Biology - CH 11 The Diversity of Bacteria and Archaea
_______ gain energy via the oxidation of reduced inorganic chemicals, using O2 as a terminal electron acceptor. Aerobic chemoheterotrophs Anaerobic chemolithotrophs Anaerobic chemoheterotrophs Aerobic chemolithotrophs
Aerobic chemolithotrophs
True or false: Cyanobacteria are morphologically diverse, ranging in shape from unicellular organisms to filamentous multicellular associations.
True
Nitrifiers can be described as bacteria that ______. are Gram-positive obtain energy by oxidizing inorganic nitrogen compounds such as ammonium or nitrite obtain energy by reducing organic nitrogen compounds are Gram-negative
are Gram-negative obtain energy by oxidizing inorganic nitrogen compounds such as ammonium or nitrite
Spirillum species ______. are Gram-negative spiral-shaped bacteria have an endoflagella are Gram-positive rods can form phosphate storage granules are microaerophilic
are Gram-negative spiral-shaped bacteria can form phosphate storage granules are microaerophilic
Magnetotactic bacteria ______. are able to align themselves with the Earth's magnetism propel themselves forward using the energy of the surrounding magnetic field have a string of magnetic crystals inside them
are able to align themselves with the Earth's magnetism have a string of magnetic crystals inside them
Sulfur-reducing bacteria have a positive impact on the environment because they ______. produce sulfuric acid, which can be harvested corrode pipes and other metals are an essential component of the sulfur cycle decompose eggs
are an essential component of the sulfur cycle
Based on their defining characteristics, members of the family Enterobacteriaceae ______. typically ferment lactose are facultative anaerobes ferment glucose are Gram-positive bacilli possess peritrichous flagella if motile
are facultative anaerobes ferment glucose possess peritrichous flagella if motile
The earliest oxygenic phototrophs probably belonged to a group of bacteria called the _____
cyanobacteria
Which of the following groups of bacteria is best described as a diverse group of photosynthetic Gram-negative bacteria that inhabit a wide range of environments? cyanobacteria proteobacteria mycobacteria actinobacteria
cyanobacteria
Unlike in other anoxygenic phototrophs, in purple bacteria, the components of the photosynthetic apparatus are all located in the cell's _____ membrane
cytoplasmic
The presence of coliforms such as Escherichia coli in food and water indicates the possibility of _____ contamination.
fecal
Facultative anaerobes can use aerobic respiration if O2 is present and _____ if O2 is not available.
ferment
The genus Streptomyces includes more than 500 species that resemble ______ in their growth but are ______. plants, eukaryotes fungi, prokaryotes fungi, eukaryotes plants, prokaryotes
fungi, prokaryotes
Methanogens are organisms that ______. generate methane can be defined as a phototroph obtain energy by oxidizing hydrogen gas use CO2 as a terminal electron acceptor belong to the domain Bacteria
generate methane use CO2 as a terminal electron acceptor obtain energy by oxidizing hydrogen gas
Aerobic chemoorganotrophs gain energy via the _______, using O2 as a terminal electron acceptor. oxidation of organic compounds oxidation of inorganic compounds reduction of organic compounds reduction of inorganic compounds
oxidation of organic compounds
Nitrifying bacteria _______. Thus, levels of this gas can quickly decrease in aquatic environments. reduce nitrogen compounds using H2 reduce nitrogen compounds using O2 oxidize nitrogen compounds using H2 oxidize nitrogen compounds using O2
oxidize nitrogen compounds using O2
As a group, chemolithotrophs ______ to obtain energy. reduce oxidized organic compounds such as sugars reduce oxidized inorganic chemicals such as hydrogen gas oxidize reduced inorganic chemicals such as hydrogen gas oxidize reduced organic compounds such as sugars
oxidize reduced inorganic chemicals such as hydrogen gas
Cyanobacteria are a group of _______ bacteria. chemolithotrophic Gram-positive photosynthetic Gram-positive chemolithotrophic Gram-negative photosynthetic Gram-negative
photosynthetic Gram-negative
Ecophysiology is the study of the ______. physiological mechanisms bacteria and archaea use to live in terrestrial and aquatic environments varying systems in the human body and the diversity of the microbiota that inhabits them different environments on the planet in which bacteria and archaea live
physiological mechanisms bacteria and archaea use to live in terrestrial and aquatic environments
Which of the following can distinguish members of the genus Staphylococcus from Streptococcus, Enterococcus, and Lactococcus species? presence of the enzyme catalase their Gram-positive nature ability to cause disease
presence of the enzyme catalase
Nitrogen fixation, or the process of converting nitrogen gas (N2) into ammonia, is an exclusive ability of ______. cyanobacteria Heliobacterium fungi eukaryotes prokaryotes
prokaryotes
Propionibacterium species produce _____ acid as their major fermentation end product.
propionic
A group of Gram-negative bacteria has a spiral shape and a unique motility mechanism that allows them to move through thick, viscous substances. This group is called the ______
spirochetes
Green sulfur bacteria are ______. facultative anaerobes obligate aerobes microaerophilic strict anaerobes
strict anaerobes
The chalky appearance of Streptomyces colonies is due to ______. the branching filaments called hyphae that make up the mycelium the cysts that form when the cells are deprived of nutrients
the branching filaments called hyphae that make up the mycelium
Which of the following can be used to distinguish between members of the genus Bacillus and Clostridium? their ability to form endospores their Gram-staining characteristics their oxygen requirements
their oxygen requirements
All of the following are true of the genus Clostridium EXCEPT ______. some species cause disease they produce endospores they are Gram-negative rods they are common soil inhabitants
they are Gram-negative rods
Species of Pseudomonas ______. use oxygen as a terminal electron acceptor ferment possess polar flagella are Gram-positive rods
use oxygen as a terminal electron acceptor possess polar flagella
How do obligate aerobes obtain energy? using fermentation only using respiration only using respiration or fermentation
using respiration only
Oxygenic phototrophs use ______ as a source of electrons for reducing power, generating O2. carbon monoxide water glucose carbon dioxide
water
Mycobacterium species stain poorly because their cell walls contain ______. waxy lipids called mycorrhizae waxy sugars called mycolic acids waxy sugars called mycorrhizae waxy lipids called mycolic acids
waxy lipids called mycolic acids
Which of the following genera of endospore formers include both obligate aerobes and facultative anaerobes? Bacillus Clostridium
Bacillus
The two most common genera of Gram-positive rod-shaped bacteria that form endospores are ______. Escherichia Staphylococcus Bacillus Clostridium Mycobacterium
Bacillus Clostridium
Which of the following genera consists of anaerobic Gram-positive rods that are commonly found as intestinal microbiota, particularly in breastfed infants? Corynebacterium Campylobacter Helicobacter Bifidobacterium
Bifidobacterium
Members of the family Enterobacteriaceae are _______. Gram-positive rods Gram-negative rods Gram-positive cocci Gram-negative cocci
Gram-negative rods
Spirillum species can correctly be described as ______. Gram-negative spiral shaped microaerophiles, with some members capable of forming phosphate storage granules Gram-positive rods that are obligate anaerobes, with some members capable of forming endospores
Gram-negative spiral shaped microaerophiles, with some members capable of forming phosphate storage granules
Which of the following describe characteristics of members of the genus Vibrio? Gram-negative straight or curved rods Not known to cause disease Typically found in marine environments
Gram-negative straight or curved rods Typically found in marine environments
Spirochetes are bacteria that are ______ and possess a unique mechanism of _______. Gram-negative; motility Gram-positive; motility Gram-negative; cell division Gram-positive; cell division
Gram-negative; motility
Endospore-forming bacteria are typically ______. Gram-negative rods Gram-positive rods Gram-negative cocci Gram-positive cocci
Gram-positive rods
During photosynthesis, anoxygenic phototrophs use _______ as a source of electrons to make reducing power. O2 H2S H2O
H2S
On blood agar, Streptococcus pyogenes produces β- _____ , a characteristic used to differentiate this organism from the normal oral microbiota.
Hemolytic
_____ bacteria have a string of magnetic particles inside them in order to align themselves to Earth's magnetic field.
Magnetotactic
Several species of _______ are notable pathogens. These include the bacteria that cause tuberculosis and leprosy. Staphylococcus Pseudomonas Mycobacterium Mycoplasma
Mycobacterium
You isolate pleomorphic rods that are difficult to stain with the Gram-staining procedure. This organism is most likely a member of the genus ______. Pseudomonas Micrococcus Streptococcus Mycobacterium
Mycobacterium
Nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria can incorporate both _____ and _____ into organic material, thus generating a form of these nutrients that can then be used by other organisms.
N2 CO2
Aerobic chemolithotrophs obtain energy by oxidizing reduced inorganic chemicals, using
O2
Facultative anaerobes preferentially use aerobic respiration if _____ is present.
O2
A reason why environments that are routinely exposed to O2 can support anaerobic growth is that ______. O2-consuming organisms depletes the oxygen levels anaerobic organisms outcompete aerobes anaerobic organisms create an anaerobic environment
O2-consuming organisms depletes the oxygen levels
An anoxic atmosphere lacks _____
Oxygen
Which of the following explains the relationship between plants and their rhizobial endosymbionts? Plants produce leghemoglobin, which binds to and keeps the levels of O2 low. The plant forms tumors in response to the infection by rhizobia. The rhizobia produce opines which only they can use as a nutrient source. Rhizobia fix nitrogen while residing inside plant cells.
Plants produce leghemoglobin, which binds to and keeps the levels of O2 low. Rhizobia fix nitrogen while residing inside plant cells.
Which of the following is not a characteristic of the lactic acid bacteria? Most can grow in aerobic environments Possess the enzyme catalase Produce lactic acid from fermentation Can only ferment
Possess the enzyme catalase
Which of the following describe the relationship between rhizobia and the legumes with which they form intimate relationships? Rhizobia are plant pathogens. Rhizobia live within cells formed in root nodules. Rhizobia cause the growth of tumors. Rhizobia fix nitrogen that can be used by the plant.
Rhizobia live within cells formed in root nodules. Rhizobia fix nitrogen that can be used by the plant.
Lactic acid bacteria include all of the following genera EXCEPT _______. Lactococcus Streptococcus Lactobacillus Staphylococcus Leuconostoc
Staphylococcus
Members of the genus ______ thrive in the dry and salty environment of the skin. Mycobacterium Staphylococcus Escherichia Mycoplasma
Staphylococcus
Which of the following bacteria is typically a harmless resident of the skin? Staphylococcus epidermidis Leuconostoc mesenteroides Streptococcus pyogenes Micrococcus luteus
Staphylococcus epidermidis
This member of the lactic acid group is a Gram-positive coccus that grows in the oral cavity and can cause pharyngitis. Lactococcus bulgaricus Enterococcus faecalis Leuconostoc mesenteroides Streptococcus pyogenes
Streptococcus pyogenes
The genus _______ is a major producer of antibiotics, including tetracycline and erythromycin. Streptomyces Mycoplasma Mycobacterium Escherichia Pseudomonas
Streptomyces
You isolate an organism from the soil. If it turns out to be an aerobic Gram-positive rod that resembles a fungus in its pattern of growth, then it most likely belongs to the genus ______. Mycobacterium Histoplasma Streptomyces Mycoplasma Streptococcus
Streptomyces
Which of the following are characteristics of the genus Propionibacterium? They are Gram-positive. They can ferment lactic acid. They grow best in an aerobic environment.
They are Gram-positive. They can ferment lactic acid.
Why are nitrifiers of concern regarding their environmental impact? They convert ammonium fertilizer to nitrate, which is more easily leached from soils. They aid in the buildup of nitrites in the soil. They consume dissolved O2 from waterways contaminated with nitrogen-containing wastes.
They convert ammonium fertilizer to nitrate, which is more easily leached from soils. They consume dissolved O2 from waterways contaminated with nitrogen-containing wastes.
What benefit do rhizobia provide the plants cells in which they reside? They fix nitrogen that can be used by the plant. They fix carbon dioxide that can be used by the plant. They control levels of oxygen that can be used by the plant.
They fix nitrogen that can be used by the plant.
Which best describes the appearance of Streptomyces colonies? They are slimy because their cells come together to form fruiting bodies. They have a chalky surface because of their filamentous hyphae.
They have a chalky surface because of their filamentous hyphae.
Which of the following statements about members of the family Enterobacteriaceae is NOT true? They include E. coli, Salmonella, and Proteus. They are facultative anaerobes. They only reside in the intestinal tract of humans. They include many medically relevant bacteria.
They only reside in the intestinal tract of humans.
Genera of the family Enterobacteriaceae include all the following EXCEPT one. Which? Klebsiella Salmonella Yersinia Vibrio Proteus
Vibrio
A special staining procedure called the ______ is used in the identification of Mycobacterium species. negative stain dark-field preparation acid-fast stain simple stain Gram stain
acid-fast stain
Early chemotrophs may have used all of the following pathways to harvest energy EXCEPT ______. fermentation aerobic respiration anaerobic respiration
aerobic respiration
In addition to being photosynthetic, many cyanobacteria have the ability to convert nitrogen gas (N2) into ______, a process known as nitrogen fixation. elemental nitrogen ammonia nitrates nitrites
ammonia
Chemoorganotrophs that perform ______ often use sulfur or sulfate as a terminal electron acceptor. aerobic respiration anaerobic respiration fermentation
anaerobic respiration
An atmosphere that lacks O2 is called _____
anoxic / anaerobic
Which of the following were likely the earliest photosynthesizing organisms? oygenic phototrophs plants green algae anoxygenic phototrophs
anoxygenic phototrophs
Streptomyces species naturally produce a wide array of medically useful chemicals that are used to treat microbial infections. These chemicals are referred to as _____
antibiotics
Most of the anaerobic chemolithotrophs that have been discovered are members of what domain? bacteria archaea eukarya
archaea
Methanogens are a group of _______ that produce methane by oxidizing _______. archaea; O2 archaea; H2 archaea; CO2 bacteria; CO2 bacteria; H2
archaea; H2
Cyanobacteria as a group are capable of ______. nitrogen fixation only both photosynthesis and nitrogen fixation neither photosynthesis nor nitrogen fixation photosynthesis only
both photosynthesis and nitrogen fixation
How do aerobic chemoorganotrophs obtain their energy? by oxidizing organic compounds by using S as a terminal electron acceptor by oxidizing chemicals like ammonia by using O2 as a terminal electron acceptor
by oxidizing organic compounds by using O2 as a terminal electron acceptor
An organism that harvests energy by oxidizing inorganic chemicals, but not organic chemicals, is a _____
chemolithotroph
Because the skin is ______, growth of many organisms is prevented. oily wet dry and salty nutrient poor
dry and salty
The study of the various adaptations prokaryotes use to survive terrestrial and aquatic environments is called _____
ecophysiology
Movement in spirochetes is via _____ (also called axial filaments), which are flagella contained within the periplasm.
endoflagella
Of the various types of dormant cells, the ______ is the most resistant to environmental extremes. endospore heterocyst sporozoite spherule
endospore
The _____ produced by the genus Clostridium have the ability to survive harsh environmental conditions that can commonly kill the vegetative bacterial cells.
endospores
Rhizobia are a group of Gram-negative rod-shaped bacteria that often fix nitrogen and form intimate relationships with legumes. In these relationships role, rhizobia are ______. parasites endosymbionts pathogens synergists
endosymbionts
All of the following are characteristic of green sulfur bacteria EXCEPT one. Which? have color pigments that are located in structures called trichomes form sulfur granules use hydrogen sulfide as a source of electrons lack flagella, but many possess gas vesicles
have color pigments that are located in structures called trichomes
When sulfur is used as a terminal electron acceptor in the metabolism of an organic compound, the products are carbon dioxide and ______. sulfuric acid sulfate hydrogen sulfide
hydrogen sulfide
Members of the genus Vibrio ______. include pathogens such as V. cholerae and V. vulnificus are typically found in acidic soil environments. are Gram-positive rods are obligate aerobes
include pathogens such as V. cholerae and V. vulnificus
Enterobacteriaceae get their name because they reside in the ______ tract of humans and animals. urinary respiratory intestinal genital
intestinal
In a healthy individual, anaerobes can regularly be found on and in the ______. sterile body fluids intestinal tract muscle tissue skin oral cavity
intestinal tract skin oral cavity
Enteric bacteria that ferment ______ are called coliforms. glucose sucrose lactose maltose
lactose
Beneficial characteristics of nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria include ______. forming blooms in aquatic habitats that can lyse and decay, removing O2 from the water limiting atmospheric CO2 buildup providing an important source of usable nitrogen and carbon in nutrient poor environments producing a chemical, geosmin, that gives water a distinctive flavor
limiting atmospheric CO2 buildup providing an important source of usable nitrogen and carbon in nutrient poor environments
Pseudomonas species are Gram-negative rods that, unlike members of the family Enterobacteriaceae, are ______. oxidase-positive nonfermenters obligate fermenters with polar flagella obligate anaerobes
oxidase-positive nonfermenters
Spirochetes, a group of Gram-negative bacteria with a spiral shape, are distinguished by ______. motility by means of endoflagella a flexible cell wall motility by means of cilia
motility by means of endoflagella a flexible cell wall
The normal habitat of Bacteroides species in humans includes the ______. genital tract intestines mouth skin
mouth intestines genital tract
Cyanobacteria living in aquatic environments can ______. accumulate in larger numbers, which is referred to as a bloom store accessory pigments in structures called chlorosomes move vertically through a water column using gas vesicles
move vertically through a water column using gas vesicles accumulate in larger numbers, which is referred to as a bloom
A diverse group of Gram-negative bacteria that obtain energy by oxidizing inorganic nitrogen compounds such as ammonium or nitrate are known as _____
nitrifiers
Many cyanobacteria can convert nitrogen gas (N2) to ammonia, which is a process called ______. ammonification nitrogen fixation denitrification
nitrogen fixation
Chemoorganotrophs oxidize _____ compounds such as glucose to obtain energy.
organic
The purple bacteria are Gram-negative organisms that can appear ______ due to their light-harvesting pigments. red orange purple green
red orange purple
Obligate aerobes obtain energy using _____ exclusively; none of them can ferment.
respiration
To differentiate species in the family Enterobacteriaceae, a microbiologist could use which of the following methods? serological tests ability to ferment glucose biochemical tests Gram stain
serological tests biochemical tests
Staphylococcus epidermidis is part of the normal microbiota of the _____
skin