Biology Chapter 37

A type II survivorship curve can be described as

constant loss.

A population growing exponentially would

always grow faster as the population size increases.

Select all of the following that describe the population age structure of a growing human population.

an age structure graph with the widest part at the base high number of individuals entering the reproductive years

Number of offspring produced per reproductive episode, age at first reproduction, and number of reproductive episodes per lifetime are all components of the ________rate of a population.

birth

If you were to look at the age structure of a population of an endangered species and determine that there are mostly older individuals you could say that the population is

declining and could be in danger of extinction.

Select all the ways that people can reduce their ecological footprint.

decrease habitat destruction decrease consumption of resources

Population ________ is the number of individuals of a species per unit of area or unit of volume of habitat.

density

True or false: Species that have large numbers of offspring and show little to no parental care have an equilibrium (K-selected) life history.

false

Review the Investigating Life essay. Researchers found that mollies living in the most stressful environment (toxic cave water) produced the _____ offspring.

fewest and largest

Stoats prey on lemmings. The two populations have growth models that can be described as

fluctuating cycles.

Select all of the following that increase a population's death rate.

little parental care of young predation disease

First stage of demographic transition

little population growth and high birth and death rates

In ______ growth, early rapid growth of a population eventually slows as the population approaches the carrying capacity of its habitat.

logistic

The equation G = rN[(K-N)/K] represents

logistic growth.

Third stage of demographic transition

low birth and death rates; more-developed countries are in this stage

Select all the characteristics of animals that display a type III survivorship curve.

many offspring a high probability of death very early in life

Select all of the following that are characteristics of an opportunistic life history.

many offspring short lifespan reproduce at an early age

The birth rate of a population is the number of

new individuals produced per unit of time.

In population dynamics, the death rate is the

number of deaths per unit of time.

Select all of the following that are true of logistic growth.

rate of increase is adjusted by carrying capacity growth is exponential at first and then slows displays an S-shaped curve

Attracting mates, building nests, and caring for offspring all represent efforts and energy that organisms devote to

reproduction.

Life history biologists mainly research adaptations that influence an organism's

reproductive success.

The carrying capacity is the maximum population ______ for a particular habitat.

size

The isolation of a subpopulation from the larger population over many generations and under new selective forces can lead to

speciation.

Select all of the methods that conservation biologists use to boost a population's birth rate.

supplementing shelter and food resources captive breeding programs habitat restoration

Scientists who follow the number of individuals in an age group that are still alive at five-year intervals are studying ______ in a population.

survivorship

What would be an example of an ecological study?

the effect of wolf predators on the population size of white-tailed deer

The age structure of a population is

the number of individuals in each age class.

Birth rates are low in the ______ stage of the demographic transition.

third

Organisms that defend a territory are likely to display a(n) _______ population distribution pattern.

uniform

The life history characteristics of most species

vary somewhat and can be intermediate between opportunistic and equilibrium.

If a population is not growing but is stable in size, then the per capita rate of increase r equals

zero

Per capita rate of increase (r) is best represented by

(birth rate) - (death rate).

community

all of the populations of multiple species in a given area

True or false: Carrying capacity for an ecosystem is typically fixed.

false

If initial population size is 2 and r is 2 per day, what will be the population size after 3 days if the population is growing exponentially? Follow the example shown in the picture, but make your own chart with r =2, and starting with N=2.

54

Select all of the examples of density-dependent factors that limit population size.

A population of bobcats is reduced due to lack of prey. A deer population loses a significant number of individuals due to spread of an infectious disease among members of a population.

Dark, nontoxic water

Few, large offspring

Select all of the following that rank among the top five causes of death in developing countries.

HIV/AIDS diarrhea (cholera or rotavirus) respiratory infection

ecosystem

all of the populations of multiple species in a given area plus the nonliving part of an environment, such as air, water, and minerals

In terms of age structure, what country is considered to be in the "growing" category?

India

The numbers of individuals in different age classes of a population is called the population's

age structure.

Light, toxic water

Many, small offspring

Select all of the following that correctly describe human population growth.

The growth rate is declining, but is still above 0%, meaning the human population size is still growing. It is characterized by an exponential growth pattern over the last 2,000 years.

Select all of the following that are true about subpopulations.

They can encounter new selective forces in different environmental conditions. Individuals are more like to breed with one another than with individuals outside the group. Individuals may be able to drift between subpopulations

True or false: The human population has been growing exponentially.

True

In the list below, what country has the largest ecological footprint? Brazil, India, United States, South Africa

United States

Dark, toxic water

Very few, very large offspring

Light, nontoxic water

Very many, very small offspring

Select all of the following that explain why birth rates tend to decrease as economic development increases.

Women become more educated and have opportunities outside the home. Family planning programs are more available.

Population dynamics

______ is the study of population growth and the factors that influence a population's size.

Density-independent factors that limit population size tend to be

abiotic or nonliving.

Select all the types of information that would be included in a life table.

age of individuals number of survivors

An aquarium houses a stable population of about 4,000 rotifers. A population size of 4,000 is the

carrying capacity of the aquarium for the rotifers.

Resources occur in patches throughout a habitat and individuals in a population are attracted to one another. This population would most likely display a _____ distribution pattern.

clumped

Select all of the following that are components of environmental resistance.

competition predation disease

If a population's size is limited based on factors that are associated with more individuals in the population coming into close contact with one another, those factors are

density-dependent.

What is the cost to an organism of reproducing too early?

diverting energy away from critical growth and maintenance

The study of the relationships among organisms and the environment is called

ecology

A variety of living and nonliving factors in natural systems, known collectively as ______, prevent populations from growing at the per capita rate of increase.

environmental resistance

In ______ population growth, the growth of the population is proportional to the size of the population and is not limited by resources or other factors.

exponential

The equation G = rN represents

exponential growth.

Select all of the organisms that exhibit an equilibrium (K-selected) life history.

grizzly bears coconut

population

group of interbreeding organisms of the same species in one location at the same time

If there are more children than parents in a population, the population as a whole will tend to ______ over time.

grow

If the per capita rate of increase is 0.125%, the population is

growing.

The per capita rate of increase measures population

growth.

A hardwood forest is a squirrel population's ______, the physical location where the population of a certain species lives.

habitat

A population of sunfish live in a lake. In ecology, that lake is classified as a

habitat.

Exponential growth curves

have a J shape.

The population with the highest density would

have a large number of individuals in a small area.

Select the top three causes of death in developed countries.

heart disease stroke dementia

Second stage of demographic transition

high birth rates and low death rates due to increases in technology and medical innovation; most less-developed countries are in this stage

Wildlife biologists who introduce turkeys into a management area each year to enhance population numbers and genetic diversity are essentially using the stocking of the animals as a method of

immigration.

Select all of the factors that can lead to a decrease in population size.

increased death rate emigration increased predation

Select all of the factors that would be included in an ecological footprint calculation.

land required for production of food and timber average home size in a country space needed for roads to travel to work

To understand the ______ of grizzly bears, a biologist would need to research the life span, when and how often reproduction occurs, how many offspring are produced, mate selection, and many other aspects.

life history

In population dynamics, a(n) ______ shows the probability of surviving to any given age.

life table

Select all of the characteristics of logistic growth.

limited growth at high population limited by the carrying capacity affected by environmental resistance

Fisheries biologists set regulations for the numbers of fish that can be harvested commercially. In order to maintain a healthy fish population, fisheries biologists must closely study the ______ of the fishery.

population dynamics