Biology- Chapter 11
Below are a list of steps used to create a transgenic organism. Place them in order from first at the top to last at the bottom.
1. Acquire source DNA and cloning vector 2. Cut source and vector DNA with the same restriction enzyme 3. Mix donor DNA and vector DNA together 4. Insert recombinant DNA into recipient cells.
DNA sequencing of the human genome revealed that about ______ of the human genome encodes protein.
1.5%
Select reasons why adult stem cells might be better for use in stem cell therapy than embryonic stem cells.
A patient's immune system would not reject its own tissues. Adult stem cells can be derived from the patient's own tissues. Using adult stem cells would not involve human embryos.
______ stem cells are more differentiated and produce a limited number of cell types.
Adult
What bacterium enters plants at a wound site and injects a plasmid into the plants' cells, causing a tumorlike gall to grow where the bacteria can live?
Agrobacterium tumefaciens
Select all of the following that are steps in preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD).
An embryo with DNA that does not contain disease-causing alleles can be implanted into the mother's uterus. Eggs are fertilized in vitro. Amplified DNA is exposed to a DNA probe for a disease-causing allele. DNA is extracted from an embryonic cell and amplified by PCR.
Select all of the following that describe cloning as a method of reproduction.
At least some organisms in each kingdom reproduce by cloning. Cloning is essentially asexual reproduction.
The bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis produces ______ that is toxic to insects and can be inserted into plants using recombinant DNA.
Bt protein
What technology allows researchers to edit, remove, or turn off specific genes in the genome of an organism?
CRISPR-Cas9
PCR is a technique used to amplify trace amounts of ______ to be used in scientific and forensic analyses.
DNA
Select all of the following that describe the high-throughput DNA sequencing process.
DNA polymerase adds nucleotides to immobilized clusters of fragments. Copies of 500 base-pair fragments are made. The DNA from a cell is shattered into many pieces.
What type of technology can be used to detect the presence of a disease allele in a strand of DNA?
DNA probe
What describes a use of DNA technology that can help solve crimes, match parents with offspring, or otherwise identify particular individuals?
DNA profiling
In biotechnology, the process of analyzing variable parts of a genome to detect genetic differences between individuals is called
DNA profiling.
The Human Genome Project was accomplished using what technology?
DNA sequencing
The process of determining the order of DNA nucleotides in a stretch of DNA is called
DNA sequencing.
Enforcing the law, relieving human suffering, and modifying the human food supply are all applications of
DNA technology
The manipulation of genes for practical purposes, such as medicine, agriculture, or criminal justice, is called
DNA technology.
If source DNA is extracted from a eukaryotic organism and used to create transgenic bacteria, why will the mRNA transcribed from the recombinant DNA encode a defective protein in the bacteria?
Eukaryotic DNA contains introns, which bacteria cannot remove.
What is the advantage of producing transgenic organisms called Bt crops?
Farmers can reduce the use of insecticides.
Select aspects of gene transfer therapy that differ from the process of creating a transgenic organism.
In gene therapy, inserted genes are from the same type of organism. Gene therapy patients do not pass the gene on to their offspring.
Select applications of somatic cell nuclear transfer in humans.
Infertile couples could be able to have children. A patient's cloned embryo could provide a source of stem cells that would not be rejected by the patient.
Select disadvantages of cloning humans.
Obtaining eggs from a woman's ovaries is costly and risky. Most clones do not develop normally or die in early development. Embryos would have to be destroyed.
How does mRNA transcribed from bacterial DNA differ from mRNA transcribed from eukaryotic DNA?
Only eukaryotic mRNA contains introns.
Select all the potential ethical issues in using genetic testing.
PGD is expensive and may only be possible for the wealthy. Parents may use genetic testing to select for desirable traits in embryos. Tests that reveal a high risk of cancer may cause anxiety or depression.
Review the Investigating Life essay in this chapter. How did the seed germination rate and the number of seeds per plant compare between normal weeds and transgenic weeds that received a "booster gene" from some types of transgenic crops?
Seed germination rate and number of seeds were both higher for transgenic weeds.
Select disadvantages of using stem cells to treat disease.
Some people consider it unethical to use human embryos for medical research. Adult stem cells can be less abundant than embryonic stem cells. The patient's immune system can reject tissues derived from another individual's stem cells.
Why are short tandem repeats (STRs) useful in DNA profiling?
They are genetically variable.
The bacterium Agrobacterium tumefaciens infects plants with the ______, which can carry new genes into plant cells.
Ti plasmid
What is the cloning vector used to transfer an herbicide-resistance gene from Agrobacterium to a plant cell?
Ti plasmid
In somatic cell nuclear transfer, the nucleus that is injected into the egg is from
a body cell.
What is a cloning vector?
a genetic structure that is used to carry source DNA into a recipient cell
Select all of the following that can be sources of DNA used to create a transgenic organism.
animal plant bacterium
Transgenic ______ can be produced to study the development of human diseases or to yield abundant supplies of human proteins that can be secreted in their milk.
animals
Cloning, such as exhibited naturally by many species, is simply the production of an organism by
asexual reproduction.
Golden rice" is a transgenic plant that is genetically engineered to
be more nutritious.
DNA technology is especially useful in detecting and treating human diseases that are
caused by mutations of a single gene.
A ______ is a self-replicating genetic structure that will carry source DNA into a recipient cell.
cloning vector
Plasmids and viruses are common types of
cloning vectors.
DNA sequencing is a technology that allows scientists to
determine the nucleotide sequence of genes, chromosomes, or genomes.
In cloning by somatic cell nuclear transfer, the DNA from a(n) ______ cell directs the development of an egg into a clone of the organism that provided the DNA.
differentiated
What technique separates DNA fragments by size?
electrophoresis
A type of animal stem cell called a(n) ______ stem cell can give rise to any type of cell in the body.
embryonic
Transgenic organisms are designed to
express the protein product of the recombinant DNA.
Select pharmaceuticals that can be produced using transgenic bacteria.
fertility hormones insulin blood clotting factors
_________therapy is the process of adding a healthy gene that supplements the function of a faulty gene in a person's cells.
gene
Select ways that a recombinant plasmid can be inserted into a bacterial cell.
gene guns using electricity
In what technology is a healthy gene added to a person's cells to supplement the function of a faulty disease-causing gene?
gene therapy
As determined by the Human Genome Project, the human genome includes approximately 25,000 protein-encoding ________.
genes
Unlike creating a transgenic organism, in gene therapy
genes are only inserted into the cell type that needs correction.
How can parents determine if their growing fetus or newborn carries a disease-causing allele?
genetic testing
What is routinely done to screen for phenylketonuria (PKU) in newborns?
genetic testing
The possible termination of embryos or fetuses with mild conditions or certain traits is a moral and ethical dilemma associated with
genetic testing.
Select all of the following that are components of CRISPR-Cas9 technology.
guide RNA that binds to specific complementary DNA enzyme that cuts DNA editing of genes to change the nucleotide sequence
In PCR, what is the role of the thermal cycler?
heat and cool the reaction mixture
First-generation DNA sequencing technology has been replaced with much faster ______ sequencing machines.
high-throughput
Using gene guns or electricity are two ways to conduct what step in creating a transgenic organism?
inserting recombinant DNA into the recipient cell
One way that a cell can produce many proteins from few genes is by removing different combinations of ______ from an mRNA molecule.
introns
The same gene is able to code for different proteins depending on the combinations of introns removed from a(n) ______ molecule.
mRNA
Reverse transcriptase is an enzyme used to
make a DNA copy of mRNA.
Select all of the following that are applications of DNA technology.
modify crop plants to be insect-resistant study evolutionary relationships among species manipulate gene expression to treat diseases
When trying to detect genetic differences between two individuals, one advantage of DNA profiling over whole genome sequencing is that DNA profiling uses just the ______ regions of DNA for comparison.
most variable
Stem cell technology can possibly provide treatment for disorders involving ______, which ordinarily do not divide to replace diseased or damaged tissue.
neurons
The technology that is used to produce millions of copies of a DNA sequence in a test tube is called
polymerase chain reaction.
What technology involves the examination of embryonic DNA for the presence of disease-causing alleles?
preimplantation genetic diagnosis
Select all of the following that are required for the first-generation DNA sequencing method.
primers terminator nucleotides normal nucleotides DNA polymerase
A bacterium that has received recombinant DNA containing the gene for human insulin will
produce human insulin along with the other proteins it normally produces.
Select current uses of transgenic bacteria and yeasts.
production of phenylalanine production of milk curding enzymes for the cheese industry degradation of pollutants
Select all the applications of transgenic animals.
provide a model for disease development increase yield for human consumption production of human proteins in the milk of farm animals
Select all the potential applications of stem cell technology.
provide specific cells for drug testing treat currently incurable diseases replace injured or damaged tissue
DNA sequences that are very similar to protein-encoding genes but are not translated are called ______, which may be remnants of old genes that once functioned in ancestors.
pseudogenes
Within the noncoding portion of the human genome, _______ are DNA sequences that resemble protein-encoding genes, but their mRNA is not translated.
pseudogenes
Modern scientists can splice DNA from different species together to produce what is referred to as ______ DNA.
recombinant
A(n) _________enzyme is a type of protein that can cut double-stranded DNA at specific base sequences.
restriction
What are proteins that cut both source and vector DNA used to create recombinant DNA?
restriction enzymes
Select the portions of the noncoding human genome that have functions for the cell.
sequences that encode tRNA, rRNA, and microRNA enhancers
Select all the diseases that are caused by mutated alleles of genes and that can be detected and possibly treated using DNA technology.
sickle cell disease hemophilia Tay-Sachs disease cystic fibrosis
Some restriction enzymes produce ______ ends in both the source DNA and plasmid DNA, and these ends can stick to each other by ______.
single-stranded; complementary base pairing
The cloning technique that was used to create the first cloned mammal (a sheep named Dolly) was called _________cell nuclear transfer.
somatic
Recombinant DNA is genetic material
spliced together from multiple sources.
An undifferentiated cell that can give rise to specialized cell types is called a(n) ______ cell.
stem
Source and vector DNA that is cut with the same restriction enzyme can have complementary ______ that can base pair with each other and be sealed by ligase.
sticky ends
The first step in creating a transgenic organism is to
synthesize or extract source DNA.
Short _______ repeats are variable DNA sequences that are useful in DNA profiling.
tandem
Methods that involve the manipulation of genes or specific sequences of DNA are part of a broad category of research and practical applications called DNA
technology
What type of organism is one that receives and expresses recombinant DNA?
transgenic
What type of transgenic organisms can be produced to contain extra nutrients, to survive harsh conditions, or to degrade leftover explosives at military installations?
transgenic plants
A ______ organism is an organism that has been engineered to contain ______ DNA.
transgenic; recombinant
Select all of the following that compose the 98.5% of the human genome that does not encode proteins.
transposons DNA that codes for rRNA and tRNA repetitive sequences enhancers pseudogenes
Stem cells are said to be ______, which means that they can give rise to specialized cell types but do not have a specialized role yet.
undifferentiated
How do researchers prepare an intron-free copy of a eukaryotic gene for use in creating transgenic bacteria?
use reverse transcriptase to make cDNA from mature mRNA
Select examples of cloning vectors used in creating transgenic organisms.
viruses plasmids
