Biology Chapter 20

deforestation can result in

changes in transpiration rates, which affect water cycles

a plant or an animal that is taken into an area that it did not previously inhabit is a(n) ___ species

introduced

introduced species that spread widely and harm the environment or other species are called ___ species

invasive

harvesting an animal faster than it can reproduce is called

overexploitation

the blue crabs of the Chesapeake Bay are an example of a species that was declining due to ___. The species has begun to recover due to new regulations and better management practies

overexploitation and pollution

what is located about 10 to 50 kilometers above Earth's surface and blocks UV radiation, preventing much of the harmful radiation from reaching Earth?

ozone layer

carbon-containing compounds that do not biodegrade are called

persistent organic pollutants

a chemical, biological, or physical change in the environment that causes harm to organisms is called ___, which can occur in air, water, or land

pollution

classifying organisms, analyzing evolutionary relationships, and examining ecosystems are all scientific tools to help

preserve biodiversity

restoring habitat and protecting habitat are conservation strategies that

save many species at once

a type of air pollution that forms a visible haze in the lower atmosphere when pollutants undergo reactions in the presence of light is called

smog

the smoke that is released from smokestacks of industrial plants, factories, and power plants contains substances that lead to

smog

if you were a scientist who counted the number of species in an area of grassland, you would be studying ___ diversity

species

what factor is contributing to global climate change?

the accumulation of greenhouse gases

an increase in the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide is due to

the burning of fossil fuels

winds carry airborne acids hundreds of miles from coal-burning power plants, leading to acid deposition and severely damaged forests in

the eastern United States and Europe

what do kudzu, hydrilla, European starlings, and Asian carp in North America have in common?

they are invasive species

match the water pollution-sediments

to its effect-block light penetration into the water

match the water pollution-plastic water bottles

to its effect-create "nurdles" that can kill vertebrates when eaten

match the water pollution-heat

to its effect-reduces a river's ability to carry dissolved oxygen

two huge, interconnected "garage patches" in the Pacific Ocean consist of millions of tons of

plastic

particulate matter in the air can lead to

respiratory disease

in the current biodiversity crisis, the extinction rate is ___ times the "background" extinction rate

100 to 1,000

the number of different species in a pond is a reference to

biodiversity

what can persist for decades in the upper atmosphere and catalyze reactions that break down ozone?

chlorofluorocarbon gases (CFCs)

what type of biologist develops strategies for maintaining genetic diversity, species diversity, and ecosystem diversity?

conservation biologist

protective laws, captive breeding, and predator control programs are all ways to

conserve individual species

what biome is expanding worldwide?

deserts

select all of the techniques used for the conservation of threatened species

-captive breeding programs -establishing laws to protect species -reducing poaching -insert disease-resistance genes into wild populations -controlling introduced predators

select all of the following that are greenhouse gases

-carbon dioxide -methane -nitrous oxide

select all of the causes of deforestation

-conversion to agriculture -clearing space for cities -logging -exploration for oil and gas -mining

building a ___, which blocks the normal flow of a river, or a ___, which confines a river to a channel and prevents flooding, changes the flow and nutrient content of the water

-dam -levee

select all of the following that may result from stratospheric ozone depletion

-decline in amphibian populations -increase in skin cancer

select all of the effects of acid deposition

-decreased biodiversity in lakes -disruption of food webs -leaching of aluminum and mercury from soils -stunted and thinning forests

select all of the consequences of deforestation

-destruction of carbon sinks -increased soil erosion -disruption of the water cycle -loss of species and habitat

select all of the ways to conserve or protect many species at once

-establish wildlife refuges -habitat restoration projects -slow human population growth -supply wildlife corridors

select all of the effects of global climate change

-increased animal stress and vulnerability to disease -local extinctions of changes in migration patterns -changes in growing seasons -increased and prolonged droughts

select all the species that have been protected by conservation tools which have allowed their population to survive or recover

-kiwis -black-footed ferret -Venus fly-traps

select the possible direct and indirect consequences of nutrient pollution in aquatic habitats

-large sea life dies -decreased oxygen in the water -small sea life dies -algae blooms

select all the following that are invasive species in North America

-marine toad -lionfish -gypsy moths -zebra mussels

select all of the following that can result from air pollution

-reduced ozone layer -acid rain -smog

select the reasons that tropical rain forests are shrinking

-replacement with ranches -logging -replacement with farms

select all of the following that apply to persistent organic pollutants

-some are hormone mimics -can become more concentrated in higher levels of the food chain -can cause cancer

select all the effects of a dam on an aquatic ecosystem

-species diversity shifts -nutrient levels change -water temperature changes -migration patterns are disrupted

match the phrase-genetic diversity

to type of biodiversity-the amount of variation within a species

match the phrase-species diversity

to type of biodiversity-the number of different types of organisms found in a given area

match the phrase-ecosystem diversity

to type of biodiversity-the variety of deserts, grasslands, forests and other biomes on Earth

cyanide, raw sewage, petroleum from shipping accidents, and detergents are all examples of

water pollution

the ___ effect is a trapping of heat by gases in Earth's atmosphere

Greenhouse

sulfur and nitrogen oxides in the atmosphere lead to a form of air pollution called

acid deposition

Boosting reproduction is an effective conservation strategy if

adults will reproduce in captivity

boosting reproduction is an effective conservation strategy if

adults will reproduce in captivity

acid deposition, smog, and ozone depletion are all results of

air pollution

nutrient pollution in aquatic habitats may lead to an increase in the

amount of algae

a species that has a high risk of becoming extinct in the near future is categorized as

endangered

the dodo bird is an example of an organism that is

extinct

shrinking of polar ice sheets and the loss of land ice has likely been a result of

global climate change

the greatest threat to biodiversity is

habitat destruction