biology chapter 4

why is the photosynthesis equation often written with several arrows

because many chemical reactions occur with the help of many enzymes

the prefix photo- means "light" and synthesis means "to put together" during photosynthesis, _____ from light is used to put together ______

energy; sugars

thylakoids are coin-shaped, membrane-enclosed compartments inside the _____

grana

photosynthesis takes place in two parts of a chloroplast: the ______ and the _____

stroma; grana

the first part of the enzyme's name tells you about its function. all enzymes end with the suffix -ase. Therefore, ATP synthesis is an enzyme that synthesizes / synchronizes ATP

synthesizes

the prefix tri- means "3" and the prefix di- means "2". therefore adenosine triphosphate (ATP) has ____ phosphate groups, and adenosine diphosphate (ADP) has ____ phosphate groups.

3; 2

Photosynthesis equation

6CO2 + 6H2O ------> C6H12O6 + 6O2

the 2 reactions in the photosynthesis equations are ______ and _______

6H2O; 6CO2

the two molecules that carry energy to the light-independent reactions are _____ and _____

ATP; NADPH

the 2 products in the photosynthesis equations are _____ and _______

C6H12O6; 6O2

what order should these be in? a. high-energy adenosine trophoshpate (ATP) b. lower-energy adenosine diphosphate (ADP) c. energy added from breakdown of carbon-based molecules, phosphate added d. phosphate removed, energy released

a,d,b,c

what are the 4 steps of the Calvin Cycle a. a 3-carbon molecule exists the cycle. other 3-carbon molecules stay in the cycle b. carbon dioxide is added to the Calvin Cycle c. energy is used to convert the remaining 3-carbon into 5-carbon molecules d. energy is used to split 6-carbon molecules. 3-carbon molecules are formed and rearranged e. when 2 3-carbon molecules have left the cycle they bond to from a 6-carbon sugar (glucose)

b, d, a is released, e, c

in what order are the seven steps of light-dependent reactions a. ATP synthase produces ATP b. chlorophyll (in the thylakoid membrane) absorbs energy from sunlight, and energized electrons enter the electron transport chain. c. energized electrons leave the electron transport chain and are used to produce NADPH d. energy from electrons in the transport chain is used to pump hydrogen ions across the thylakoid membrane e. hydrogen ions flow through a channel coupled to ATP synthase f. more energy is absorbed and transferred to electrons g. water molecules are broken down. Oxygen is released as waste and electrons enter chlorophyll

b, g, d, f, c, e, a

the function of the light-dependent reactions is to ______ and ______ energy

capture; transfer

the Calvin Cycle uses energy from the light-dependent reactions to convert ________ into sugars

carbon dioxide

some organisms are called producers because they can produce the source that store chemical energy / light energy for themselves and for other organisms

chemical energy

Chemosynthesis is a process by which some organisms us chemical energy / light energy instead of chemical energy / light energy to make energy-storing carbon-based molecules

chemical energy; light energy

the prefix chemo- means "chemical" and synthesis comes from a Greek word that means "to put together" therefore chemosynthesis means "to put together with chemicals" in chemosynthesis, _________ energy is used to produce carbon-based ________ that store energy

chemical; molecules

the light-independent reactions require light / so not require light, and they build sugars / energy

do not require light; sugars

the prefix chloro- means "green" and the suffix phyll- means "leaf". therefore chlorophyll is the light-absorbing molecule that makes leaves look ____

green

ATP is a high-energy / low-energy molecule that is converted into higher-energy / lower-energy ADP when a phosphate group is removed and energy is released.

high-energy; lower-energy

the prefix in- means "not" therefore, the reactions in photosynthesis that do not require light are called light-

independent

photosynthesis captures chemical energy / light energy to make sugars that sore chemical energy / light energy

light energy; chemical energy

the light-dependent reactions require light / do not require light, and they absorb and transfer sugars / energy

light; energy

all cells use adenosine triphosphate (ATP) for energy. ATP is a molecule / organelle that transfers energy from the breakdown of ADP / food molecules to the cell processes.

molecule; ADP

photosystems are groups of _____ the capture and transfer energy

molecules

proteins

molecules least likely to be broken down

carbohydrates

molecules most commonly broken down glucose yields about 36 ATP 4 calories per mg (4 Calories per gram)

lipids

molecules that store most of the energy in a person's body triglyceride yields about 146 ATP 9 calories per mg (9 Calories per gram

ADP is converted back into ATP by the addition of a phosphate group / food molecule

phosphate group

chloroplasts are membrane-bound organelles where ____ takes place

photosynthesis

the electron transport chain is a series of proteins / carbohydrates in the thylakoid membrane along which energized electrons travel

protiens

chlorophyll is a molecule in chloroplasts that absorbs some of the energy in visible light / ultraviolet light

visible light

the word cycle tells you that the chemical reactions of the Calvin cycle go from one to another with a beginning and an end / with no beginning or end

with no beginning or end