Biology Chapter 4 Carbon and the molecular diversity of life Notes + Quiz
Hydroxyl group (-OH)
-OH; -polar due to electronegative oxygen; -forms hydrogen bonds with water
Amino group (—NH2)
-acts as a base -charged group (positive charge because it is a base)
Carboxyl group (—COOH)
-acts as an acid -charged group (negative charge because it is an acid)
Methyl group (—CH3)
-affects the expression fo genes -affects the shape and function of sex hormones -not chemically reactive -non-polar group (hydrophobic)
Phosphate group (—OPO32-)
-contributes negative charge -when attached, confers on a molecule the ability to react with water, releasing energy -charged group (negative charge because it is an acid)
Sulfhydryl group (—SH)
-will form two bonds -The -__ group can react -forming a "cross-link" that helps stabilize protein structure -polar group
accepts
A base _________hydrogen ions
covalent
A carbon atom is most likely to form what kind of bond(s) with other atoms? -ionic -covalent -carbon is an inert element -hydrogen
adenosine; three
ATP consists of an organic molecule called __________ attached to a string of _________ phosphate groups
Isomers differ in the arrangement or bonding of atoms. -Isomers may differ in the covalent arrangements of their atoms or the position of double bonds within the molecule and thus have different chemical properties.
How do isomers differ from one another? -Isomers differ in the arrangement or bonding of atoms. -Isomers differ in charge. -Isomers differ in molecular formulas.
fossil fuels
Hydrocarbons are major components of _____________
tetrahedral shape
In molecules with multiple carbons, each carbon bonded to four other atoms (i.e. no double bonds) has a __________ determined by the orbitals occupied by the valence electrons.
end
In the Carbonyl group (>C=O), aldehyde is on the __________
internal (middle)
In the Carbonyl group (>C=O), ketone is ________
polar
Is Hydroxyl group (-OH) polar or nonpolar
carbon-based
Living organisms consist mostly of ______________ compounds
amine
acts as a base
carboxylic acid
acts as an acid
organic phosphate
contribute snegative charge
ATP
_________: an important source of energy for cellular processes (energy currency of cell); it is the primary energy-transferring molecule in the cell
Isomers
___________ are compounds with the same molecular formula but different structures and properties
Hydrocarbons
___________ are organic molecules consisting of only carbon and hydrogen
Functional groups
____________ are a type of chemical group in organic molecules that are most commonly involved in chemical reactions
Enantiomers
____________ are isomers that are mirror images of each other and are not superimposable
Structural isomers
____________ have different covalent arrangements of their atoms (note same chemical formula: C5H12)
Organic chemistry
_____________ is the study of compounds that contain carbon
cis-trans isomers
________________ have the same covalent bonds but differ in spatial arrangements around a double bond
proteins, nucleic acids, polysaccharides, lipids
Carbon is unparalleled in its ability to form large, complex, and diverse molecules, such as __________, _________,________,________
the two X's are on the same side
Cis isomer = ______
carboxyl -The carboxyl group can release a hydrogen ion when in solution.
Citric acid makes lemons taste sour. Which of the following is a functional group that would cause a molecule such as citric acid to be acidic? See Concept 4.3 (Page) -carbonyl -hydroxyl -amino -hydrocarbon -carboxyl
the carbon skeleton; on the chemical groups attached to it
Distinctive properties of organic molecules depend on ___________ and ___________
pharmaceutical industry
Enantiomers are important in the ____________________
the study of carbon compounds.
Organic chemistry is currently defined as -the study of compounds made only by living cells. -the study of carbon compounds. -the study of natural (as opposed to synthetic) compounds. -the study of hydrocarbons.
Molecules that are mirror images of each other.
Research indicates that ibuprofen, a drug used to relieve inflammation and pain, is a mixture of two enantiomers; what are enantiomers? -Molecules that have identical chemical formulas but differ in the branching of their carbon skeletons. -Molecules that differ in the location of their double bonds. -Molecules that differ in the arrangement of atoms around their double bonds. -Molecules that are mirror images of each other.
functional groups
The number and arrangement of ___________________ give each molecule its unique chemical properties, e.g. phosphate and hydroxyl groups
reactive.
The phosphate groups on ATP are highly ____________
carbon
The versatility of _________ makes possible the great diversity of organic molecules, each with unique properties
The two X's are on opposite sides
Trans isomer= ______
True
True or false. two enantiomers of a drug may have different effects
C
Use the figures to answer the question. Which molecule shown above contains a functional group that is a part of the principal molecule that stores and transfers energy in cells? -A -B -C -D
structural isomers
Use the following figure to answer the question.The two molecules shown in the figures are best described as ________. -enantiomers -chain length isomers -cis-trans isomers -structural isomers
-structural isomers -cis-trans isomers -enantiomers
What are the three types of isomers?
Carbon chains (more than one carbon)
What forms the skeletons of most organic molecules so organic molecules can be enormous?
alcohol
What function group is this?
aldehyde
What function group is this?
amine
What function group is this?
carboxylic acid
What function group is this?
organic phosphate
What function group is this?
thiol
What function group is this?
Structure or orbitals
What gives carbon it's 3D shape?
(water splitting)-releases energy used by cells to do work!
What is ATP hydrolysis?
1, 2, 3, 4
What is the valence of hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and carbon?
Cis isomer
What is this an example of?
trans isomer
What is this an example of?
He mixed simple compounds thought to be in the early atmosphere of earth (water, ammonia, methane, etc.) in the presence of heat (volcanoes) and electrical sparks (lightning).
What was Stanley Miller's classic experiment?
These conditions created more complex organic molecules like amino acids and demonstrated the abiotic (non-biological) synthesis of organic compounds.
What was the outcome of Stanley Miller's experiment?
planar (flat) structure (e.g. ethene)
When two carbon atoms are joined by a double bond, the molecule has a ________
Methyl
Which functional group is not chemically reactive?
they differ in their spatial arrangement around inflexible double bonds -Cis-trans isomers maintain the same covalent partnerships, but the atoms may be arranged differently.
Which of the following best describes cis-trans isomers? -they are mirror images of each other -they differ in their spatial arrangement around inflexible double bonds -they are long chains of hydrogen and carbon atoms -they have the same number of atoms of the same elements, but different structures -they differ in the arrangement of covalent bonds and in covalent partners
the chemical versatility of carbon atoms
Which of the following characteristics is responsible for the complexity and variety of organic molecules? -the variety of rare elements in organic molecules -their interaction with water -the diverse bonding patterns of nitrogen -the chemical versatility of carbon atoms
methyl
Which of the following functional groups is hydrophobic in nature? -methyl -hydroxyl -amino -sulfhydryl
thiol
forms disulfide bonds
alcohol
is polar and makes compounds more soluble in water
aldehyde
may be a structural isomer of a ketone