Biology Chapter 26

primates once clock-like 1930

HIV descended from a virus that infected other ______. it has spread to humans more than ______. Evolves in a ______ fashion. first infection somewhere around ___.

polytomy

a branch point from which more than 2 descendant groups emerge

shared ancestral character

a character that originated in an ancestor of the taxon

monophyletic

a clade can only be equal to a taxon if its ___________ meaning that it consists of an ancestral species and all of its descendants

systematics

a discipline focused on classifying organisms and determining their evolutionary relationships

paraphyletic

a group that consists of an ancestral species and some, but not all, of its descendants

molecular clock

a yardstick for measuring the absolute time of evolutionary change based on the observation that some genes and other regions of genomes appear to evolve at constant rates

shared derived character

an evolutionary novelty unique to a clade

cytochrome gene

an example of orthologous genes...code for an electron transport chain protein

olfactory receptor genes

an example of paralogous genes

homoplasies

another word for analagous structures

occam's razor

another word for maximum parsimony

eukarya

archea is most closely related to ____

maximum parsimony

assumes that the tree that requires the fewest evolutionary events is the most likely right tree

maximum likelihood

based on a given set of rules about how DNA changes over time, a tree can be found that reflects the most likely sequence of evolutionary events.

help me remember the hierarchy

do kindly put the cat out for goodness sakes

orthologous genes

found in different species, and their divergence traces back to the speciation events that produced them. very common and widespread ;arose from common descent

clades

group consisting of an ancestral species and all its descendants

polyphyletic

group which includes taxa with different ancestors

decrease

how would rmax be expected to change with an increase in generation time?

mtDNA

if you wanted to determine the lineage of plants that have evolved on a relatively young archipelago---approximately 15,000 years old. what type of nucleic acid should you compare?

cladistics

in the approach to systematics, common ancestry is the primary criterion used to classify organisms

paralogous gene

its homology results from gene duplication. multiple copies of these genes have diverged from one another; this can evolve quickly

50

loblolly pine trees and mouse-ear cress have about _____ percent orthologous genes

molecular systematics

mitochondrial and Ribosomal rna genes are used in ________

branch point

on a phylogenetic tree the place where 2 evolutionary lineages diverge from a common ancestor

sister taxa

on an evolutionary tree when groups of organisms share an immediate common ancestor

phylocode

only names groups that include a common ancestor and all of its descendants

species genus family order class phylum kingdom domain

order of the linnaean system

homology

orthologous genes and paralogous genes fall under the umbrella of ______

common extend

orthologous genes are very ______ and can extend for ______ of years

phylogenetic bracketing

prediction that features shared by two groups of close relatives allows us to predict features of an ancestor from features of its descendants

random mutation, periods of no mutation and spikes of mutation, natural selection causes DNA changes that are favored over others,

problems with molecular clocks

horizontal gene transfer

process in which genes are transferred from one genome to another through mechanisms such as exchange of transposable elements and plasmids, viral infection, and perhaps fusion of organisms

phylocode

proposed system of classification of organisms based on evolutionary relationships: only names groups that include a common ancestor

basal taxon

refers to a lineage that diverges early in the history of a group

outgroup ingroup

the _________ is a species or group of species from an evolutionary lineage that is know to have diverged before the lineage that includes the species we are studying, the _______

progenote

the common ancestor of all life

molecular systematics

the discipline that uses data from DNA and other molecules to determine evolutionary relationships

phylogenetic tree

the evolutionary history of a group of organisms can be represented in a branching diagram called a __________

phylogeney

the evolutionary history of a species or group of species

genus specific epithet

the first part of a binomial is the ____ and second is the ______

taxon

the taxonomic name at each level of hierarchy is called a _____

neutral theory

theory that much evolutionary change in genes and proteins has no effect on fitness and therefore is not influenced by natural selection

3x10*76

there are _______ different ways to arrange __ species into a phylogenetic tree

rooted

when a phylogenetic tree has a branch point that represents the most common ancestor of all the taxa in the tree

Carl Woese

who created the 3-domain system