biology chapter 2 mastery

What is the maximum number of singe covalent bonds a carbon atom can form with other elements

4

How many neutrons are in a typical oxygen atom?

8

The typical oxygen atom is described in the periodic table by the accompanying box. How many protons are in a typical oxygen atom?

8

While the maximum number of electrons required to fill the outermost shell of an atom varies depending on the size of the atom, almost all of the smaller atoms (atomic numbers 2-20) are considered stable (nonreactive) when they contain ________ electron(s) in the outermost shell.

8

oxygen atom

8 protons, 8 neutrons, 8 electrons

What is the basic structure of typical dietary fats?

A glycerol head and up to three fatty acid tails

Element

A substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances

What is a trace element?

An element that is required in miniscule amounts for life

Identify the reactants in the following chemical reaction: C10H8 + 12 O2 → 10 CO2 + 4 H2O

C10H8 and 12 O2

What are the four classes of large organic molecules important to life on Earth?

Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids

Why is one side of a single water molecule partially negative while the other side is partially positive?

Electron pairs are unevenly shared between the oxygen atom and the two hydrogen atoms.

Part complete Evaluate this statement: Cholesterol is a type of lipid, and thus all cholesterol lipids are bad for human health.

False, because some types cholesterol increase heart disease, but other types are necessary, especially in the plasma membrane.

Which of the following represents a simple sugar (also called monosaccharides)?

Glucose

Which of the following is not made from long chains of glucose?

Monosaccharides

what is the most common element in your body

Oxygen

Water "beads up" on synthetic fabric like polyester but binds to cotton. What is the most likely explanation for this?

Polyester is nonpolar, whereas cotton is polar.

What is another name for the polymers of carbohydrates?

Polysaccharides

Protons

Positively charged particles

A needle can be made to "float" on the surface tension of water. What causes this surface tension to form?

The cohesion of water molecules to each other

Select the most complete explanation of what the pH scale actually measures.

The concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution

What might happen if a protein has a change in one amino acid?

The protein can no longer function properly. The amino acid chain folds incorrectly. The protein has a new shape.

What will be accomplished by lowering the activation energy of a reaction?

The reaction will proceed more quickly.

To a large extent, a protein's function is dependent upon its shape. What determines a protein's shape?

The sequence of amino acids

What are the ecological consequences of acidification of rain and oceans?

They damage the health of ecosystems.

Something with a pH of 5 would be

acidic

What are the monomers of proteins?

amino acids

How do buffers minimize change in the pH of biological systems?

by absorbing H+ ions when there is an excess and by donating H+ ions when there is a shortage

Which is not one of the four atoms that make up the bulk of living organisms?

calcium

Based on the suffix, a molecule of "maltose" is most likely what type of macromolecule?

carbohydrates

which of the following classes of large organic molecules includes table sugar

carbohydrates

Organic compounds are distinguished by molecules that contain ________ bonded to other elements.

carbon

Which of the following is a polysaccharide?

cellulose

the chemical name for table salt is sodium chloride, or simply NaCl. what type of chemical is NaCl

compound

The bond in which bonded atoms share electrons is called a

covalent bond

The building of a large organic molecule from small subunits involves multiple

dehydration synthesis reactions

Proteins are diverse molecules that perform a wide variety of functions. Which of the following is not a typical function of proteins?

energy storage

Organic molecules that end in the suffix "-ase" often function as ________ molecules.

enzymatic

Water is the least dense when it

freezes

The 2+ in Cu2+ tells us that this atom _

has two more protons than electrons

Individual water molecules are held to one another by relatively weak ________ bonds.

hydrogen

Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids

hydrolysis reaction

All lipids are

hydrophobic

If the number of protons in an atom does not match the number of electrons, the atom is specifically called

ion

in an atom, the number of neutrons determines most specifically the

isotope

What is the sum total of all the chemical reactions that take place in your body called?

metabolism

Electron

negatively charged particle

Neutron

no charge

What kind of bond joins amino acids together to form a protein?

peptide bond

Enzymes are a type of

protein

During a chemical reaction, atoms are

rearranged

Which would have the highest concentration of C-H bonds?

saturated fat

Identify the part of the atom that most determines the chemical properties of the atom.

the number of electrons

The majority of the elements essential to life are found in what part of the periodic table?

the top third

Oil hydrogenation can produce a product, such as vegetable shortening or margarine, that is spreadable at room temperature because of an unusual bond that does not occur naturally. What is the name of this category of lipid?

trans fat

Which of the following dietary fats is considered to be the least healthy?

trans fat