Biology Chapter 4 Carbon and the molecular diversity of life Notes + Quiz

Hydroxyl group (-OH)

-OH; -polar due to electronegative oxygen; -forms hydrogen bonds with water

Amino group (—NH2)

-acts as a base -charged group (positive charge because it is a base)

Carboxyl group (—COOH)

-acts as an acid -charged group (negative charge because it is an acid)

Methyl group (—CH3)

-affects the expression fo genes -affects the shape and function of sex hormones -not chemically reactive -non-polar group (hydrophobic)

Phosphate group (—OPO32-)

-contributes negative charge -when attached, confers on a molecule the ability to react with water, releasing energy -charged group (negative charge because it is an acid)

Sulfhydryl group (—SH)

-will form two bonds -The -__ group can react -forming a "cross-link" that helps stabilize protein structure -polar group

accepts

A base _________hydrogen ions

covalent

A carbon atom is most likely to form what kind of bond(s) with other atoms? -ionic -covalent -carbon is an inert element -hydrogen

adenosine; three

ATP consists of an organic molecule called __________ attached to a string of _________ phosphate groups

Isomers differ in the arrangement or bonding of atoms. -Isomers may differ in the covalent arrangements of their atoms or the position of double bonds within the molecule and thus have different chemical properties.

How do isomers differ from one another? -Isomers differ in the arrangement or bonding of atoms. -Isomers differ in charge. -Isomers differ in molecular formulas.

fossil fuels

Hydrocarbons are major components of _____________

tetrahedral shape

In molecules with multiple carbons, each carbon bonded to four other atoms (i.e. no double bonds) has a __________ determined by the orbitals occupied by the valence electrons.

end

In the Carbonyl group (>C=O), aldehyde is on the __________

internal (middle)

In the Carbonyl group (>C=O), ketone is ________

polar

Is Hydroxyl group (-OH) polar or nonpolar

carbon-based

Living organisms consist mostly of ______________ compounds

amine

acts as a base

carboxylic acid

acts as an acid

organic phosphate

contribute snegative charge

ATP

_________: an important source of energy for cellular processes (energy currency of cell); it is the primary energy-transferring molecule in the cell

Isomers

___________ are compounds with the same molecular formula but different structures and properties

Hydrocarbons

___________ are organic molecules consisting of only carbon and hydrogen

Functional groups

____________ are a type of chemical group in organic molecules that are most commonly involved in chemical reactions

Enantiomers

____________ are isomers that are mirror images of each other and are not superimposable

Structural isomers

____________ have different covalent arrangements of their atoms (note same chemical formula: C5H12)

Organic chemistry

_____________ is the study of compounds that contain carbon

cis-trans isomers

________________ have the same covalent bonds but differ in spatial arrangements around a double bond

proteins, nucleic acids, polysaccharides, lipids

Carbon is unparalleled in its ability to form large, complex, and diverse molecules, such as __________, _________,________,________

the two X's are on the same side

Cis isomer = ______

carboxyl -The carboxyl group can release a hydrogen ion when in solution.

Citric acid makes lemons taste sour. Which of the following is a functional group that would cause a molecule such as citric acid to be acidic? See Concept 4.3 (Page) -carbonyl -hydroxyl -amino -hydrocarbon -carboxyl

the carbon skeleton; on the chemical groups attached to it

Distinctive properties of organic molecules depend on ___________ and ___________

pharmaceutical industry

Enantiomers are important in the ____________________

the study of carbon compounds.

Organic chemistry is currently defined as -the study of compounds made only by living cells. -the study of carbon compounds. -the study of natural (as opposed to synthetic) compounds. -the study of hydrocarbons.

Molecules that are mirror images of each other.

Research indicates that ibuprofen, a drug used to relieve inflammation and pain, is a mixture of two enantiomers; what are enantiomers? -Molecules that have identical chemical formulas but differ in the branching of their carbon skeletons. -Molecules that differ in the location of their double bonds. -Molecules that differ in the arrangement of atoms around their double bonds. -Molecules that are mirror images of each other.

functional groups

The number and arrangement of ___________________ give each molecule its unique chemical properties, e.g. phosphate and hydroxyl groups

reactive.

The phosphate groups on ATP are highly ____________

carbon

The versatility of _________ makes possible the great diversity of organic molecules, each with unique properties

The two X's are on opposite sides

Trans isomer= ______

True

True or false. two enantiomers of a drug may have different effects

C

Use the figures to answer the question. Which molecule shown above contains a functional group that is a part of the principal molecule that stores and transfers energy in cells? -A -B -C -D

structural isomers

Use the following figure to answer the question.The two molecules shown in the figures are best described as ________. -enantiomers -chain length isomers -cis-trans isomers -structural isomers

-structural isomers -cis-trans isomers -enantiomers

What are the three types of isomers?

Carbon chains (more than one carbon)

What forms the skeletons of most organic molecules so organic molecules can be enormous?

alcohol

What function group is this?

aldehyde

What function group is this?

amine

What function group is this?

carboxylic acid

What function group is this?

organic phosphate

What function group is this?

thiol

What function group is this?

Structure or orbitals

What gives carbon it's 3D shape?

(water splitting)-releases energy used by cells to do work!

What is ATP hydrolysis?

1, 2, 3, 4

What is the valence of hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and carbon?

Cis isomer

What is this an example of?

trans isomer

What is this an example of?

He mixed simple compounds thought to be in the early atmosphere of earth (water, ammonia, methane, etc.) in the presence of heat (volcanoes) and electrical sparks (lightning).

What was Stanley Miller's classic experiment?

These conditions created more complex organic molecules like amino acids and demonstrated the abiotic (non-biological) synthesis of organic compounds.

What was the outcome of Stanley Miller's experiment?

planar (flat) structure (e.g. ethene)

When two carbon atoms are joined by a double bond, the molecule has a ________

Methyl

Which functional group is not chemically reactive?

they differ in their spatial arrangement around inflexible double bonds -Cis-trans isomers maintain the same covalent partnerships, but the atoms may be arranged differently.

Which of the following best describes cis-trans isomers? -they are mirror images of each other -they differ in their spatial arrangement around inflexible double bonds -they are long chains of hydrogen and carbon atoms -they have the same number of atoms of the same elements, but different structures -they differ in the arrangement of covalent bonds and in covalent partners

the chemical versatility of carbon atoms

Which of the following characteristics is responsible for the complexity and variety of organic molecules? -the variety of rare elements in organic molecules -their interaction with water -the diverse bonding patterns of nitrogen -the chemical versatility of carbon atoms

methyl

Which of the following functional groups is hydrophobic in nature? -methyl -hydroxyl -amino -sulfhydryl

thiol

forms disulfide bonds

alcohol

is polar and makes compounds more soluble in water

aldehyde

may be a structural isomer of a ketone