biology - animal behaviour

what is habituation

A decrease in response to a stimulus after repeated exposure

two causes of behaviour

external stimuli internal stimuli

define instinctive behaviour

fixed behavioural pattern response to stimulus

what 3 parts is the ANS divided into

Sensory Parasympathetic Sympathetic

what are the 2 function of worker bee pheromones

guide forager bees back to the hive send danger signals to colony

2 examples of learned behavior

habituation sensitisation

give example of autonomic reflex action

heart rate control

Define gravitopism

how a plant responds to gravity

what is the nassanoff gland

a gland in worker bees that produces pheromones

what is a drone bee

a male bee that mates with the queen

3 things that make up a coordinated response

a receptor a effector linking system

what is a worker bee

a sterile female that maintains the hive structure

What is operant conditioning?

a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher

what is the effect of the queen pheromone within the hive

alerts the colony of queen bee's presence

define reflex action

an action done reflexively in response to stimulus

where is the biological clock of mammals found

in a part of the hypothalamus called the suprachiasmatic nucleus

what is imprinting

instinctive behavioural pattern where new-borns attach to the first thing they see

what is social behaviour

interactions between individuals of the same species

How does courtship behaviour prevent interbreeding

it allows organisms of the same species to recognise each other

what is biological clock

it is an internal regulatory mechanism

what does a linking system do

it links receptors to effectors

during habituation what does the brain do

it no longer pays attention to the stimulus

how does the sensory system cause habituation

it stops sending signals to the brain

define orientational

kinesis or taxis movement in response to stimuli

give example of somatic reflex action

knee jerk reflex

what is latent learning

learning that remains hidden until its application becomes useful

what type of bees cannot sting

male drone bees

give 3 examples of circannual rhythms

migration in birds hibernation in bears coat growth in arctic foxes

when plants grow away from light what is it called

negative phototropism

what are the two types of sensitisation

peripheral and central

give 2 examples of courtship behaviour

pheromones whale song

which parts of a plant are +ve gravitropic and which are -ve

plant roots grow towards gravity plant shoots grow away from gravity

when plants grow towards light what is it called

positive phototropism

What do effectors do?

produce a response

Autonomic reflex action definition

produced by internal organ response

define kinesis

random movement in response to a stimulus

what are the 3 types of innate behaviour

reflex actions orientational instinctive behaviour

what is a somatic reflex action

reflexes that are produced by muscle response

what is a circadian rhythm

regular bodily rhythms that occur on a 24-hour cycle in the absence of environmental cues

give an example of instinctive behaviour

removing hand from fire

what are the two types of bee dance language

round dance waggle dance

3 benefits of social behaviour

safety in numbers increases reproduction reduces intra-specific aggression

what is peripheral sensitisation

sensitisation that occurs from changes in peripheral nervous system

what is central sensitisation

sensitisation that occurs from changes in the central nervous system

give example of circadian rhythm

sleep-wake cycle

What is eusociality?

social structure where labour is divided among individuals and only a few individuals reproduce

what are the two types of reflex actions

somatic autonomic

when nervous system is divided functionally what are the 2 parts

somatic nervous system autonomic nervous system

What is th PNS made of

spinal nerves + cranial nerves

fight or flight is associated with what division of ANS

sympathetic

what are the two types of responses to stimuli in animals

taxes kineses

Define phototropism

tendency for plants to grow towards light or grow away from light

what does the round bee dance communicate

that a food source is near the hive

What does the waggle bee dance communicate?

that food source is far away from the hive

In Pavlovs dog experiment what is conditioned stimulus and why

the bell because it only produces the salivation response after the dog associated the bell ring with smell of food

What is behavior?

the observable response an organism makes to stimuli

In Pavlovs dog experiment what is the unconditioned response and why

the salivation because it is the natural response to food smells

In Pavlovs experiment what is the conditioned response

the salivation in response to the bell and not the smell of food

In Pavlovs Dog experiment what is the Unconditioned Stimulus and why

the smell of food because it naturally causes salivation

as bees grow older what happens to their roles

their roles change

what do most older bees do

they forage for nectar pollen and water

what do most younger bees do

they make honeycomb and clean the hive

what is the role of the queen bee

to lay eggs

function of sympathetic division of ANS

transmits impulses from CNS to organs

what is the function of sensory division of ANS

transmits impulses from sensory neurons to the CNS

who discovered classical conditioning

Ivan Pavlov

what happens during negative taxis

an organism moves away from stimulus

what happens during positive taxis

an organism moves towards the stimulus

what is the effect of the queen pheromone outside the hive

attracts male drone bees

what organisms practise eusociality

bees

what is a circannual rhythm

behavioral rhythms linked to the yearly cycle of seasons

what is learned behaviour

behaviour that is acquired through learning experience

What is inate behavior?

behaviour that is not learned

what is territorial behaviour

behaviour used to defend their territory against intruders of the same species

what are taxis stimuli response

behavioural response to an external stimulus

What is the CNS made of

brain + spinal chord

what are pheromones

chemical scents that trigger a behavioural response in members of the same species

what are two examples of biological clocks

circadian rhythm circannual rhythym

what is the function of ANS

collects info from receptors and produces response in organs and/or glands

what is the SNS function

collects info from senses to produce response in skeletal muscles

function of Parasympathetic division

counteracts sympathetic division by rest and repair

2 ways honey bees communicate

dance language pheromone odour cues

what do receptors do

detect stimulus

what is the study of animal behaviour called

ethology

What is sensitization?

when an organism becomes more responsive to more stimuli after exposure to an unusual/painful stimulus

what is classical conditioning

when the naturally occurring stimulus is replaced by a different stimulus that produces the same response

what are the three specialised groups of bees

workers drones queens

define positive gravitropic and negative gravitropic

+ve mean plants grow towards gravity -ve means plant grows away from gravity

Who proposed operant conditioning?

B.F. Skinner

What is courtship behaviour?

Behaviour carried out by organisms to attract a mate of the same species

what are the 2 major components of nervous system h

Central Nervous system Peripheral nervous system

What is insight learning?

The process of learning to solve a problem or do something new by applying prior knowledge