Biology; Macromolecules

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Nitrogen bases in DNA

Adenine Guanine Thymine Cytosine

The Monomer of Proteins

Amino Acids

3.B. What class of macromolecule does the compound belong to?

Carbohydrates

What are the four Macromolecules?

Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, and Nucleic Acids

2.A. Name four groups of organic compounds found in living things.

Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids.

Four groups of organic molecules

Carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids, lipids

Elements present in lipids

Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen

Elements present in proteins

Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Nitrogen

Elements present in carbohydrates

Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen

Elements present in nucleic acids

Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Nitrogen Phosphorus

1.B. What properties of carbon explain carbon's ability to different large and complex structures?

Carbon can bond to itself, has 4 valence electrons, causing strong covalent bonds to occur between carbon and another element.

3.A. What atoms constitute the compound above?

Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms.

1.A. What are the major elements of life?

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, sulfur, and nitrogen.

Examples of Nucleic Acids

DNA and RNA

The Function of Carbohydrates

Short-term or immediate Energy Source

The Function of Nucleic Acids

Store and Transmit your Genetic Information

examples of polysaccharides

glycogen, starch, and cellulose

What does "acid" indicate?

hydrogen ion is present

What are nucleic acids made up of?

hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, phosphorus

What makes up proteins?

polymers made of amino acids (50-500 chains long)

polymer

result of many monomers linking together (protein or peptide and amino acids or polypeptide)

Which is the only macromolecule that isn't a polymer

lipid

Key ideas

-All macromolecules are formed through dehydration synthesis -all covalent bonds -water breaks bonds and gives off energy through hydrolysis

The Function of Proteins

1. Controls the Rates of Reactions 2. Fights Diseases 3. Forms Cell Structures 4. Regulates Cell Processes 5. Transports stuff In/Out of the Cell

2.B. Describe at least one function of each group of organic compound.

Carbohydrates: main source of energy for plants and animals; proteins: regulation of cellular transportation of materials, cellular processes, formation of structures, and anti-bodies; lipids: storage of energy; storage or transmission of genetic information.

hydrolysis

Divides a polymer into monomers through the addition of water

Examples of Proteins

Enzymes, Hormones, Antibodies, Hemoglobin, Collagen, keratin

Examples of Lipids

Fats, Oils, Waxes, Lipid Steroids (cholesterol), triglycerides, phospholipids

Saturated

Fatty acid consists of single bonds

Unsaturated

Fatty acid contains double bonds

The Monomer of Lipids

Glycerol and Fatty Acid Chains (2-3)

The Function of Lipids

Long-term Energy Source

The Monomer of Carbohydrates

Monosaccharides (Galactose, Glucose or Fructose)

Examples of Carbohydrates

Monosaccharides - Glucose, Fructose Disaccharides Polysaccharides

The Monomer of Nucleic Acids

Nucleotides

polymer and amino acid relationship

Polymer is a protein aka peptide Lots of amino acids linked together

Which macromolecule speeds up chemical reactions?

Protein (enzyme)

2.C. Why are proteins considered polymers but lipids not?

Proteins have long chains of monomers, but lipids do NOT made up of components that make up a chain.

hydrolysis

Requires water and releases energy Taking molecules apart

organic

a molecule that contains carbon hydrogen bonds

2 monosaccharides

disaccharide

dehydration synthesis

forms polymers and a water molecule

monosaccharides

glucose, fructose

Where do macromolecules get energy?

macromolecules get energy from bonds

amino acid is also known as a...?

peptide or protein

Other name for Carbohydrate

saccharides

monomer

single molecule; small chemical unit that makes up a polymer

disaccharides examples

sucrose (glucose + fructose) maltose (glucose + glucose) lactose (galactose + glucose)

Dipeptides

two amino acids joined together by a peptide bond


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