Biology chapter 45
Which of the following is true about the release of histamine from cells in the nasal passages?
-It occurs during an allergic reaction. -It causes nearby capillaries to swell -It may cause increased secretion by mucous membranes.
Mucous membranes
-are moist epithelial layers that are impermeable to most pathogens. -line the nasal passages, mouth, lungs, digestive tract, urethra, and vagina. -contain glands that secrete mucus, a sticky fluid that traps pathogens
When a puncture wound becomes infected,
-damaged cells release chemicals that promote the immune response. -the temperature around the wound increases. -white blood cells move into the injured area.
When the inflammatory response is triggered,
-damaged or infected cells release chemical alarm signals. -more fluid than normal leaks from capillaries near the injury, and swelling results. -white blood cells attack invading pathogens.
The origin of a muscle
-is at the opposite end of the muscle from the insertion. -is located on a bone that remains stationary when the muscle contracts. -does not move when the muscle contracts.
Gas exchange occurs when
-oxygen in the alveoli diffuses into the blood in the capillaries. -oxygen binds with hemoglobin in the red blood cells. -the red blood cells give up oxygen to the cells of the body tissues.
Secondary exposure to a pathogen
-results in very rapid production of antibodies. -stimulates memory cells to divide quickly. -may result in destruction of the pathogen before a person knows he or she is infected.
Connective tissues include
-tendons that connect muscle to bone -the layer beneath your skin that connects the skin to muscle -fat
HIV can be transmitted
-through sexual intercourse with an infected person. -by the transfer of body fluids containing HIV or HIV-infected cells. -by sharing contaminated hypodermic needles and syringes.
The insertion of a muscle
... none of the above
Normal blood pressure in millimeters of mercury is
120/80 for males and 110/70 for females
Refer to the illustration above 14. Which of the following is the compact bone?
2
Refer to the illustration above 25. The elbow, a pivot joint that allows your hand to turn over, is shown in diagram
2
Refer to the illustration above 52. Which of the structures in the diagram are composed mainly of dead cells?
2 and 8
Refer to the illustration above 25. Which joint allows bones to glide over each other?
3
Refer to the illustration above 58. The aorta is structure
3
Refer to the illustration above 166. Most of the products of digestion are absorbed into the circulatory system from which structure?
4
Refer to the illustration above 52. Which of the following structures is used to eliminate wastes and help regulate body temperature?
7
A person with antigen A on their red blood cells can give blood to someone with blood type(s)
A and AB
Which of the following is the final step in using Koch's postulates to demonstrate that a particular agent causes a disease?
An animal infected by injecting the suspected disease agent from an animal with the disease is found to also have the disease agent in its tissues, because a pathogen cultured from the second animal is found to be the same as the pathogen cultured from the first.
Refer to the illustration above 121. During which time period are the first antibodies to the pathogen produced?
B
Which of the following pairs is incorrectly associated?
B cells—engulf cells that are infected with microbes
What is the difference between cartilage and bone?
Bone contains significant mineral deposits between its cells, while cartilage does not.
Refer to the illustration above 121. Which time period would be characterized by the most rapid division of B cells?
C
Which of the following describes the actions of HIV?
HIV attacks and cripples the immune system. HIV invades macrophages and helper T cells. HIV kills large numbers of helper T cells.
Which of the following is true about the release of histamine from cells in nasal passages?
It occurs during an allergic reaction. It causes nearby capillaries to swell. It may cause increased secretion by mucous membranes
John and James are identical twins. During the summer following their fifteenth birthday, they went on a vacation and stayed in a cabin with two of their cousins. One of the cousins came down with chicken pox during the vacation. Chicken pox is caused by a virus. Two weeks later, John came down with chicken pox. James, however, never developed any symptoms of the disease. Which of the following is the best explanation for the different responses John and James had to exposure to the same disease?
James had been exposed to chicken pox at an earlier age and developed the disease. His body produced memory cells that protected him from further infections of the disease. John did not get exposed to chicken pox at an earlier age.
Which of the following explains why HIV evolves rapidly?
The genes that code for its surface proteins mutate rapidly.
Vaccines are effective in preventing disease because they
Trigger antibody formation.
Refer to the illustration above. Structure 2 is
a capillary
Which of the following engulfs foreign cells?
a macrophage
Atherosclerosis is characterized by
a narrowing of the inner walls of coronary arteries due to buildup of fatty materials.
If a blood vessel has valves, it is probably
a vein
An artery has a much thicker muscle layer than
a vein. a venule. a capillary
A skin disorder caused by blockage of oil glands is called
acne
The debilitating effects of AIDS are due to inability of the immune system to
activate B cells and cytotoxic T cells. produce antibodies against pathogens. recognize and destroy infected cells.
The role of helper T cells in immune responses is to
activate two different types of immune system cells.
The actual exchange of gases occurs at the site of the
alveoli
Which of the following is (are) not part of the immune system?
alveoli
A misdirected immune system response against a harmless antigen is called
an allergic reaction
After the initial immune response subsides, B cells that patrol body tissues for long periods of time
are called memory cells.
Actin and myosin
are found in the sarcomeres. are proteins. interact during muscle contraction
Vessels that carry blood away from the heart are called
arteries
Which type of blood vessel is both strong and elastic?
artery
cholesterol buildup : atherosclerosis ::
atherosclerosis : heart attacks
Refer to the illustration above 25. Joint 1 is an example of a
ball-and-socket joint
Cytotoxic T cells recognize cells that have been infected by viruses
because the infected cells have the pathogen's antigens on their surfaces
A few B cells that have encountered a pathogen
become memory cells.
An abnormality involving the platelets would probably affect the process of
blood clotting.
Refer to the illustration above 14. Structure 3 is a
blood vessel
The periosteum is a section of the bone that contains
blood vessels
Muscle tissue functions to move
blood. bones. food in the digestive tract.
Ligaments attach
bone to bone
Bile
breaks down globules of fat into tiny droplets.
bronchiole : alveoli ::
bronchi : bronchioles
Alveoli in the lungs are connected to the bronchi by a network of tiny tubes called
bronchioles
Carbon dioxide is transported in the blood in all of the following ways except
by white blood cells.
Excessive amounts of vitamins such as vitamins A, D, E, and K
can be harmful.
Smooth muscle
can change the diameter of blood vessels. moves food through the digestive tract is not under conscious control.
The smallest and most numerous blood vessels in the body are the
capillaries.
Enzymes in saliva begin the chemical digestion of
carbohydrates
Most of the body's energy needs should be supplied by dietary
carbohydrates.
Refer to the illustration above 154. Most of the energy in the molecule shown is stored in the
carbon-hydrogen bonds.
The heart and the blood vessels are separate organs that form the
cardiovascular system
In a fetus, most bones are originally made of
cartilage
From the smallest functional units to the largest, the body is organized as follows
cell, tissue, organ, system, body
the function of the digestive system is to
chemically break down food. mechanically break apart food. absorb nutrient materials.
The type of bone that provides the greatest strength for support is
compact bone
The breathing center in the brain is most sensitive to the
concentration of carbon dioxide in the blood.
Blood, bone, and cartilage are examples of
connective tissue
human skeleton : internal organs ::
construction worker's hard hat : construction worker's head
Refer to the illustration above 82. These cells
contain hemoglobin
The stomach is involved in defense against infection by
containing acids that destroy potential pathogens that are swallowed.
pathogenic bacteria and viruses : enemies of humans ::
cytotoxic T cells and B cells : white blood cells
The functions of the skin include
defense against microbes. prevention of dehydration. regulation of body temperature.
The total amount of force that a muscle exerts
depends on the total number of individual muscle fibers that have been stimulated
Which of the following is used to determine whether a person has been infected with HIV?
determining whether the person has antibodies to HIV in his or her blood
A person infected with HIV may
develop the disease called AIDS. have viruses reproducing in helper T cells. be more susceptible to a variety of pathogens.
The dome-shaped muscle below the chest cavity is called the
diaphragm.
The pressure exerted on the inner walls of the arteries when the heart relaxes between beats is the ____ pressure.
diastolic
When B cells encounter a pathogen, they
divide and produce large amounts of antibody.
Mature red blood cells
do not have a nucleus.
The first portion of the small intestine is the
duodenum.
Which of the following is a function of both the excretory system and the digestive system?
eliminating wastes
Fat molecules are broken down into fatty acids by
enzymes.
During swallowing, the air passageway of the pharynx is covered by the
epiglottis
Tightly connected cells that are arranged in flat sheets are characteristic of
epithelial tissue
Tissue that is specialized to cover the inner and outer surfaces of the internal organs is called
epithelial tissue
nutrients, salts, and proteins : plasma solutes ::
erythrocytes and leukocytes : blood cells
small intestine : large intestine ::
esophagus : stomach
The redness and swelling associated with an inflammatory response is caused by
expansion of local blood vessels
When the diaphragm and rib cage muscles relax,
expiration occurs
flexors : bend ::
extensors : straighten
Energy reserves are stored in the skin as
fat cells
Refer to the illustration above 154. The structure shown is most likely a portion of a
fat molecule.
Refer to the illustration above 183. At the location labeled "X,"
filtration is taking place.
The first stage of urine formation is called
filtration.
Muscles that bend joints are categorized as
flexors
Which of the following is not involved in the formation of blood clots?
formation of fibrin-red blood cell complexes that circulate in the blood and are too large to move through ruptured blood-vessel walls
The skin repels pathogens by
functioning as a barrier AND using chemical defenses.
Brain cells and red blood cells receive most of their energy directly from
glucose.
Nutrients provide the body with the energy and materials it needs for
growth. repair. maintenance
nail root : nails ::
hair follicle : hair
Vitamins are organic compounds that
help activate enzymes during chemical reactions
Antibodies
help destroy microbes that invade the body.
macrophages : helper T cells ::
helper T cells : cytotoxic T cells and B cells
HIV causes AIDS by attacking and destroying
helper T cells.
The iron-containing molecule in red blood cells is called
hemoglobin.
The kidneys play a major role in maintaining
homeostasis by removing urea, water, and other wastes from the blood.
Chemical digestion occurs as a result of the action of
hydrochloric acid. saliva. pepsin.
Smooth muscle can be found
in internal organs
Phagocytes, such as macrophages
ingest and destroy pathogens
Moderate fevers (below 103°F)
inhibit the growth of pathogens and stimulate macrophage action.
Which of the following occurs as air rushes into the lungs from the environment to equalize air pressure?
inspiration
The body's first line of defense against infection includes all of the following except
interleukin-1
The dermis of the skin is
involved in temperature regulation.
Keratin
is a protein
Blood entering the right atrium
is deoxygenated.
Refer to the illustration above 58. Blood in chamber 1
is full of oxygen.
Vitamin K
is soluble in fat. is found in green vegetables. assists with blood clotting.
Each alveolus
is surrounded by capillaries
Refer to the illustration above 52. The portion of the skin labeled "1"
is the dermis
The point where two or more bones meet is called a
joint
Refer to the illustration above 183. The structure shown in the diagram is the basic unit of the
kidney.
Refer to the illustration above 25. Joint 4 would most likely be found in the
knee
Oxygenated blood from the lungs is received by the
left atrium.
Urine, when compared with the initial filtrate, contains
less water, fewer minerals, and more urea.
Infections generally result in an increase in the number of
leukocytes
Mucous membranes
line internal body surfaces that are in contact with the environment
Urea is formed in the
liver
pancreas : enzymes for small intestine ::
liver : bile
The pharynx is
located in the back of the throat.
Pulmonary circulation is the flow of blood to and from the
lungs
White blood cells that engulf invading microbes and cellular debris resulting from microbial attacks are called
macrophages
Refer to the illustration above 14. The material labeled "1," which fills the center and spaces at the ends of bones and produces blood cells, is called
marrow
compact bone : periosteum ::
marrow : compact bone
All of the following are white blood cells that are involved in immune responses except
megakaryocytes.
Refer to the illustration above 133. The most likely reason for Response II being greater than Response I is that
memory cells were produced during Response I.
The first line of defense against infection includes
mucous membranes.
An autoimmune disease in which the immune system attacks myelinated nerves is
multiple sclerosis
Tendons connect
muscle to bone
All essential amino acids
must be obtained from the foods we eat.
neutrophils : ingesting pathogens ::
natural killer cells : puncturing membranes of infected cells
Refer to the illustration above 183. The structure shown in the diagram is a(n)
nephron.
The basic functional unit of the kidney is the
nephron.
carbon dioxide : lungs ::
nitrogenous waste : kidneys
Refer to the illustration above 175. This structure allows for an increase in
nutrient absorption area.
The villi of the small intestine allow for an increase in the rate of
nutrient absorption.
Organs that work together form
organ systems
Degeneration of cartilage causes
osteoarthritis
All vaccines are produced from killed or weakened
pathogens
The wavelike contractions of muscle that move food through the digestive system are called
peristalsis.
The skin performs all of the following except
production of chemical messengers.
Pepsin and hydrochloric acid in the stomach begin the digestion of
protein
Yellow bone marrow
provides an energy reserve.
A muscle can
pull a bone
Muscles exert force by
pulling on surrounding tissues
Refer to the illustration above 82. These cells are
red blood cells
The heart and lungs are protected by the
rib cage
The heart chamber that receives blood from the venae cavae is the
right atrium
The filtrate removed from the blood by the kidneys might contain
salts, amino acids, glucose, and urea.
The region between Z lines is called the
sarcomere
Repeating units of myosin and actin filaments bound by two Z lines are
sarcomeres
The three types of muscles are
skeletal, smooth, and cardiac
Refer to the illustration above 175. This structure is found in the
small intestine.
B cells
sometimes remain in the blood for years. secrete antibodies. are stimulated by helper T cells.
It has been known for a long time that muscle contraction requires ATP. Recently, scientists have discovered that ATP is required in order for the muscle filaments actin and myosin to slide past each other, resulting in muscle contraction. The ATP is specifically required to release the attachments between actin and myosin in the many cycles of attachment, release, and reattachment that result in sliding of these filaments past each other. Which of the following phenomena is explained by this specific role of ATP?
stiffening of a body after death (rigor mortis)
Once stimulated by antigens on the surface of macrophages, helper T cells may
stimulate B cells to divide and develop into plasma cells.
Refer to the illustration above 166. What is the name of structure 5?
stomach
The force exerted against the arterial walls when the heart contracts is called
systolic pressure
The ventricles are
the chambers of the heart that pump blood to the lungs and the rest of the body
The thin outer layer of the skin is
the epidermis
Autoimmune diseases occur when
the immune system attacks the organism's own cells
Which of the following is (are) a nonspecific defense against pathogens?
the inflammatory response
Which of the following is not part of the axial skeleton?
the pelvis
Which of the following provides a passage for both food and air?
the pharynx
Refer to the illustration above 58. The vessels labeled "2" carry deoxygenated blood. The vessels are
the pulmonary arteries
Refer to the illustration above 58. Structure 4 is
the right atrium
All of the following have mucous membranes except
the surface of the skin
The lungs are located in the
thoracic cavity
Mucus is produced by the cells lining the walls of the bronchi and bronchioles
to protect against microbes that might be inhaled.
Refer to the illustration above 88. The structure labeled "X" is the
trachea
Red blood cells
transport respiratory gases
Which of the following filtrates is not reabsorbed in significant quantities back into the bloodstream by the nephrons?
urea
Ammonia is converted to urea because
urea is less toxic to the body.
Urine leaves the body through the
urethra.
ureter : urinary bladder ::
urinary bladder : urethra
An artery
usually carries oxygen-rich blood
Refer to the illustration above 175. Structure 1 is a(n)
villus
A person with a broken pelvis would probably be unable to
walk
Defending the body against bacterial infection and invasion by foreign substances is a function of
white blood cells
Scientists think that practically everyone infected with HIV
will eventually develop AIDS.
