Biology; Macromolecules
Nitrogen bases in DNA
Adenine Guanine Thymine Cytosine
The Monomer of Proteins
Amino Acids
3.B. What class of macromolecule does the compound belong to?
Carbohydrates
What are the four Macromolecules?
Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, and Nucleic Acids
2.A. Name four groups of organic compounds found in living things.
Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids.
Four groups of organic molecules
Carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids, lipids
Elements present in lipids
Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen
Elements present in proteins
Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Nitrogen
Elements present in carbohydrates
Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen
Elements present in nucleic acids
Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Nitrogen Phosphorus
1.B. What properties of carbon explain carbon's ability to different large and complex structures?
Carbon can bond to itself, has 4 valence electrons, causing strong covalent bonds to occur between carbon and another element.
3.A. What atoms constitute the compound above?
Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms.
1.A. What are the major elements of life?
Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, sulfur, and nitrogen.
Examples of Nucleic Acids
DNA and RNA
The Function of Carbohydrates
Short-term or immediate Energy Source
The Function of Nucleic Acids
Store and Transmit your Genetic Information
examples of polysaccharides
glycogen, starch, and cellulose
What does "acid" indicate?
hydrogen ion is present
What are nucleic acids made up of?
hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, phosphorus
What makes up proteins?
polymers made of amino acids (50-500 chains long)
polymer
result of many monomers linking together (protein or peptide and amino acids or polypeptide)
Which is the only macromolecule that isn't a polymer
lipid
Key ideas
-All macromolecules are formed through dehydration synthesis -all covalent bonds -water breaks bonds and gives off energy through hydrolysis
The Function of Proteins
1. Controls the Rates of Reactions 2. Fights Diseases 3. Forms Cell Structures 4. Regulates Cell Processes 5. Transports stuff In/Out of the Cell
2.B. Describe at least one function of each group of organic compound.
Carbohydrates: main source of energy for plants and animals; proteins: regulation of cellular transportation of materials, cellular processes, formation of structures, and anti-bodies; lipids: storage of energy; storage or transmission of genetic information.
hydrolysis
Divides a polymer into monomers through the addition of water
Examples of Proteins
Enzymes, Hormones, Antibodies, Hemoglobin, Collagen, keratin
Examples of Lipids
Fats, Oils, Waxes, Lipid Steroids (cholesterol), triglycerides, phospholipids
Saturated
Fatty acid consists of single bonds
Unsaturated
Fatty acid contains double bonds
The Monomer of Lipids
Glycerol and Fatty Acid Chains (2-3)
The Function of Lipids
Long-term Energy Source
The Monomer of Carbohydrates
Monosaccharides (Galactose, Glucose or Fructose)
Examples of Carbohydrates
Monosaccharides - Glucose, Fructose Disaccharides Polysaccharides
The Monomer of Nucleic Acids
Nucleotides
polymer and amino acid relationship
Polymer is a protein aka peptide Lots of amino acids linked together
Which macromolecule speeds up chemical reactions?
Protein (enzyme)
2.C. Why are proteins considered polymers but lipids not?
Proteins have long chains of monomers, but lipids do NOT made up of components that make up a chain.
hydrolysis
Requires water and releases energy Taking molecules apart
organic
a molecule that contains carbon hydrogen bonds
2 monosaccharides
disaccharide
dehydration synthesis
forms polymers and a water molecule
monosaccharides
glucose, fructose
Where do macromolecules get energy?
macromolecules get energy from bonds
amino acid is also known as a...?
peptide or protein
Other name for Carbohydrate
saccharides
monomer
single molecule; small chemical unit that makes up a polymer
disaccharides examples
sucrose (glucose + fructose) maltose (glucose + glucose) lactose (galactose + glucose)
Dipeptides
two amino acids joined together by a peptide bond
