In living organisms, the flow of information is from

DNA, RNA, protein (DRp)

All viruses are made up of two components. These components are

a protein capsid and genetic material (pc,gm = 2 components)

The cycle of viral infection that will rapidly result in the death of a bacterial cell is called the _____ cycle.

lytic (lytic, death of a bacterial cell)

Which of the following best describes the action of B cells?

-B cells develop and mature in the bone marrow -B cells carry receptor molecules on their cell surfaces -B cells change into plasma cells after encountering an antigen and then produce antibodies

One of the four categories of the innate immune system is the inflammatory system. Its role is to

-increase blood flow to the infected area -isolate the infection to a limited area -allow fluid, containing cells from the immune system, to reach the infected area

Which of the following best describes a virus?

A nonliving complex of RNA or DNA protected by a protein coat (nonliving, protein coat)

Historically, viruses have not been classified as living organisms. Which of the following characteristics of life excludes viruses from being classified as living organisms?

Ability to process energy and materials

Which protein structures on the SARS-CoV2 virus identify host cells?

S (spike protein)

Which of the following cell types is not part of the nonspecific or general immune system?

T lymphocytes

The immune system's role is to

actively seek and destroy pathogens

The specific immune system recognizes _______ found on the surface of the pathogen.

antigens

The activities of macrophages

are part of the general immune system

The SARS-CoV 2 virus enters host cells by

attaching to ACE2 receptors (ACE2 + CoV 2)

What is the correct sequence of events in viral reproduction?

attachment, penetration, biosynthesis, maturation, and release (APBMR- all proper biscuits must rise)

Structures that are passed on from a common ancestor, such as the bone structure of a limb, are called _____ structures.

homologous (common)

The most common flu vaccine is called a trivalent vaccine because

it contains three different strains of inactivated viruses

Which of the following is true concerning the evolution of COVID - 19?

it evolves quickly because it is a virus it has a high mutation rate because it is an RNA virus new strains can jump from an intermediate species to human

Which of the following statements explains the relationship between mutations and natural selection?

A mutation in the genetic material may or may not have an effect on the protein. A mutation may result in the death of an organism or cell. A mutation may result in a variation of a trait that may be more advantageous. (all of the above)

Which if the following is a challenge in developing an annual influenza vaccine?

The flu evolves rapidly It takes at least 6 months to develop a vaccine There are many strains of influenza

Structures that have the same function but evolved independently, such as the wings of bats and birds, are called ____ structures.

analogous (independently)

When two different forms of a virus infect the same cell, the host cell may manufacture viral particles from both viruses to reassemble them into a new form of virus. This process is called____

antigenic shift (RAS, reassemble antigenic shift)

The influenza vaccine elicits an immune response by presenting the body with

antigens specific to the virus

Evolution is described as the change in heritable traits of a ________ over a period of time

population

When the influenza virus enters into an epithelial cell within the respiratory tract, the infected cell responds by

posting antigens on its cell surface, acting as a flag for the cytotoxic T cells to destroy it

In the early 1800s, prior to Darwin and Wallace, the common beliefs of the time were...

species did not change

In the influenza strain name A/Singapore/INFIMH-16-0019/2016 A(H3N2)-like virus, this was the ______ strain isolated in 2016 in this region.

sixteenth

Wallace shared his ideas with Darwin, which led to the book, On the Origin of Species. Wallace contributed his biogeographical studies of the __________.

South Pacific Islands ( Wallace and the SPI)

Why are new flu vaccinations required for each new flu season instead of developing a universal flu vaccine?

The flu mutates frequently enough that last year's vaccination will no longer target currently circulating flu strains