biology chapter 26 & 27

The predatory bacterium Bdellovibrio bacteriophorus drills into a prey bacterium and, once inside, digests it. In an attack upon a Gram-negative bacterium that has a slimy cell covering, what is the correct sequence of structures penetrated by B. bacteriophorus on its way to the prey's cytoplasm? 1. membrane composed mostly of lipopolysaccharide 2. membrane composed mostly of phospholipids 3. peptidoglycan 4. capsule 1, 4, 3, 2 4, 1, 3, 2 2, 4, 3, 1 1, 3, 4, 2

4, 1, 3, 2

diatoms

A unicellular photosynthetic alga with a unique glassy cell wall containing silica

Bacteria that live around deep-sea, hot-water vents obtain energy by oxidizing inorganic hydrogen sulfide belched out by the vents. They use this energy to build organic molecules from carbon obtained from the carbon dioxide in seawater. These bacteria are _____. A) chemoautotrophs B) photoheterotrophs C) chemoheterotrophs D) photoautotrophs

A) Chemoautotrophs

Prokaryotic cells are found in the domain(s) _____. A) Bacteria and Archaea B) Bacteria and Eukarya C) Bacteria and Protista D) Bacteria E) Protista and Archaea

A) bacteria and archaea

Bacteria that live around deep-sea, hot-water vents obtain energy by oxidizing inorganic hydrogen sulfide belched out by the vents. They use this energy to build organic molecules from carbon obtained from the carbon dioxide in seawater. These bacteria are _____. A) chemoautotrophs B) photoheterotrophs C) chemoheterotrophs D) photoautotrophs

A) chemoautrotrophs

What process actually increases the number of genes in an organism's genome? A) gene duplication B) cladistics C) mutation D) parsimony E) independent assortment

A) gene duplication

The prokaryotic organisms most likely to be found living in salt ponds are the _____. A) halophiles B) methanogens C) thermophiles D) extremophiles E) Korarchaeota

A) halophiles

If all prokaryotes on Earth suddenly vanished, which of the following would be the most likely and most direct result? A) The recycling of nutrients would be greatly reduced, at least initially. B) There would be no more pathogens on Earth. C) Bacteriophage numbers would dramatically increase. D) Human populations would thrive in the absence of disease.

A) the recycling of nutrients would be greatly reduced, at least initially

When a virus infects a bacterial cell, often new viruses are assembled and released when the host bacterial cell is lysed. If these new viruses go on to infect new bacterial cells the host cells may not be lysed. What is the most plausible explanation for this? A) The virus has entered the genome of the bacterial cell and is in the lysogenic stage. B) The bacterial cell must be resistant to infection by the virus. C) The host bacterium couples the viral infection with transformation. D) The virus carries genes that confer resistance to the host bacterial cell.

A) the virus has entered the genome of the bacterial cell and is in the lysogenic stage

In the two-kingdom system, why were fungi classified in the kingdom Plantae? A) They are sedentary. B) They are heterotrophs. C) They lack cell walls. D) They are unicellular. E) They are autotrophs.

A) they are sedentary

Which of the following processes contributes to genetic recombination in prokaryotes? A) Transduction B) Mutation C) Meiosis

A) transduction

Which process occurred frequently in the early history of the three domains on Earth, and makes determining phylogenetic relationships of that time difficult? A) mitosis B) horizontal gene transfer C) alternative RNA splicing D) meiosis E) binary fission

B) horizontal gene transfer

You have found a new prokaryote. What line of evidence would support your hypothesis that the organism is a cyanobacterium? A) It is an endosymbiont. B) It is able to form colonies and produce oxygen. C) It forms chains called mycelia. D) It lacks cell walls.

B) it is able to form colonies and produce oxygen

Which of the following traits do archaeans and bacteria share? A) composition of the cell wall B) lack of a nuclear envelope and presence of plasma membrane C) presence of plasma membrane and composition of the cell wall D) composition of the cell wall and lack of a nuclear envelope

B) lack of a nuclear envelope and presence of plasma membrane

By definition a clade is _____. A) polyphyletic B) monophyletic C) analogous D) parsimonious E) paraphyletic

B) monophyletic

In the five-kingdom system, which kingdom consists primarily of unicellular eukaryotes? A) Fungi B) Protista C) Plantae D) Animalia E) Monera

B) protista

Which eukaryotic kingdom includes members that are the result of endosymbioses that included an ancient aerobic bacterium and an ancient cyanobacterium? A) Protista B) Animalia C) Plantae D) Fungi

C) Plantae

Which of the following involves metabolic cooperation among prokaryotic cells? A) endotoxin release B) binary fission C) biofilms D) endospore formation E) photoautotrophy

C) biofilms

Based on cladistics, which eukaryotic kingdom is polyphyletic and, therefore, unacceptable? A) Plantae B) Fungi C) Protista D) Animalia

C) protista

Which observation supports the position of eukaryotes at the convergence of the "ring of life"? A) Only eukaryotes perform mitosis. B) Circular chromosomes are present in both bacteria and archaeans. C) The nuclear genome of eukaryotes contains genes from archaeans and from bacteria. D) Eukaryotes and archaeans both lack peptidoglycan in their cell walls. E) Introns are rare in both bacteria and archaeans.

C) the nuclear genome of eukaryotes contains genes from archaeans and from bacteria

Biologists sometimes divide living organisms into two groups: autotrophs and heterotrophs. These two groups differ in _____. A) the way that they generate ATP B) their electron acceptors C) their mode of nutrition D) being prokaryotes vs. eukaryotes

C) their mode of nutrition

Which of the following extremophiles might researchers most likely use as a model for the earliest organisms on Earth? A) a bacterium that thrives in a highly acidic environment B) an archaean capable of surviving in the polar ice caps C) a bacterium found on another planet or moon D) an anaerobic archaean species

D) an anaerobic archaean species

Assuming that each of these possesses a cell wall, which prokaryotes should be expected to be most strongly resistant to plasmolysis in hypertonic environments? A) extreme thermophiles B) cyanobacteria C) methanogens D) extreme halophiles

D) extreme halophiles

Genetic variation in bacterial populations cannot result from A) transduction. B) transformation. C) mutation. D) meiosis. E) conjugation.

D) meiosis

An ecological relationship between organisms of different species that are in direct contact can best be described as _____. A) parasitic B) commensal C) mutualistic D) symbiotic E) taxis

D) symbiotic

Bacteria perform the following ecological roles. Which role typically does not involve symbiosis? A) gut mutualist B) skin commensalist C) aggregate with methane-consuming archaea D) pathogen E) decomposer

E) decomposer

In the five-kingdom system, prokaryotes are placed in the kingdom _____. A) Protista B) Animalia C) Fungi D) Plantae E) Monera

E) monera

Molecular clocks are based on the idea that _____. A) mutations occur once every generation B) advantageous mutations arise at a constant rate C) directional selection occurs at a constant rate D) molecules resonate at a certain frequency that can be measured E) on average neutral mutations arise at a constant rate

E) on average neutral mutations arise at a constant rate

Genes for the resistance to antibiotics are usually located _____. A) in mitochondria B) on the main chromosome C) in eukaryotic cells D) on the outside of the cell wall E) on plasmids

E) on plasmids

How does the large amount of genetic variation observed in prokaryotes arise? A) The mutation rate in prokaryotes is much higher than in eukaryotes. B) They have extremely short generation times and large populations. C) They can exchange DNA with many types of prokaryotes by way of horizontal gene transfer. D) They have a relatively small genome. E) The second and third answers are correct.

E) the second and third answers are correct

How are archaeans most similar to bacteria? A) the occurrence of introns in their chromosomes B) the structure of their cell walls C) nucleotide sequence of small subunit ribosomal RNA D) methanogenesis E) the shape of their chromosomes and plasmids

E) the shape of their chromosome and plasmids

Bioremediation is _____. A) the use of biological processes to remedy diseases B) the use of prokaryotes in producing pharmaceutical products C) the modification of prokaryotes for industrial purposes D) the use of prokaryotes in producing transgenic organisms E) the use of organisms to remove pollutants from the environment

E) the use of organisms to remove pollutants from environment

Stramenopiles

Have a "hairy" flagellum paired with a "smooth" flagellum include diatoms, golden algae and brown algae

Parabasalids

Have reduced mitochondria called hydrogenosomes that generate some energy anaerobically ex: trichomas vaginalis

Tubulinids

a diverse group of amoebozoans with lobe- or tube-shaped pseudopodia

Ciliates

a large varied groups of protists, are named for their use of cilia to move and feed most are predators of bacteria genetic variation results from conjugation

transformation

can be spontaneous or facilitated

Conjugation

genetic material is transferred between prokaryotic cells

Kinetoplastids

have a single mitochondrion with an organized mass of DNA called a kinetoplast some species parasitize animals and plants

Dinoflagellates

have two flagella and each cell is reinforced by cellulose plates abundant in freshwater and marine

transduction

involves genetic transfer facilitated by viruses

brown algae

largest and most complex algae includes seaweed

Amoebazoans

lobe and tube shaped

Rhizaria

many are amoebas

Apicomplexans

most apicomplexans are parasites of animals

golden algae

named by their color cells are typically bi flagellated most are unicellular

green algae

named for their grass-green chloroplasts paraphyletic group most are in freshwater, some in marine

forams

named for their porous shells called tests both freshwater and marine

slime molds

once fungi

Euglinids

one or two flagella some species are mixotrophs

entamoeba

parasites a vertebrates

red algae

reddish in color due to an accessory pigment called phycoerythrin, which masks the green of chlorophyll

diplomonads

reduced mitochondria called mitosomes derive energy from anaerobic biochemical pathways often parasites

radiolarians

symmetrical, silica-based internal skeletons