Biology Chapter 26
primates once clock-like 1930
HIV descended from a virus that infected other ______. it has spread to humans more than ______. Evolves in a ______ fashion. first infection somewhere around ___.
polytomy
a branch point from which more than 2 descendant groups emerge
shared ancestral character
a character that originated in an ancestor of the taxon
monophyletic
a clade can only be equal to a taxon if its ___________ meaning that it consists of an ancestral species and all of its descendants
systematics
a discipline focused on classifying organisms and determining their evolutionary relationships
paraphyletic
a group that consists of an ancestral species and some, but not all, of its descendants
molecular clock
a yardstick for measuring the absolute time of evolutionary change based on the observation that some genes and other regions of genomes appear to evolve at constant rates
shared derived character
an evolutionary novelty unique to a clade
cytochrome gene
an example of orthologous genes...code for an electron transport chain protein
olfactory receptor genes
an example of paralogous genes
homoplasies
another word for analagous structures
occam's razor
another word for maximum parsimony
eukarya
archea is most closely related to ____
maximum parsimony
assumes that the tree that requires the fewest evolutionary events is the most likely right tree
maximum likelihood
based on a given set of rules about how DNA changes over time, a tree can be found that reflects the most likely sequence of evolutionary events.
help me remember the hierarchy
do kindly put the cat out for goodness sakes
orthologous genes
found in different species, and their divergence traces back to the speciation events that produced them. very common and widespread ;arose from common descent
clades
group consisting of an ancestral species and all its descendants
polyphyletic
group which includes taxa with different ancestors
decrease
how would rmax be expected to change with an increase in generation time?
mtDNA
if you wanted to determine the lineage of plants that have evolved on a relatively young archipelago---approximately 15,000 years old. what type of nucleic acid should you compare?
cladistics
in the approach to systematics, common ancestry is the primary criterion used to classify organisms
paralogous gene
its homology results from gene duplication. multiple copies of these genes have diverged from one another; this can evolve quickly
50
loblolly pine trees and mouse-ear cress have about _____ percent orthologous genes
molecular systematics
mitochondrial and Ribosomal rna genes are used in ________
branch point
on a phylogenetic tree the place where 2 evolutionary lineages diverge from a common ancestor
sister taxa
on an evolutionary tree when groups of organisms share an immediate common ancestor
phylocode
only names groups that include a common ancestor and all of its descendants
species genus family order class phylum kingdom domain
order of the linnaean system
homology
orthologous genes and paralogous genes fall under the umbrella of ______
common extend
orthologous genes are very ______ and can extend for ______ of years
phylogenetic bracketing
prediction that features shared by two groups of close relatives allows us to predict features of an ancestor from features of its descendants
random mutation, periods of no mutation and spikes of mutation, natural selection causes DNA changes that are favored over others,
problems with molecular clocks
horizontal gene transfer
process in which genes are transferred from one genome to another through mechanisms such as exchange of transposable elements and plasmids, viral infection, and perhaps fusion of organisms
phylocode
proposed system of classification of organisms based on evolutionary relationships: only names groups that include a common ancestor
basal taxon
refers to a lineage that diverges early in the history of a group
outgroup ingroup
the _________ is a species or group of species from an evolutionary lineage that is know to have diverged before the lineage that includes the species we are studying, the _______
progenote
the common ancestor of all life
molecular systematics
the discipline that uses data from DNA and other molecules to determine evolutionary relationships
phylogenetic tree
the evolutionary history of a group of organisms can be represented in a branching diagram called a __________
phylogeney
the evolutionary history of a species or group of species
genus specific epithet
the first part of a binomial is the ____ and second is the ______
taxon
the taxonomic name at each level of hierarchy is called a _____
neutral theory
theory that much evolutionary change in genes and proteins has no effect on fitness and therefore is not influenced by natural selection
3x10*76
there are _______ different ways to arrange __ species into a phylogenetic tree
rooted
when a phylogenetic tree has a branch point that represents the most common ancestor of all the taxa in the tree
Carl Woese
who created the 3-domain system
