Biology

Fossils

- Scientists once debated the significance of fossils. - Fossil evidence and a new understanding of earth's geologic history told scientists the earth was much older than they previously thought.

Which of the following best explains how enzymes speed up a chemical reaction?

Enzymes lower the activation energy of a chemical reaction

Nucleolus

Function: Contains RNA, where ribosomes are made out of RNA. Found in Eukaryotic cells (plant, animal, fungi, protist), dense area inside the nucleus

Lysosome

Function: Digests/ breaks down nutrients and recycles old organelles. Found ONLY in some Eukaryotic cells

Cell Wall

Function: Extra protection and support. Found in Bacteria and Plant cells

Cytoplasm

Function: Fills up cell, contains all the organelles. Fond in ALL cells = criteria for cells

DNA (makes chromosomes)

Function: Instructions for protein synthesis (making proteins). Found in ALL cells (even those without a nucleus) = criteria for cells

Cell Membrane

Function: Protective barrier, holds cell together, controls what enters and leaves the cell. Found in ALL cells = criteria for cells

Mitochondria

Function: Transforms one form of energy into a form usable for the cell (turns sugar into energy molecule ATP). Found in ALL Eukaryotic cells (plant, animal, fungi, protist)

Vacuole

Function: Used to store water, nutrients, or waste for later use or transport. Found in Eukaryotic cells (plant, animal, fungi, protist). Large and permanent in plant cells, small temporary ones found in animal cells.

Why do scientists study proteins to find evidence for evolution?

Proteins reflect DNA sequences, so scientists study proteins to look for genetic similarities and differences in organisms.

A leafy sea dragon's enzyme is being made in a cell. Which two codons represent the amino acid phenylalanine? https://goo.gl/szHeD3

UUU and UUC

ased on the current model of evolutionary history, the first living cells to evolve on earth were

bacteria

what type of organism converts nitrogen into a usuable form for plants? (becteria, earthworms, mold, fungus)

bacteria

This is the actions of organisms in response to stimuli.

behavior

The migration of a large group of animals from a summer breeding ground to a warmer winter ground would be considered which of the following? chemical adaptation behavioral adaptation structural adaptation

behavioral adaptation

This is the study of the past and present geological distributions of species, the habitats they occupy, and their ecological relationships

biogeography

The natural ability of an organism to overcome, retard, suppress, prevent infection, or avoid adverse abiotic factors. For example, some organisms natural immunity to certain diseases

biological resistance

Which part of a leaf contains all the chemicals necessary for photosynthesis?

chloroplast

the krebs cycle occurs in the.....

chloroplasts

What is the process of evolution in which different species that are in a close relationship evolve adaptations that complement each other?

coevolution

Biological organization extends beyond the organism to include which of the following?

family, genus, and species

What do sexual reproduction, mutation, and crossing-over generate in a population?

genetic diversity

Antibiotic resistance in bacteria is the result of

genetic variation

Mutation, genetic recombination, and gene flow all add what to a population?

genetic variation

A male bird with bright red plumage mates and has offspring, which also have bright red plumage. Which characteristic of life is this an example of?

heredity

Which of the following individuals is most likely to allow a recessive lethal gene to be kept in a population over several generations?

heterozygous

Which term describes a type of trait that is usually expressed only when an organism has two identical alleles for the trait?

homozygous

What genetic condition results in the trait indicated by the blue color being expressed in the individuals shown here? https://goo.gl/MgtMma

homozygous recessive

These are are plants or animals remains used to define and identify geologic periods

index fossils

Which of the following is always single stranded?

mRNA

Which process is the total of all the chemical reactions in an organism?

metabolism

Which amino acids are in the code AUGGUCGGU? https://goo.gl/szHeD3

methionine, valine, and glycine

Where in a cell does most ATP production take place?

mitochondria

the calvin cycle occurs in the....

mitochondria

A virus is referred to as a particle rather than a cell because structurally it is a

nucleus surrounded by a protein coat.

The gene for melanin (skin pigment) is transcribed similarly in humans and apes. Where does the transcription of the melanin gene take place?

only in the nucleus

Large molecules and wastes move through the membrane through ____ ______

protein channels

If DNA makes RNA, then what does RNA make?

proteins

Which statement below BEST summarizes the role of the DNA molecule in cells?

provides the instructions for making proteins

This is a type of evolution that suggests that a lot of evolutionary change takes place in short periods of time tied to speciation events

punctuated equilibrium

This is some barrier to reproduction among a species of organisms. It often results in genetic change over time and the development of new species

reproductive isolation

At the beginning of winter, frogs burrow into the mud at the bottom of lakes, where they go into a hibernation-like state. Which characteristic of life is this an example of?

response

A membrane that only "lets" certain molecules in while keeping other molecules out is ___ ___

selectively permeable

A membrane that only "lets" certain molecules in while keeping other molecules out is ___ ___.

selectively permeable

What are the proteins in the connective tissues of your foot examples of?

structural proteins

Which phrase best defines the term homologous structures?

structures that are so similar that they imply a common ancestor

homologous structures

structures that occur in different species but are similar enough to suggest that the species had a common ancestor

What is the backbone of DNA made of?

sugar and phosphates

Benedicts reagent is an indicator for the presence of ______________ in solution.

sugars

Biotechnology is best defined as __________.

the science that involves using living organisms to produce needed materials

comparative anatomy

the study of similarities and differences in the anatomy of different organisms

Which amino acid corresponds to the codon ACC?https://goo.gl/szHeD3

threonine

What is the main purpose of the light-dependent reactions?

to energize electrons

Which of the following bases are found in RNA but not in DNA?

uracil

This part of the cell stores wastes, water or food.

vacuole

Which of the following would most likely cause geographic isolation?

volcanic eruption

Which is a correct statement about this illustration? https://goo.gl/cqi0QE

Genetic variation within chromosomes has increased.

Which statement is true about cell differentiation? It produces identical cells. It happens in all cells. It causes cells to change and specialize. It happens during cell division.

It causes cells to change and specialize.

What is the most important role of hydrogen bonding between water molecules?

It enables water molecules to bond to each other.

Which of the following occurs after mRNA is transcribed?

It enters the cytoplasm and moves toward ribosomes.

A compound containing carbon produced by a living thing.

ORGANIC

Which of the following is true about the DNA molecule during transcription?

Only a small area is opened.

About two-thirds of a cell is composed of water. What is the name of the process in which water moves into or out of the cell membrane to maintain homeostasis?

Osmosis osmosis is the movement of water across a membrane from higher to lower concentration.

Life would cease to exist without energy from the sun or some other source

True

Life would cease to exist without energy from the sun or some other source.

True

Which variable is measured in an experiment?

dependent variable

Which Statement is True about cell differentiation?

It causes cells to change and specialize.

Most scientists come up with questions to investigate out of the blue.

False

migration

- a regular movement of animals to a different location because of weather conditions, or of food, water, or shelter requirements

Define population

- all of the members of one species that live in a common area and whose population dynamics are different from those of other populations - For a given trait, the phenotypic ratios of that trait reflect the genotypic makeup for that trait in the population.

Define gene pool

- all the genes in all the members of a population - The total of all genes for all traits in a population constitutes a gene pool. - The ratios of alleles for a given trait are not fixed. They can change.

Define genetic variation

- genetic diversity in a population - Gene flow also introduces variation into populations. - Mutation, gene flow, and genetic recombination all add genetic diversity to populations. - Variation in populations is important to the survival of species.

stabilizing selection

- selection that favors the average form of a trait over extreme forms - Stabilizing selection favors individuals with average characteristics.

Define adaptation

- structural, behavioral, and physiological traits that make an organism fit for its environment - As you read through the lesson online, use the space below to take notes. Adaptations are characteristics that help organisms survive in their environment. - The characteristics you see in the organisms around you are adaptations. - Adaptations are traits that help an organism survive and reproduce in its environment. - Many structures in living organisms are adaptations that help those organisms carry out particular functions. - Many unrelated organisms have similar adaptations that carry out similar functions. - Environment shapes the needs of organisms, and similar environments lead to similar adaptations. - Animal behavior can also be an adaptation. - Migration is a behavior, and it is also an adaptation. - Pay special attention to the use of the words "adaptation" and "adapting."

Define genetic recombination

- the movement of genes from one homologous chromosome to another via crossing-over during meiosis

Which structure will become the product of translation?

3

Define natural selection

- the process in which the natural environment acts on individuals so that those with favorable traits survive and reproduce and those that do not have those traits are eliminated - Natural selection acts on the variation in populations. - Natural selection is an important mechanism for evolution. - Natural selection can take place in several different patterns. - After exhaustive study of his data, Darwin proposed that natural selection could lead to changes in species. - Advances in technology made possible continued learning about genetics and evolution.

disruptive selection

- type of natural selection in which individuals with both extreme traits are favored and individuals with the average trait are not favored - Disruptive selection favors individuals with extreme characteristics.

Which two structures are first to combine in translation? https://goo.gl/tcIoiW

1 and 4

Which structure is responsible for bringing in the amino acids? https://goo.gl/tcIoiW

2

A horticulturalist wants to produce geraniums with specific characteristics. She knows that the trait of red flowers is governed by the allele R (RR and Rr) and the trait of white flowers is governed by the allele r (rr). The horticulturalist crosses two geraniums from the F1 generation. Look at the Punnett square to see this cross. What ratio of red- to white-flowering plants would you expect to see in the phenotypes of the F2 generation? https://goo.gl/mOHhqe

2 red : 2 white

Which structure holds the original code from the DNA gene?

4

If a segment of one side of a DNA molecule has 500 adenine bases, how many thymine bases does the other side have?

500

One major difference between plant and animal cells is that plant cells are the only ones with A) cellulose. B) lysosomes. C) nuclei. D) vacuoles.

A

Place the developments in evolutionary history in the proper time frame. I) Charles Darwin writes 'On the Origin of Species'. II) LaMarck writes about evolution through acquired traits, using a giraffe as his model. III) DNA sequencing is developed, allowing the comparison of the genes of different organisms. IV) Malthus, an economist, writes about the inevitability that people will exhaust a food supply by reproducing too often.

A

A wide range of molecular compounds dissolve in water. This allows water to act a medium for moving molecules into and out of cells and tissues. All BUT ONE of these compounds dissolve in water. They are A) lipids. B) sugars. C) amino acids. D) carbohydrates.

A) lipids Only lipids do not dissolve in water. Non-polar lipids, fats and oils do not dissolve in water. Remember, phospholipids comprise the cell membrane that acts a a barrier between the watery environment of living cells. DNA and large proteins also do not dissolve.

What words are missing from the diagram? https://goo.gl/jnJUOo

A, chlorophyll; B, ATP

If part of the DNA gene being transcribed is TGCAAT, what will the mRNA code be for that part?

ACGUUA

The cellular process in which materials are moved across a membrane from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration is called

ACTIVE TRANSPORT

This bonds to thymine (T) in DNA.

ADENINE

Which of the following best explains how the structure of ATP helps provide energy to the cell?

ATP contains energy in the chemical bonds between its phosphate groups.

Have you had the chance to watch a tree grow over a span of several years? Did you notice that the tree grew thicker and taller? Deep in the roots of the tree and high in the growing shoots are meristem cells. Each year, the meristem cells help the tree continue to grow. When the seed of a tree first starts to grow, what would happen if the cells did not differentiate?

All of the cells would be identical.

Which genes are present in your liver cells?

All your genes are present in your liver cells

Cyanobacteria are important to the evolution and advancements of other life on Earth because they A) were the first lifeform on earth. B) produced oxygen from photosynthesis. C) were the first group of organisms to leave a fossil record. D) were thought to have become mitochondria in the cells of animals.

B

Which atom is a carbon atom? https://goo.gl/brWhvl

B

This is the process that releases energy by breaking down food molecules in the presence of oxygen.

CELLULAR RESPIRATION

Energy stored in chemical bonds of molecules

CHEMICAL ENERGY

The changing of substances to other substances by the breaking of bonds in reactants and the formation of bonds in products

CHEMICAL REACTION

This is the process of preserving or protecting a natural resource.

CONSERVATION

Where do the instructions for building a protein originally come from?

DNA

Which of the following tools of biotechnology do investigators use when trying to connect a suspect with a crime?

DNA fingerprinting

Hemlocks are a common type of tree in the northern forests of the United States. In studying one forest, a forester noticed that mature hemlocks were abundant but there were very few young hemlocks. She wondered why there were so few young hemlocks. By reading the records that other foresters in that area had kept, she learned that the population of deer living in the forest had doubled in the last five years. By reading studies on forests that other scientists had performed, she also learned that deer in similar forests like to eat young hemlocks and the young trees of other species. Which statement is a hypothesis that would best address the question Are deer eating the young hemlocks and preventing them from growing?

Deer are eating young hemlocks.

In cells, __________ are proteins that are needed to lower the amount of energy required to start chemical reactions.

ENZYMES

In cells, hydrogen peroxide is converted to water and oxygen through the activity of

ENZYMES

Most populations on earth are affected by several factors, such as genetic drift, mutations, and natural selection. Which of the following statements can be made about a population that experiences changes in gene frequencies?

Evolution is occurring in the population.

Which of the following statements is accurate about evolution?

Evolution means that a population undergoes changes in its gene frequencies over time.

This is a process by which substances are transported across cell membranes by means of protein carrier molecules

FACILITATED TRANSPORT

T/F viruses are made of cells

FALSE

This is an organic substance made of the elements C,H, and O; it is usually found in long chains in lipids; a glycerol and three of these form a fat or lipid

FATTY ACID

Because they share similar structures, cells all carry out the same function.

False

Which is a correct statement about this illustration? https://static.k12.com/calms_media/media/1057000_1057500/1057002/1/04b3f5e0999cda8e348a1184be77b6700e294541/VHS_BIO_03_30_quiz_crossing.jpg

Genetic variation within chromosomes has increased.

Which of the following would happen to a cell if cellular respiration suddenly ceased?

Glucose breakdown would nearly stop or cease entirely.

Proteins destined for extracellular release are packaged in specific vesicles. After packaging, the vesicles bud off and are stored in the cell until a signal is given for their release. When the appropriate signal is received they move towards the membrane and fuse to release their contents. The cellular organelle, involved in the process described above, is the

Golgi apparatus

I am: double stranded found in the nucleus have four nitrogen bases contain deoxyribose sugar contain thymine instead of uracil What important molecule am I?

I am: A) DNA DNA is double-stranded molecule which is often also it's most known feature. Perhaps less known (depends on who you ask) are facts that it also has thymine and not uracil (uracil is found in RNA). It has four nitrogen bases and it contains deoxyribose sugar (another hint that it's DNA and not RNA).

This is a trait that is a blend of the dominant and recessive gene

INCOMPLETE DOMINANCE

This is rivalry or competition between individuals of different species within a specific habitat

INTERSPECIFIC COMPETITION

A catalyzed reaction will have a _____ activation energy, and this leads to a _____ in the reaction rate.

LOWER, INCREASE

This is a process where a parent cell divides into four sex cells with half the chromosomes

MEIOSIS

This is a type of protein found in the cell membrane, which regulates the coming and going of substances into or out of the cell

MEMBRANE PROTEIN

Even though scorpions are related to spiders, there are many differences between the two organisms. One difference is that scorpion young do not hatch from eggs as spiders do. Scorpions are born live, two at a time, and they immediately crawl onto the mother's back for protection and care. They remain there for 2 weeks as they grow big enough to take care of themselves. As baby scorpions grow larger, which process occurs in their body (somatic) cells?

Mitosis separates one cell into four cells.

Which of the following would you expect to see in a family that carries an X-linked recessive trait?

More males than females express the trait.

This is the role of a species in an ecosystem, consisting of such things as what it eats, when it eats, and where it lives

NICHE

This is the the biological process by which nitrogen (N2) in the atmosphere is converted into ammonia by certain prokaryotes

NITROGEN FIXATION

The energy stored in bonds within the nucleus of an atom; energy released from a fission or fusion reaction

NUCLEAR ENERGY

In some plants, flower color, or __________ of the plant, is dependent upon environmental factors such as the acidity of soil.

PHENOTYPE

This is one of the biogeochemical cycles; it is entirely sedimentary, with reserves of the element coming from phosphate rock and it enters biological cycles through photosynthesis.

PHOSPHORUS CYCLE

This is a chemical process that uses light to process carbon dioxide in plants.

PHOTOSYNTHESIS

A DNA molecule that is produced by combining DNA from different sources or organisms is called

RECOMBINANT DNA

This is the copying process by which a cell duplicates its DNA.

REPLICATION

An ecosystem dominated by lichens, mosses, grasses, and woody plants. It is generally found at high latitudes. It is described as having a marshy surface where mosses, lichens, berries and low shrubs grow with mucky soil and permafrost underneath

TUNDRA

In cells, the production of proteins is handled by the ribosomes and endoplasmic reticulum, while the processing and packaging of proteins is handled by the _________ body.

The Golgi body is a stacked, membranous organelle that functions to finalize, package, and ship proteins.

All amino acids have a central carbon with four components attached to it. One of these components is called the R group. Which of the following best describes the R group?

The R group is the same in all amino acids.

Which of the following statements is true about photosynthesis and cellular respiration?

The chemical equations for the processes are opposite of each other.

Compare the food energy in calories from burning the chip and the saltine. How can you explain this differences in terms of chemical composition?

The chip contains more lipids than the saltine.

What happens to E. coli when lactose is not present?

The genes that produce the enzymes needed to break down lactose are not expressed.

Which statement correctly describes the cells produced by meiosis?

The genetic material of the original cell is divided among the new cells.

Which statement correctly describes the cells produced by meiosis? The new cells are identical. The genetic material of the new cells is diploid. The new cells are exact copies of the original cell. The genetic material of the original cell is divided among the new cells.

The genetic material of the original cell is divided among the new cells.

Which organelle, found in this plant cell, breaks down sugars for cellular energy?

The mitochondria is the site of cellular respiration, where glucose is broken down to produce usable energy. All eukaryotic cells have mitochondria.

Which statement is true about water molecules? Water molecules cannot dissolve many substances. Water molecules move randomly around each other. The oxygen atom has a negative charge. The hydrogen atoms do not share electrons.

The oxygen atom has a negative charge.

When is gene expression blocked in the lac operon system?

The repressor protein blocks the genes from making mRNA.

In your body, why do muscle cells and skin cells look and behave differently?

Their genes are being expressed differently.

How many birds are in the entire population of arc-crested fruit-doves on the island of Hoi Polloi?

There are 25,000 birds. (There are 50,000 alleles in the gene pool, with each bird having 2 alleles; therefore, there are 25,000 birds.)

Which of the following best explains why organisms of the same species that become isolated eventually become different from each other over time?

They are exposed to different environments.

Which of the following must be true of their individuals if two populations are no longer the same species?

They cannot reproduce successfully with each other.

Which of the following is a difference between DNA and RNA?

They have different sugars.

A developer wants to turn part of a local woodlot into a new housing development. In the springtime, a vernal pool exists in the part of the woodlot marked for development. How might this proposed development affect the salamanders that live in the woodlot?

They would have no place to mate and lay their eggs.

Why are some scientists studying the bacteria that live in the guts of termites?

Those bacteria may contain genes that will help convert plant material to ethanol.

Gene expression can occur at several points along the pathway from DNA to RNA to proteins. In one example of gene expression, the protein insulin must be trimmed to a smaller size. How is this is an example of gene expression?

Until the protein is trimmed, it is not useful to the cell.

Carbohydrate

Used as main source of energy for a cell

Cells often store materials like water, salts, proteins and carbohydrates in sac-like structures called

Vacuoles Vacuoles store a variety of substances for cells.

In which direction will water molecules (the small blue spheres) move across the membrane in the illustration shown here? https://goo.gl/cpSnnw

Water will move from B to A.

How does water relate to the ability of a living thing to generate energy?

Without the proper balance of water, chemical reactions in cells could not take place.

DNA encodes the information necessary to produce the proteins needed by your body. While this is true for humans, is it the case for other organisms?

Yes, all organisms use DNA for the production of proteins.

phylogenetic tree

a diagram displaying the evolutionary relationships of types of organisms

Which term best describes the role carbon plays in the structure of compounds present in living things? a minimal role a fundamental role a somewhat important role

a fundamental role

What is ribose?

a nitrogenous base found in both DNA and RNA

What does a nucleotide consist of?

a nitrogenous base, a sugar, and a phosphate

All cells contain ____________

a nucleic acid

All cells contain ____________.

a nucleic acid

What is a gene in its simplest form?

a segment of DNA

Which of the following is the best definition of a gene?

a specific segment of DNA on a chromosome

what mechanism of homeostasis expands energy

active transport

Darwin discovered twenty different species of finches in the Galapagos islands. He hypothesized that as new islands arose, finches colonized the islands and rapidly changed into new species, depending on what food was available on each new island. The rapid formation of many new species, as in this case, is called

adaptive radiation

In the desert, saguaro cacti, owls, horned lizards, and fire ants all share the same space. Which of the following can be considered a population?

all cacti in the same area

Which of the following constitutes a gene pool?

all genes of all individuals in a specific population

A cell is lacking in its supply of amino acids. Which of the following will occur? mRNA will not be formed because enzymes may not be present. The ribosomes will not work properly because there will be no proteins. tRNA may not be able to fulfill its job. all of the above

all of the above

Which of the following is not an example of an adaptation? the secretions made by a clown fish to protect the organism from sea anemones the white fur of polar bears an individual choosing to put on a coat to stay warm

an individual choosing to put on a coat to stay warm

Living things require specific organic molecules in order to survive. The picture above represents some specific examples of foods that are mainly composed of one of these necessary organic molecules. The organic molecules found in these types of food are http://goo.gl/TMr3di

carbohydrates. Carbohydrates are found in foods like sugars and grains. Their main function is to be an energy source for living things.

Breads and other whole grain foods are composed of very large polysaccharide molecules which contain hydrogen, oxygen, and which other element?

carbon Breads contain are composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. The carbon is what is used to classify it as a organic compound. Polysaccharides are composed of large chains of monosaccharides, but they all contain just those three elements.

A soybean plant uses cellular respiration to generate usable chemical energy, released within the cell as molecules of what substance?

carbon dioxide

The carbohydrates seen here contain three common elements. They are http://goo.gl/TMr3di

carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Carbohydrates have three elements in common:carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.. Think carbon + hydrate. Hydrate is another way to indicate the presence of water which contains hydrogen and oxygen.

Have you had the chance to watch a tree grow over a span of several years? Did you notice that the tree grew thicker and taller? Deep in the roots of the tree and high in the growing shoots are meristem cells. Each year, the meristem cells help the tree continue to grow. Which process is most critical for different types of tree cells to develop?

cell differentiation

Which process occurs directly after meiosis II?

cell differentiation

The ___ ___ is responsible for maintaining homeostasis within any cell.

cell membrane

A bat's wing is used for flight while a monkey uses its hand to grasp objects. These structures have different functions, but on an anatomical level, they have a very similar bone structure. Darwin used this evidence to suggest that bats and monkeys share which of the following?

common ancestors

What geological theory explains how llamas and camels, close relatives, might be found on different sides of the world?

continental drift

Darwin noticed that some of the species on the Galápagos Islands looked similar to species he saw on the mainland of South America. He suggested that ancestors of those species migrated from South America to the Galápagos Islands, and then changed gradually after their arrival. What did Darwin call this type of change, when a species diverges from a common ancestor?

descent with modification

This is the process of identifying the sequence of nucleotides along a segment of DNA

dna sequencing

What kind of allele results in the trait indicated by the green color being expressed in the individuals shown here? https://goo.gl/zi3zHz

dominant

A(n) ________ cell has a nucleus and typical organelles.

eukaryotic

This is an organism's response to a stimulus developed without being taught or watching another organism.

innate behavior

Bt corn is a genetically modified crop that contains a gene from another species. Which characteristic does this gene give the plant?

insect resistance

Which type of protein plays an important role in transmitting signals in the nervous system?

ion channel membrane proteins

how is a eukaryotic cell different from a prokarytic

it has membrane bound organelles

What is the total collection of DNA in an organism called?

its genome

According to cell theory, viruses are considered nonliving because they

lack the ability to reproduce without a host. Viruses lack the ability to reproduce without a host. This violates 'all cells come from other cells'.

biology is the study of

life

You are studying the amino acid sequence of a protein shared by four organisms. You want to know which organism is most closely related to organism A. You have data that shows the number of amino acid differences between organism A and each of the other organisms. Study the data in the chart and use it to answer the question. https://static.k12.com/calms_media/media/1057000_1057500/1057006/1/2d3fe2b00fae8a0216f08d102dd73790fd074ab2/VHS_BIO_08_07_108_quiz_chart.gif Which organism does this data suggest is most closely related to organism A?

organism D

Most marine invertebrates are classified as

osmoconformers

Where do new cells come from?

other cells

Vegetable farmers often plant soybeans every few years. Rotating crops breaks up the life cycles of many insect pests, and the soybean plants provide the soil with nitrogen. Other crop plants need the nitrogen to grow well. A field of soybean seeds has been planted on a farm in Indiana. As soon as the first leaves emerge from the seed, photosynthesis begins. Which substance is the chemical food source for the soybean plants?

sunlight

This phrase, found in Darwin's Origin of Species, suggests that species adapt and change by natural selection and the changes aid in the survival of the organism

survival of the fittest

From the lesson, which of the following is considered a population?

the arc-crested fruit-doves of Hoi Polloi

Cystic fibrosis is a genetic disorder that creates excessive mucus in human organs. What is a person with this disorder missing?

the gene that codes for an important cell membrane protein

Which of the following will a bacterium produce when a human gene is added to its genome?

the human protein coded for by the human gene

amino acids

the organic molecules that serve as the units from which proteins are made

Which order of events is correct?

zygote → stem cells → cell differentiation

Which order of events is correct? zygote → stem cells → cell differentiation zygote → cell differentiation → mitosis stem cells → zygote → cell differentiation mitosis → cell differentiation → stem cells

zygote → stem cells → cell differentiation

Define Genetic drift

- Genetic drift is a random change in allele frequency that usually leads to a loss of genetic variation. - a change in the gene frequency of a population due to random events

Define mutation

- a change in a DNA molecule or in the structure of a chromosome - All the variation on earth originated through the process of mutation. - A mutation is a change in a gene or a chromosome - Mutations can be helpful, harmful, or neutral.

Define evolution

- the change in allele frequencies in a population over time - Evolution occurs in a population when there is a change in the genetic makeup of the population over a period of time. - Evolution occurs in a population when its genetic makeup changes over time. - For evolution to occur, there must be variation in a population. - Mutation, migration, genetic drift, recombination, and natural selection all play a role in evolution. - Charles Darwin was influenced by many other scientists as he developed the theory of evolution by natural selection. - Like the study of science itself, the study of evolution has a history based on past discoveries. - Darwin was influenced by and built on the work of many other scholars as he developed his theory of evolution. - Darwin gathered a large body of data and began asking questions about the patterns he saw emerging from that data.

Cell theory

1. All living things are made of cells. 2. Cells are the basic unit of structure and function 3. All cells come from other cells.

Criteria to be considered a cell:

1. DNA 2. Cell Membrane 3. Cytoplasm

If a cell starts with 48 chromosomes, then each new cell, or gamete, produced at the end of the process will contain ________ chromosomes.

24

During the Cambrian period on Earth, the ___________ layer developed along with the massive production of oxygen. A) ozone B) ocean C) mantel D) carbon dioxide

A

Enzymes, such as the one shown in the picture, work by fitting onto the substrate molecule like a lock-and-key action. Which statement is true, with regard to the enzyme and the substrate? A) The enzyme weakens chemical bonds in the substrate and catalyzes a change into the product. The enzyme itself remains unchanged. B) The enzyme weakens chemical bonds in the substrate and catalyzes a change into the product. The enzyme is also consumed in the reaction. C) The substrate reacts with the enzyme in the active site to produce a product. The enzyme, though changed, does not become a part of the product. D) The substrate reacts with the enzyme in the active site to produce a product. Both the enzyme and the substrate combine and change into a product.

A

Which image shows a cell's DNA condensed into chromosomes? https://goo.gl/4rnV2V

A

in gymnosperms, male and female gametes develop in separate a)cones b) cotyledons c)ovules D) sepals

A

in which type of cellular transport to molecules bind to channel proteins in order to move across a selectively permeable membrane against a concentration gradient? A facilitated transport B active transport C diffusion D osmosis

A

the variety of functional groups in organic compounds can be explained by the face that A carbon atoms can form branches, long chains, rings B carbon atoms can bond with several other common elements C carbon atoms are usually attached to other hydrogen atoms D carbon atoms are much less electronegative than the other common atoms

A

Which statement is an accurate summary of meiosis?

A cell divides into gametes.

Which of the following occurs prior to speciation?

A population is divided.

Which of the following best explains how the structure of ATP helps provide energy to the cell? ATP production requires energy. ATP contains energy in the chemical bonds between its phosphate groups. ATP contains energy in the chemical bonds between adenine and ribose. ATP is recycled inside the cell.

ATP contains energy in the chemical bonds between its phosphate groups.

If a cell loses control of gene expression, what happens?

Abnormal, unhealthy cells develop.

How does speciation start to take place on a genetic level between two isolated populations?

Allele frequencies change in different ways.

Active transport occurs in cells, for example, when the Na-K pump is at work. Any process that involves active transport most often involves the A) movement of molecules without any predictable pattern. B) movement of molecules from a lower concentration to a higher concentration. C) movement of molecules from a higher concentration to a lower concentration. D) movement of molecules from a lower to higher concentration and then back to the point of origin.

B

Examine the illustration. Which structure in the cell contains the cell's genetic information? https://goo.gl/zSvY96

B

Fill in the missing blanks in the equation below: Active Enzyme + (1)______ → (2)______ + (3)______ A) (1) Product (2) Substrate (3) Active Enzyme B) (1) Substrate (2) Product (3) Active Enzyme C) (1) Substrate (2) Product (3) Inactive Enzyme D) (1) Product (2) Substrate (3) Inactive Enzyme

B

How does the asexual reproduction of a lily differ from sexual reproduction? All BUT ONE statement describes a difference between asexual and sexual reproduction of this lily, namely: A) Asexual reproduction only requires one plant. B) Asexual reproduction requires only that one flower be present. C) Sexual reproduction requires both male and female flower parts. D) Sexual reproduction requires an egg and pollen containing sperm.

B

In rabbits, white fur is a recessive trait. Based on this fact, what statement BEST describes this rabbit's genotype? A) It must have the genotype Bb. B) It is homozygous for fur color. C) It cannot have the genotype bb. D) It is heterozygous for fur color.

B

One statement BEST describes biological evolution. That is A) things changes over time. B) descent from a common ancestor through modification. C) changes in gene frequency in a population from one generation to the next. D) organisms adapt to changes in their environment.

B

what feature do prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells share?

B

This is the total amount of all living things within a specific area

BIOMASS

These are large chemical compounds, primarily consisting of carbon and hydrogen, that exist in living organisms

BIOMOLECULE

Only characteristic that viruses share with cells A they are alive B they are autotrophs C they contain nucleic acid and proteins D they have a nuclues enclosed in the membrane

C

Sponges, members of the Porifera, might be the simplest multicellular animals on Earth. They do not have any tissues, organs, or organ systems. In order for sponges to have evolved, what MUST have happened first? A) the organization of cells into groups B) symbiotic relationships among various cells C) the evolution of cells with nuclei and organelles D) the development of the cell wall as a protective mechanism

C

The pygmy hippo, shown in the photograph, typically weighs no more than 500 pounds and is about the size of a large pig. The much larger river hippopotamus usually weighs between 3,000 and 6,000 pounds. There are no living species of hippos that are medium-sized. Which term is used to describe evolutionary selection which results in greater numbers of individuals at the extremes of the distribution and few at the center of the distribution? A) adaptive B) directional C) disruptive D) validating

C

Which of these is the BEST source of stem cells and minimizes the risk associated with stem cell transplantation? A) stem cells from a donor having the same blood group B) stem cells from a donor who is the same age as the patient C) stem cells preserved from the umbilical cord of the person D) stem cells from rejected grafts that initiated an immune response

C

Which of these scientists is best known for his idea that characteristics an individual gains in its lifetime could be passed on to future generations, eventually leading to the creation of new species? A) Darwin B) Lamarck C) Linnaeus D) Mendel

C

n 2010 a new type of life form was found in California's Lake Mono. The microbe found has a variation in the structure of its DNA. DNA usually consists of nitrogen bases, sugars and phosphates. However, this newly-discovered microbe uses arsenic if phosphorus is not available. This fact might lead to the discovery of A) new DNA sequences in mammals. B) new DNA structures in mammals. C) possible life in non earthlike environments. D) phosphorus being unnecessary for DNA structures in mammals.

C

sodium chloride ( salt) is an example of A an element B a radioactive isotope C chemical compound D chemical formula

C

This is a range of adaptations evolved by organisms which improve their survival rate when subjected to potentially harmful or lethal chemicals

CHEMICAL RESISTANCE

All BUT one of the following are involved in the transfer of a genetic message from the nucleus to the ribosome. That is A) CO2. B) DNA. C) mRNA. D) tRNA.

CO2.

This law states that, in any process, energy is neither created nor destroyed. It can only be converted from one form to another

CONSERVATION OF ENERGY

This bonds to guanine (G) in DNA.

CYTOSINE

Lipid

Can provide insulation

Nucleic Acid

Carries genetic information

Which of the following best shows how primary structure relates to protein function?

Changing one amino acid in the protein hemoglobin causes sickle-cell anemia.

Which of the following best shows how primary structure relates to protein function? High temperatures cause proteins to denature. The shape and chemistry of an enzyme's active site determine its function. Proteins are sensitive to changes in pH. Changing one amino acid in the protein hemoglobin causes sickle-cell anemia.

Changing one amino acid in the protein hemoglobin causes sickle-cell anemia.

Eukaryotic cell

Complex. Found in multicellular (many celled) organisms. Have a nucleus to contain DNA, and other advanced cell organelles. Examples: Plant, Animal, Fungi, and Protist. YOUR body contains this class of cell (type: Animal cells).

All BUT ONE statement describes an advantage of meiosis. A) Variation is aided by crossing-over which occurs during meiosis. B) Meiosis ensures daughter cells receive one of each kind of gene and half the chromosome number. C) Independent assortment provides a huge number of possible genetic combinations in daughter cells. D) Meiosis occurs often because it allows growth and repair of body tissues in multicellular organisms.

D

How can the knowledge of the human genome be useful for in-vitro fertilization techniques? A) Genes with the desired traits can be introduced into the sperm of infertile males. B) The genes that cause infertility can be removed from the female ovum. C) Proteins can be injected into infertile individuals to increase fertility. D) Disease-free sperm and ova could be identified and used.

D

Outcrossing is the introduction of an unrelated genetic material from one group of individuals into another. What is a possible disadvantage of outcrossing to the group which receives the genetic material? A) The group loses all of its original traits. B) The genetic diversity of the group is reduced. C) The genetic material may be rejected by the group. D) A disease in recessive form could be introduced into the group.

D

the kingdom protista includes: a)most viral agents b)prokarytic organisms c)yeast and bread molds d) most single celled eukarytotes

D

which organisms would be most closely related A organisms in the same kingdom B organisms in the same phlya C organims in teh same species D organisms in the same genus

D

This is the process of giving form to an idea. Form for an idea could be a plan of action or a description of a physical thing.

DESIGN

A(n) _____________ is a pattern of dark bands on photographic film that is made when DNA fragments are separated by gel electrophoresis and tagged. The photograph produced is often used to determine whether or not suspects were involved in a crime.

DNA FINGERPRINT

How did this change affect the population of the arc-crested dove population ?

Easily-seen purple crested birds were eaten more often.

What is the first, most immediate, thing that happens when light strikes a chlorophyll molecule?

Electrons are energized.

Which of the following best explains how enzymes speed up a chemical reaction? Enzymes lower the activation energy of a chemical reaction. Enzymes are not changed as a result of a chemical reaction. Enzymes add heat to a chemical reaction. Enzymes remove heat from a chemical reaction.

Enzymes lower the activation energy of a chemical reaction.

Which type of cell contains DNA enclosed in a nucleus?

Eukaryotes contain DNA in their cell nucleus. Prokaryotes contain DNA, just not enclosed in a nucleus.

Which of the following can occur to two segments of a population if they are geographically isolated?

Eventually, they become separate species.

As seen in the Venn diagram, meiosis is responsible for the production of haploid gametes. Somatic or body cells are 2N cells. This change in chromosome number is the result of

FERTALIZATION

This is a path for the transfer of matter and energy through an ecosystem by eating and being eaten

FOOD CHAIN

A hypothesis is a lucky guess.

False

DNA translates the information in RNA to make proteins.

False

DNA translates the information in RNA to make proteins. True or False?

False

Most scientists come up with questions to investigate out of the blue

False

The conclusion of a study should always be that the hypothesis is correct

False

The conclusion of a study should always be that the hypothesis is correct.

False

Nucleus

Function: Contains DNA, control center or "brain" of the cell. Found in Eukaryotic cells (plant, animal, fungi, protist)

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

Function: Has ribosomes on the surface, where proteins are made for cell membrane. Found in Eukaryotic cells (plant, animal, fungi, protist)

Flagella/ Cilia

Function: Locomotion (helps cell move). Found mostly in Prokaryotic cells, but also in some specialized Eukaryotic cells.

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

Function: Makes lipids for cell membrane, as well as hormones and steroids. Found in Eukaryotic cells (plant, animal, fungi, protist)

Ribosomes

Function: Makes proteins. Found in most types of cells, but NOT all cells.

Golgi Apparatus

Function: Packages proteins for use (by cell) or export (being sent out of cell). Found in Eukaryotic cells (plant, animal, fungi, protist)

This is a high energy photon resulting from the redistribution of the charge within the nucleus

GAMMA RADIATION

The diagram shows the incorporation of a virus containing a healthy gene for insulin, into the pancreas cell of a diabetic. This procedure is known as __________.

GENE THEREPY

The process of manipulating the DNA code of living organisms

GENETIC ENGINEERING

This refers to a plant whose roots grow down into the soil as a response to gravity.

GEOTROPISM

______________ is the continuation of growth by a plant embryo.

GERMINATION

What is the largest suspected environmental problem associated with the burning of fossil fuels?

GLOBAL WARMING

In the chart, the organism Rr represents a genetically _____________ individual.

HETEROZYGOUS

A solution that causes a cell to shrink because of the high concentration of solute in the solution surrounding the cell.

HYPERTONIC

Which statement describes a process that takes place in meiosis but not mitosis?

Homologous chromosomes pair up.

This is a particular type of natural selection illustrated by the darkening of a moth species after the industrial revolution in England. Pollutants caused the tree bark to darken, birds ate the most visible moths, and as a result, the moth population turned from light gray to dark gray

INDUSTRIAL MELANISM

This is when members of the same species are competing for limited resources

INTRASPECIFIC COMPETITION

When DNA replication occurs before meiosis, the original DNA strand CAG TGT CCG TAG is copied into complementary strand GTC CTA CGG ACA. What type of mutation has occurred?

INVERSION

Which statement best explains why carbon is present in so many kinds of molecules? It is abundant on earth. It can form four covalent bonds. It has valence electrons. It can become an ion.

It can form four covalent bonds

Which of the following best describes the role of DNA? It speeds up chemical reactions inside of cells. It transmits genetic information to the next generation. It directly forms proteins. It provides a form of energy for cells.

It transmits genetic information to the next generation.

This is the simplest type of carbohydrate, commonly known as a simple sugar, which acts as a building block for larger carbohydrates such as starches

MONOSACCHARIDE

Centriole

Made of microtubules and helps in cell division (mitosis). Found in animal cells but NOT found in plant cells.

Have you had the chance to watch a tree grow over a span of several years? Did you notice that the tree grew thicker and taller? Deep in the roots of the tree and high in the growing shoots are meristem cells. Each year, the meristem cells help the tree continue to grow. As a tree ages, it needs to keep making more xylem and phloem cells to carry water and food. Which statement explains how this occurs?

Meristem cells divide and some of the new cells differentiate into xylem and phloem.

Which process results in two daughter cells each having the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell?

Mitosis Mitosis is the term that refers to the process of nuclear division. Meiosis is another method of cell division mostly for reproductive cells. The other two options are two stages in the process of mitosis in which DNA is forming chromosomes and then splitting apart after metaphase.

A population of crocodiles is said to be in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. If so, which of the following must be true?

No new mutations have occurred.

contains DNA control center has a membrane found in eukaryote cells These characteristics describe the _______________ of a cell.

Nucleus

Jessica's mother has the blood type AB and her father has the blood type O. Which blood type could Jessica have? https://goo.gl/Ts0YQv

O

This is any living thing without the power of locomotion that obtain energy from sunlight or make their own food

PLANT

This is an organism that supplies matter and energy, also known as an autotroph

PRODUCER

A macromolecule that contains carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen, which is used by the body for growth and repair

PROTEIN

Channels within the structure of the cell membrane are composed of

PROTEINS

Which of these organic molecules functions to help speed up biological chemical reactions?

PROTEINS

rapid change in species that rarely leaves behind fossil evidence is referred to as

PUNCTUAL EQUILIBRIUM

1. Imagine a mother and a father who both have freckles and are heterozygous for the trait, or Ff. They are the P generation, or parent generation. Create a Punnett square to show their offspring, the F1 generation.

Part 1 Punnett Square F f F FF Ff f Ff ff

Microfilaments

Part of the cytoskeleton that is more flexible to help in movement of the cell and its organelles

Microtubules

Part of the cytoskeleton that provides support to help the cell keep its shape

Which of the following is true of natural populations?

Populations are all the individuals of a species living in a defined area

What change occurred in the environment of the arc-crested dove population?

Predators such as snakes came to live there.

Which of the following describes translation?

RNA makes proteins.

__________ fats or lipids form animal body fat that is used for stored energy and insulation.

SATURATED

The process of developing a cultivated group of domesticated anima

SELECTIVE BREEDING

This is a DNA mutation that does not result in a change to the amino acid sequence of a protein

SILENT MUTATION

These are groups of reproducing populations that are isolated from other groups.

SPECIES

This is an undifferentiated cell whose "job" within the organism is yet to be determined.

STERN CELL

Which part of an angiosperm is sticky and collects pollen

STIGMa

This is the energy needed to drive photosynthesis.

SUNLIGHT

Prokaryotic cell

Simple. Found in unicellular (one celled) organisms. Do not have Nucleus or other organelles. DO have cell membrane, cytoplasm, and free floating DNA. Example: Bacteria

Protein

Some are stringy and fibrous and provide support (i.e., collagen and keratin) Help speed up cellular reactions

This is a plant response to contact with solid objects. Plant parts grow on or around things

THIGMOTROPISM

What is the term for a plant's movement or growth in response to touch or contact?

THIGMOTROPISM

This is the second step of production of proteins where mRNA is decoded to produce a specific polypeptide

TRANSLATION

Read the following prompt and type your response in the space provided. Photosynthesis and cellular respiration are often described in two ways: (1) they are chemically opposite; and (2) they have a relationship to each other. Explain what these two statements mean. Be sure to include the specific substances used and released by each process.

The chemical equations for photosynthesis and cellular respiration are exactly opposite. What photosynthesis creates, cellular respiration uses. The opposite is true, too: What cellular respiration makes, photosynthesis uses. Each process feeds the other. Photosynthesis uses carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight (energy) to produce glucose and oxygen. Cellular respiration uses glucose and oxygen to produce carbon dioxide, water, and energy. The two processes are related because their products and reactants cycle between them. Cellular respiration uses the glucose and oxygen that photosynthesis produces; photosynthesis begins with the carbon dioxide and water produced during cellular respiration.

What happened to the allele frequency in the arc-crested dove population?

There is now more green-crested birds instead of pruple-crested birds as a way to hide from the snakes.

Chloroplast

Transforms one form of energy into a form usable for the cell (uses sunlight to make sugar). Found in Plant cells.

How does ATP provide energy to your body?

Your body produces ATP through the breakdown of glucose and converts the energy in glucose into a form that the body can use. This energy is contained in the chemical bonds between phosphate groups in the tail of the ATP molecule.

Which of the following is the best description of an adaptation? a characteristic that helps an organism find food a characteristic that evolves a characteristic that helps an organism survive and reproduce a characteristic that helps an organism avoid predators

a characteristic that helps an organism survive and reproduce

The controlled timing of gene expression is crucial to an organism because it allows for which of the following? differentiation specialization development all of the above

all of the above

Which of the following repeating units make up a protein? amino acids carboxylic acids peptide acids fatty acids

amino acids

Which of the following is a variant of a gene?

an allele

The early organisms on earth also needed to break down glucose to generate energy to survive. Which of the following processes did they most likely use?

anaerobic respiration

Which term is used to descibe body structures that look alike and serve a similar function but are not descended from a common ancestor?

analougous structures

In an experiment to study the breakdown of protein, a student uses the enzyme amylase and an indicator. What could be a reason why there is no change in color? A) Protein reacts instantly with amylase and this change cannot be detected by the indicator. B) Protein does not react with amylase as it cannot fit into the active sites present in amylase. C) The indicator inhibits the reaction between protein and amylase by occupying the active sites of the enzyme. D) The indicator becomes inactive upon reacting with protein and cannot indicate the formation of the products.

b

fungi have filamentous bodies, are heterotrohpic, and have cell walls that are made of chitin.... which resembles a fungus? A bacteria B molds C algae D amoebas

b

in paramecia, genetic information is carried in one macronuclues and several smaller (a)micronucleoli (B)nucleoli (C)trychosysts (D)vacuoles

b

which environmental change is most likely to slow chemical reactions in cells A increased temperature B decreased temperature C increase in number of substrate molecules in solution D neutralization of the acidic environment

b

Which structure will you find in a prokaryotic cell?

cell membrane

osmosis is a type of diffusion that occurs on the.....?

cell membrane

what structure would you expect to examine when looking at a prokaryotic cell under a microscope

cell membrane

This is the idea that pre-biological changes slowly transformed simple atoms and molecules into the more complex chemicals needed to produce life. This theory suggests that life originated on Earth by means of the slow evolution of nonliving matter.

chemical evolution

in H2O, the molecules are held together by

covalent bonds

You are studying the inheritance of two characteristics in plants: red flowers (RR and Rr), which are dominant to yellow flowers (rr), and green leaves (GG and Gg), which are dominant to yellow leaves (gg). You cross a double heterozygous (RrGg) with a double recessive (rrgg), and expect to see a 1:1:1:1 ratio in the offspring. Instead, you see these results: https://goo.gl/zyXqOf Which phenomenon would you hypothesize accounts for the pattern you see?

crossing-over

scaffolding of protein fibers that help keep a cells shape, and it assist cell division and cell movement

cytoskeleton

substances like oxygen pass through the cell without the use of energy move from an area from high concentration to low concentration.... this is called? A osmosis B filtration C active transport D passive transport

d

change in the structure of a protein due to changes in the environment

denature

in cells, ______ are proteins that are needed to lower the amount of energy required to start chemical reactions

enzymes

http://www.usatestprep.com/modules/gallery/files/5/552/552.gif Based on physical features, this cell is most likely a(n) ____________ cell.

eukaryotic animal

Which mechanism requires energy?

exocytosis

What is the lac operon in E. coli a classic example of?

gene expression occurring at transcription

The cutting of DNA by specific enzymes known as restriction endonucleases. The cut piece from one organism is added to the DNA of another

gene splicing

According to the modern synthesis of evolution, __________.

genetics and mutation generate some of the variety that natural selection acts on

The forelimbs of mice, bats, and whales all have a similar bone structure. This is an example of which type of evidence of shared ancestry?

homologous structures

A drug that has been used effectively against viruses works by deactivating the active site of certain viral enzymes. The virus uses the protease enzyme to destroy host cell proteins to open the cell. With the active site blocked, the virus cannot grab on to and destroy the host cells. The drug is called

inhibitor

This phylogenetic tree shows similarities in the amino acids in cytochrome-C of several organisms. Use the information in the phylogenetic tree to answer the question. https://static.k12.com/calms_media/media/1057000_1057500/1057007/1/4c5247a83d7ec602930d2ffa1a1bfeb5c12b2557/VHS_BIO_08_07_108_quiz_tree.gif Of the animals in this phylogenetic tree, which is most distantly related to the rhesus monkey?

lamprey

Which of the following types of RNA carries genetic instructions for building a specific protein?

mRNA only

This is an organism exhibiting characteristics similar to one known to be dangerous

mimicry

water leaves the tubules of the kidneyin reponse to the hypertonic fluid around the tubules. this is an examples of

osmosis

Cellular (aerobic) respiration takes place in the presence of and with the use of which of the following?

oxygen

Scientists believe that the Earth's early atmosphere lacked __________ gas because photosynthetic organisms did not yet exist.

oxygen

found in cell membrane and helps protect the cell or organelles by allowing/ not allowing molecules to enter

phospholipid

a circular, double stranded molecule that is capable of independent replication

plasmid

memebers of which phyla contain the most species and are parasites of humans?

playhelminthes

The first organisms on Earth were mostly likely ________ cells.

prokaryotic

Large molecules and wastes move through the membrane through ____ ______.

protein channels

which kingdom consist of both autotrophic and heterotrophic organism

protista

Some types of aquatic frogs bury themselves in the mud and spend the winter hibernating at the bottom of lakes and ponds. Which characteristic of life does this behavior represent?

response

directional selection

selection that tends to favor one extreme form of a trait over another Directional selection favors one type of variation.

if placed in a hypertonic solution, a cell will......?

shrink in size

vestigial structures

structures that appear to have no function for the organism but probably had a function in an ancestral organism

bacterial wall is made out of

sugars and amino acids

Define genotype

the particular alleles present in an organism for a character or set of characters

Define phenotype

the physical or detectable traits of an organism

The main difference between a prokaryotic cell and a eukaryotic cell is

the presence of a true nucleus.

comparative embryology

the study of similarities and differences in the embryos of different organisms

Which of the following is one role of RNA polymerase during transcription? to build a molecule of mRNA to produce a start sequence to switch uracil with thymine on the exposed gene to break down an already existing protein

to build a molecule of mRNA

Which of the following can regulate gene expression in eukaryotes?

transcription factors

Certain flightless beetles have wings. Their wings are an example of which type of structure?

vestigial structure