biology chapter 26 & 27
The predatory bacterium Bdellovibrio bacteriophorus drills into a prey bacterium and, once inside, digests it. In an attack upon a Gram-negative bacterium that has a slimy cell covering, what is the correct sequence of structures penetrated by B. bacteriophorus on its way to the prey's cytoplasm? 1. membrane composed mostly of lipopolysaccharide 2. membrane composed mostly of phospholipids 3. peptidoglycan 4. capsule 1, 4, 3, 2 4, 1, 3, 2 2, 4, 3, 1 1, 3, 4, 2
4, 1, 3, 2
diatoms
A unicellular photosynthetic alga with a unique glassy cell wall containing silica
Bacteria that live around deep-sea, hot-water vents obtain energy by oxidizing inorganic hydrogen sulfide belched out by the vents. They use this energy to build organic molecules from carbon obtained from the carbon dioxide in seawater. These bacteria are _____. A) chemoautotrophs B) photoheterotrophs C) chemoheterotrophs D) photoautotrophs
A) Chemoautotrophs
Prokaryotic cells are found in the domain(s) _____. A) Bacteria and Archaea B) Bacteria and Eukarya C) Bacteria and Protista D) Bacteria E) Protista and Archaea
A) bacteria and archaea
Bacteria that live around deep-sea, hot-water vents obtain energy by oxidizing inorganic hydrogen sulfide belched out by the vents. They use this energy to build organic molecules from carbon obtained from the carbon dioxide in seawater. These bacteria are _____. A) chemoautotrophs B) photoheterotrophs C) chemoheterotrophs D) photoautotrophs
A) chemoautrotrophs
What process actually increases the number of genes in an organism's genome? A) gene duplication B) cladistics C) mutation D) parsimony E) independent assortment
A) gene duplication
The prokaryotic organisms most likely to be found living in salt ponds are the _____. A) halophiles B) methanogens C) thermophiles D) extremophiles E) Korarchaeota
A) halophiles
If all prokaryotes on Earth suddenly vanished, which of the following would be the most likely and most direct result? A) The recycling of nutrients would be greatly reduced, at least initially. B) There would be no more pathogens on Earth. C) Bacteriophage numbers would dramatically increase. D) Human populations would thrive in the absence of disease.
A) the recycling of nutrients would be greatly reduced, at least initially
When a virus infects a bacterial cell, often new viruses are assembled and released when the host bacterial cell is lysed. If these new viruses go on to infect new bacterial cells the host cells may not be lysed. What is the most plausible explanation for this? A) The virus has entered the genome of the bacterial cell and is in the lysogenic stage. B) The bacterial cell must be resistant to infection by the virus. C) The host bacterium couples the viral infection with transformation. D) The virus carries genes that confer resistance to the host bacterial cell.
A) the virus has entered the genome of the bacterial cell and is in the lysogenic stage
In the two-kingdom system, why were fungi classified in the kingdom Plantae? A) They are sedentary. B) They are heterotrophs. C) They lack cell walls. D) They are unicellular. E) They are autotrophs.
A) they are sedentary
Which of the following processes contributes to genetic recombination in prokaryotes? A) Transduction B) Mutation C) Meiosis
A) transduction
Which process occurred frequently in the early history of the three domains on Earth, and makes determining phylogenetic relationships of that time difficult? A) mitosis B) horizontal gene transfer C) alternative RNA splicing D) meiosis E) binary fission
B) horizontal gene transfer
You have found a new prokaryote. What line of evidence would support your hypothesis that the organism is a cyanobacterium? A) It is an endosymbiont. B) It is able to form colonies and produce oxygen. C) It forms chains called mycelia. D) It lacks cell walls.
B) it is able to form colonies and produce oxygen
Which of the following traits do archaeans and bacteria share? A) composition of the cell wall B) lack of a nuclear envelope and presence of plasma membrane C) presence of plasma membrane and composition of the cell wall D) composition of the cell wall and lack of a nuclear envelope
B) lack of a nuclear envelope and presence of plasma membrane
By definition a clade is _____. A) polyphyletic B) monophyletic C) analogous D) parsimonious E) paraphyletic
B) monophyletic
In the five-kingdom system, which kingdom consists primarily of unicellular eukaryotes? A) Fungi B) Protista C) Plantae D) Animalia E) Monera
B) protista
Which eukaryotic kingdom includes members that are the result of endosymbioses that included an ancient aerobic bacterium and an ancient cyanobacterium? A) Protista B) Animalia C) Plantae D) Fungi
C) Plantae
Which of the following involves metabolic cooperation among prokaryotic cells? A) endotoxin release B) binary fission C) biofilms D) endospore formation E) photoautotrophy
C) biofilms
Based on cladistics, which eukaryotic kingdom is polyphyletic and, therefore, unacceptable? A) Plantae B) Fungi C) Protista D) Animalia
C) protista
Which observation supports the position of eukaryotes at the convergence of the "ring of life"? A) Only eukaryotes perform mitosis. B) Circular chromosomes are present in both bacteria and archaeans. C) The nuclear genome of eukaryotes contains genes from archaeans and from bacteria. D) Eukaryotes and archaeans both lack peptidoglycan in their cell walls. E) Introns are rare in both bacteria and archaeans.
C) the nuclear genome of eukaryotes contains genes from archaeans and from bacteria
Biologists sometimes divide living organisms into two groups: autotrophs and heterotrophs. These two groups differ in _____. A) the way that they generate ATP B) their electron acceptors C) their mode of nutrition D) being prokaryotes vs. eukaryotes
C) their mode of nutrition
Which of the following extremophiles might researchers most likely use as a model for the earliest organisms on Earth? A) a bacterium that thrives in a highly acidic environment B) an archaean capable of surviving in the polar ice caps C) a bacterium found on another planet or moon D) an anaerobic archaean species
D) an anaerobic archaean species
Assuming that each of these possesses a cell wall, which prokaryotes should be expected to be most strongly resistant to plasmolysis in hypertonic environments? A) extreme thermophiles B) cyanobacteria C) methanogens D) extreme halophiles
D) extreme halophiles
Genetic variation in bacterial populations cannot result from A) transduction. B) transformation. C) mutation. D) meiosis. E) conjugation.
D) meiosis
An ecological relationship between organisms of different species that are in direct contact can best be described as _____. A) parasitic B) commensal C) mutualistic D) symbiotic E) taxis
D) symbiotic
Bacteria perform the following ecological roles. Which role typically does not involve symbiosis? A) gut mutualist B) skin commensalist C) aggregate with methane-consuming archaea D) pathogen E) decomposer
E) decomposer
In the five-kingdom system, prokaryotes are placed in the kingdom _____. A) Protista B) Animalia C) Fungi D) Plantae E) Monera
E) monera
Molecular clocks are based on the idea that _____. A) mutations occur once every generation B) advantageous mutations arise at a constant rate C) directional selection occurs at a constant rate D) molecules resonate at a certain frequency that can be measured E) on average neutral mutations arise at a constant rate
E) on average neutral mutations arise at a constant rate
Genes for the resistance to antibiotics are usually located _____. A) in mitochondria B) on the main chromosome C) in eukaryotic cells D) on the outside of the cell wall E) on plasmids
E) on plasmids
How does the large amount of genetic variation observed in prokaryotes arise? A) The mutation rate in prokaryotes is much higher than in eukaryotes. B) They have extremely short generation times and large populations. C) They can exchange DNA with many types of prokaryotes by way of horizontal gene transfer. D) They have a relatively small genome. E) The second and third answers are correct.
E) the second and third answers are correct
How are archaeans most similar to bacteria? A) the occurrence of introns in their chromosomes B) the structure of their cell walls C) nucleotide sequence of small subunit ribosomal RNA D) methanogenesis E) the shape of their chromosomes and plasmids
E) the shape of their chromosome and plasmids
Bioremediation is _____. A) the use of biological processes to remedy diseases B) the use of prokaryotes in producing pharmaceutical products C) the modification of prokaryotes for industrial purposes D) the use of prokaryotes in producing transgenic organisms E) the use of organisms to remove pollutants from the environment
E) the use of organisms to remove pollutants from environment
Stramenopiles
Have a "hairy" flagellum paired with a "smooth" flagellum include diatoms, golden algae and brown algae
Parabasalids
Have reduced mitochondria called hydrogenosomes that generate some energy anaerobically ex: trichomas vaginalis
Tubulinids
a diverse group of amoebozoans with lobe- or tube-shaped pseudopodia
Ciliates
a large varied groups of protists, are named for their use of cilia to move and feed most are predators of bacteria genetic variation results from conjugation
transformation
can be spontaneous or facilitated
Conjugation
genetic material is transferred between prokaryotic cells
Kinetoplastids
have a single mitochondrion with an organized mass of DNA called a kinetoplast some species parasitize animals and plants
Dinoflagellates
have two flagella and each cell is reinforced by cellulose plates abundant in freshwater and marine
transduction
involves genetic transfer facilitated by viruses
brown algae
largest and most complex algae includes seaweed
Amoebazoans
lobe and tube shaped
Rhizaria
many are amoebas
Apicomplexans
most apicomplexans are parasites of animals
golden algae
named by their color cells are typically bi flagellated most are unicellular
green algae
named for their grass-green chloroplasts paraphyletic group most are in freshwater, some in marine
forams
named for their porous shells called tests both freshwater and marine
slime molds
once fungi
Euglinids
one or two flagella some species are mixotrophs
entamoeba
parasites a vertebrates
red algae
reddish in color due to an accessory pigment called phycoerythrin, which masks the green of chlorophyll
diplomonads
reduced mitochondria called mitosomes derive energy from anaerobic biochemical pathways often parasites
radiolarians
symmetrical, silica-based internal skeletons