Biology chapter 3.

prokaryotic cell

A type of cell lacking a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles; found only in the domains Bacteria and Archaea.

Homeostasis found in continuation of existence

Ability to maintain a steady state in the cell

Irritability found in internal movement

Ability to respond to external factors that affect the operations of the cell, in other words, the response or reaction of the cell to its enviroment

Respiration found in internal functions

Breakdown of food with the release of energy

Some bacteria and algae have an additional coating made of polysaccharides and lipids that give them their slimy feel. This coating is called what?

Capsule or slime coat

Pinocytosis

Cell drinking

Phagocytosis

Cell eating

Turgor pressure that allows plants to be turgid, or crisp, depends on what vacuole?

Central

Plasmolysis

Collapse of a walled cell's cytoplasm due to a lack of water

A group of independent, similar cells living together is called?

Colonial Organism

Explain the difference between a colony and a tissue.

Colony- A collection of similar cells living together. Tissue- A group of similar cells that work together to carry out a specific function. In a colony cells live and work together, but in tissues they don't live together but they do work together. For a colony to function each cell has to do its part or it can't live.

Eukaryotic cells

Contain a nucleus and other organelles that are bound by membranes. Has membrane-bound organellles.

Cells that are in an extremely hypotonic solution will eventually go through?

Cytolysis

Explain the difference between plasmolysis and cytolysis.

Cytolysis- The bursting or disintegration of a cell. Plasmolysis- The shrinking of a cell's contents when the cell loses water. Cytolysis is when the cell bursts or disintegrates and Plasmolysis is when the cell shrinks after it loses water.

Osmosis

Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane

Egestion found in release of materials

Elimination of nonsoluble waste from the cell

The process of ingesting other cells or the movement of bulk substances across the cell is called?

Endocytosis

Describe the process of endocytosis.

Endocytosis is the process a cell uses to transport substances in bulk across the membrane and into the cell. When a cell contacts the substance to be transported, the cell membrane folds inward until it completely surrounds the substance. Once the substance is completely surrounded, the membrane is pinched off into the inside of the cell. This is an example of endocytosis.

Active transport

Energy-requiring process that moves material across a cell membrane against a concentration difference.

Digestion found in nutrition category

Enzymatic breakdown of substances to obtain building materials or energy.

The "true" cell that contains membrane-bound organelles and a nucleus is called?

Eukaryotic

The removal of soluble waste from the cell is called?

Excretion

The release of materials, either secretions or wastes, from the cell is called?

Exocytosis

The range of tolerance of temperature us much greater for nerve cells than for skin cells.

False

Reproduction found in continuation of existence

Formation of new cells

The flattened, curved, membrane-covered sacs that are used packaging complex polysacchrides, protein, and lipids for the cell are called the ?

Golgi Appartus

Hypertonic

Having a higher concentration of solute than another solution.

Hypotonic

Having a lower concentration of solute than another solution

The ability to maintain a steady state in the cell is called?

Homeostasis

The constant interaction between the cell and its environment to maintain a steady state, or dynamic equilibrium, is called?

Homeostasis

A cell in a solution that contains a higher concentration of solutes and a lower concentration of solvent than is found inside the cell is an?

Hypertonic solution

Compare and contrast isotonic, hypotonic and hypertonic solutions.

Hypotonic solutions- A solution in which the concentration of solutes is less than in the cytoplasm of living cells. Hypertonic solutions- A solution in which the concentration of solutes is greater than in the cytoplasm of living cells. Isotonic solutions- A solution that has the same concentration of solutes as the cytoplasm of living cells. All three of these are solutions that contribute to what level a concentration is or can be. They all have different effects on blood. If red blood cells are placed into pure water a concentration gradient is established . When the solution outside the cell has a higher concentration of water molecules and a lower concentration of solutes than the solution inside the cells are said to be in a hypotonic solution. If red blood cells are placed in a fluid with a concentration of solutes higher than that inside the cell, the cells are in a hypertonic solution. The red blood cells in the bloodstream are a good example of cells in an isotonic solution.

Explain the difference between simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion?

In simple diffusion, molecules move down the concentration gradient but in facilitated diffusion molecules move up the concentration gradient. Simple diffusion is passive but facilitated diffusion is an active process that uses energy.

Give three examples of organs in the human body and organ systems in the human body.

In the human body you have the stomach, heart, and liver which all work together to keep our body properly functioning. The organ system is a group of organs that work together to accomplish life functions. One example is the digestive system which includes the mouth, stomach, intestines, and other organs that work together to digest food and eliminate waste so that the body can properly function.

Red blood cells are found in what type of solution?

Isotonic

Explain the similarities and differences between facilitated diffusion and active transport.

Just as in facilitated diffusion, carrier proteins are are utilized to help the molecule cross the membrane. However, the difference is that energy is required in active transport where as it isn't required in facilitated diffusion.

Which cytoskeleton structure is the thickest and is important in the organization of the cell, in cell division, and in cellular movement?

Microtubules

Diffusion

Movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.

Facilitated diffusion

Movement of specific molecules across cell membranes through protein channels.

Movement found in internal functions

Movement of the cell itself or movement of substances and structures inside the cell

An organism that is made up of many cells, whether the organism is colonial or has organs, is called?

Multicellular

Do all cells have cell walls?

No

Most cells contain this structure that stores large concentrations of RNA and is the site where ribosomes are partially assembled?

Nucleolus

The control center of the cell that stores DNA and produces RNA is called?

Nucleus

Define the following terms:

Optimal point- The precise condition at which something functions best. Optimal range- The range where something is stable but not at its best. Range of tolerance- This is the range where a cell or organism will remain alive but will not function properly. Limit of tolerance- When something dies.

Movement of molecules across the cell membrane that requires no cellular energy is called?

Passive transport

Sometimes called "cellular drinking" the movement of substances across the cell membrane that results in the formation of vesicle is called?

Pinocytosis

Excretion found in release of materials

Removal of soluble waste from the cell

The non-membrane bound organelle responsible for protein synthesis within the cell is the?

Ribisome

Who wrote his description of cork cells in Micrographia?

Robert Hooke

Trace the development of modern cell theory, by listing the 6 scientists responsible and what they contributed to the theory.

Robert Hooke- He published a book called Micrographia which was a report of his observations using a simple compound microscope. Anton Van Leeuwenhoek-He was the first person to describe living organisms under a microscope. Robert Brown- He described the nucleus as a special structure found in all cells. Matthias Schleiden- He stated that all plants are composed of cells. Theodor Schwann- He made a similar statement the next year after Schleiden and said but about animals. Rudolf Virchow- He proposed that cells arise only from preexisting cells.

Secretion found in release of materials

Synthesis and release of substances from the cell

Rough ER

That portion of the endoplasmic reticulum studded with ribosomes.

Smooth ER

That portion of the endoplasmic reticulum that is free of ribosomes.

If a cell supersedes its optimal range for temperature , all of the following may occur except?

The cell bursting due to high pressure

List the three concepts of cell theory.

The cell is the basic unit of all living things. Cells perform all the functions of living things. New cells come from the reproduction of existing cells.

Why do you think that the nucleus is often called the "control center" of the cell?

The nucleus is the site where DNA replication and RNA transcription take place. It also controls cellular activities of the cell. With all of these functions it is called the control center of the cell.

Describe the structure of the plant cell wall. Is it living? Why or why not?

The plant cell wall is a rigid or nearly rigid structure that is located on the outside of the cell membrane. It also supports and protects the cell. Plant cell walls are made primarily of cellulose and other carbohydrates. No Because the cell wall is made up of non-living cellulose.

Describe the structures and functions of the cell membrane.

The structure of a cell membrane consists of phospholipids, carbohydrates, phospholipid bilayer and embedded protein molecules. There is also a cell wall on the outside of the cell membrane. It has these parts to protect the cell from its surroundings. The function of the cell membrane is to control movement of substances into and out of the cell.

All of the following are factors that influence the passing of molecules through a membrane except?

The thickness of the membrane

What are the two main components of the cytoskeleton? What are the functions of each.

The two main components are microtubules and microfilaments. The function of the microtubules is to help maintain the cells shape and provide tracks for the movement of organelles and substances. The function of the microfilaments is to help muscle cells to contract and for cells that exhibit crawling movements.

Which of the following statements is not a factor that limits cell growth?

The type of organism that the cell is part of, since larger organisms will have larger cells.

How does a prokaryotic cell differ from a eukaryotic cell?

They are bacteria They don't have a nucleus only has a nuclear area, a eukaryotic cell has a nucleus They have Non membrane bound organelles this is opposite for eukaryotic cells They have different types of cells 

Cytolysis

This happens when a cell swells until pressure bursts it, resulting in cell death.

A group of similar cells functioning together for a specific purpose is called?

Tissue

Absorption found in the nutrition category

Transport of dissolved substances into cells to serve as building blocks or energy sources.

Organisms that consist of just one cell are called?

Unicellular

Bacteria are----organisms, while birds are----organisms.

Unicellular and Multicellular

Do all cells have a cell membrane?

Yes. All cells have cell membrane in order to be a cell.

Synthesis found in internal functions

assembly of organic compounds from smaller units obtained from digestion, absorption or some other synthesis reaction in the cell. Results in a cells growth , secretion, or replacing worn out cellular pats.

The study of cells is called?

cytology

What is the difference between a leucoplast and a chromoplast?

leucoplasts are colorless structures used as storehouses. Leucoplasts are found in the fleshy storage areas of plants. Chromoplasts are structures that contain pigments and usually function in synthesis processes. Chromoplasts also contain pigment that gives plants its coloration.

Name three categories of eukaryotic cell anatomy

membrane-bound nucleus human and animal cells membrane and non membrane bound organelles

Homeostasis

process by which organisms maintain a relatively stable internal environment

Passive transport

the movement of substances across a cell membrane without the use of energy by the cell

tugor pressure

the pressure that is exerted on the inside of cell walls and that is caused by the movement of water into the cell