BA 350 SDSU Sannwald Exam 2
Which of the following statements about performance measurement with a developmental orientation is true
Performance appraisals with a developmental orientation provide information for future performance improvement.
Which of the following is NOT part of the performance measurement process?
Rewarding the employee according to his or her performance
____ is the extent to which a decision maker is willing to gamble when making a decision.
Risk propensity
The positive benefits of a team-based environment include all of the following except
all of these are benefits: enhanced performance, employee benefits, organizational enhancements, reduced costs
The rational decision-making approach assumes decision makers
all of these: have complete info, objective, systematic in their approach, work in an organization that encourages logical choices
Which type of noise occurs when there is more than one way to interpret the sender's message?
ambiguity
What is the likely impact of perquisites on the employees who receive them?
an elevated sense of status in an organization
According to Vroom, a manager who presents the program to group members individually, obtains their suggestions, and then makes the decision is using a _________ style of subordinate participation.
consult (individually)
A team ____________ is a written agreement among team members establishing ground rules about the team's processes, roles, and responsibilities.
contract
In which stage is the group considered to be mature?
control and organization
Which of the following is the final stage of group development?
control and organization
The last step in the rational decision-making process is
control: measure and adjust
Which of the following represents the step of the rational decision-making approach in which the outcomes of the decision are compared to the desired goal?
control: measure and adjust
Being able to see similarities between situations, phenomena, or events is a creative ability called ____ thinking.
convergent
Organizations may benefit from allowing employee participation in all of the following areas except
corporate investment decisions
Satisficing refers to making a(n) _________ rather than _________ decision.
correct, incorrect
Which of the following does NOT tend to be one of the toughest managerial decisions?
creating work schedules
A homogeneous group tends to be LESS productive than a heterogeneous group in situations where
creativity is required.
Nonprogrammed decisions require managers to use ____________ rather than ___________.
creativity, decision rules
To help prevent groupthink, leaders should assign the role of "_____________" to each group member to allow each member to freely voice objections and doubts.
critical evaluator
A team that is comprised of members from different departments or functional areas is a(n)
cross functional team
In much of the world, the thumb up sign means "O.K." But in Nigeria, Afghanistan, Iran, and parts of Italy and Greece it is an obscene insult and carries the same meaning as the middle finger in the U.S. This is an example of which type of communication barrier?
cultural
One important method for enhancing creativity is to make it a part of the organization's ____.
culture
Vroom's decision tree approach to leadership focuses on which aspect of leader behavior?
e. Subordinate participation in decision making
All of the following are used in the nominal group technique of decision-making EXCEPT
each proposed idea must be wholly original.
_______________ is the richest communication medium because it has the capacity for immediate feedback, carries multiple cues, and uses natural language.
face to face
According to Vroom, a manager who presents the problem to the group at a meeting, defines the problem and its boundaries, and then facilitates group member discussion as members make the decision is using a _________ style of subordinate participation
facilitate
The degree to which the job activities give a person information about the effectiveness of performance is called
feedback
___________ is the portion of communication that enables a receiver to indicate receipt and understanding of a message
feedback
Which of the following occurs when less than the full amount of information is received due to withholding, ignoring, or distorting information?
filtering
Ending the workday shortly after lunch on Friday because an individual reported to work early is most likely an example of
flextime
Which of the following is an alternative work arrangement in which an employee is given more control over the times worked on a typical workday?
flextime
Which of the following is NOT one of the four fundamental principles of integrative negotiation?
focus on positions, not interests
Which conflict resolution behavior reflects the fact that by focusing on the outcome, the root cause of the conflict is more likely to be addressed?
focusing on interests rather than positions
_________ communications are official, organization-sanctioned communications.
formal
_________ ties refer to relationships with coworkers, bosses, and others we know because of the roles we hold.
formal
Which of the following communication media has the lowest richness?
formal written correspondence
The goal of the Michigan leadership studies was to determine the pattern of leadership behaviors that results in effective ____.
group performance
In a highly collectivist culture such as Japan, performance appraisals almost always need to be focused more on
group performance and feedback
The further a conflict escalates, the ___________ it is to reverse.
harder
Managers who are cautious and try to adhere to the rational decision-making model
have a lower risk propensity than other managers.
participation occurs when employees
have a voice in decisions about their own work
Vroom's current formulation includes two different decision trees. One tree is to be used when the manager is primarily interested in making a timely decision. The other tree is to be used when the manager is interested in
helping subordinates develop their decision skills
____ is the ability to affect the perceptions, beliefs, attitudes, motivation, and/or behaviors of others.
influence
. _________ communication is anything that is not official, such as gossip or another employee's question about how to do something
informal
Relationships based on friendship and choice are called _________ ties.
informal
A(n) _______ is a person who engages in leadership activities but whose right to do so has not been formally recognized.
informal leader
. ________ conflict occurs when people are uninformed, misinformed, interpret things differently, or disagree about what's relevant.
information
Which of the following occurs when the amount of information available exceeds our ability to process it?
information overload
. The internet allows people to access only the information they want, a broadcast technique called
information pull
Giving people information that they did not ask for is a broadcast technique called
information push
The start-up phase of team implementation includes which of the following?
informational / "awareness" training
While driving home from a hard day at work, Susan finally realizes the solution to the problem she had been having with a certain customer. Susan just reached which stage of the creative process?
insight
All of the following are true of large groups except
large groups do not set many rules or regulations
Unlike LPC theory, path-goal theory assumes that
leaders can change their behavior
As a property, _________ is the set of characteristics attributed to those who are perceived to use noncoercisve influence successfully.
leadership
Employees who telecommute have ______________ than those who do not.
less social interaction with coworkers
Which type of noise refers to the total failure of the medium being used for communication, such as a dropped phone call or disconnected internet connection?
loss of transmission
In a _________ culture, if an employee asks a manager for a raise and the answer is no, the manager might explicitly say no.
low context
In a _________ culture, people rely on the words themselves to carry meaning.
low context
The accommodating strategy entails a _________ concern for your interests and a _________ concern for the interests of the other party.
low, high
The avoiding strategy entails a _________ concern for your interests and a _________ concern for the interests of the other party.
low, high
Effective project teams tend to have _______ levels of relationship conflict that ______ toward the end of the project
low, increases
Which of the following is not an example of cost reductions arising from team environments?
lower commitment
The textbook makes several distinctions between management and leadership. These distinctions include all of the following EXCEPT
management is more important in regards to creating and directing change.
What term refers to the process in which two or more parties make offers, counteroffers, and concessions in order to reach an agreement?
negotiation
Ivan is trying to understand the concern of an angry customer, but several employees keep interrupting the conversion. These interruptions are an example of
noise
____ is any disturbance in the communication process that interferes with or distorts communication.
noise
Which of the following is a structured variation of a small-group discussion to reach consensus?
nominal group technique
Decisions that recur infrequently and have no decision rules are ____ decisions.
nonprogrammed
Physical movements and body language are forms of
nonverbal communication
A manager who relies solely on force and formal authority to direct the behavior of subordinates is ________
not exhibiting leadership at all
What is the term for someone who investigates complaints and mediates fair settlements between aggrieved parties?
ombudsman
Organizations typically conduct performance appraisals
once a year
Which of the following is NOT a strategy for dealing with the challenges of multicultural teams?
one on one conferencing
In _________, the sender communicates a message without expecting or getting any feedback from the receiver.
one way communication
Goal specificity has been shown to be consistently related to ____
performance
A communication medium that allows the speaker to express emotions and social cues is said to have a high
personal focus
Which conflict resolution behavior entails attempting to put yourself in the other person's position and understand that person's point of view?
perspective taking
When choosing team members, which of the following abilities would you NOT specifically look for?
persuasiveness
Which of the following ties a worker's earnings to the number of units produced?
piecework program
Unlike the Ohio State studies, the University of Michigan studies on leadership
placed the defined dimensions of leadership behavior on opposite ends of a single continuum.
Jim is using the rational decision-making process to decide a course of action for the marketing department. While selecting a preferred alternative, a fellow worker asks, "What if something unexpected happens during the implementation of the alternative we have selected?" This type of question is an example of ____.
planning for contingencies.
Which type of task interdependence occurs when employees work independently and their output is combined into group output?
pooled interdependence
When ______________ arises, a decision maker questions the decision made and searches for information to bolster it.
post decision dissonance
The creative process normally begins with a period of ____.
preperation
In ________, the decision maker examines alternatives only until a solution that meets minimal requirements is found
satisficing
Which of the following occurs when we interpret what we see based on our interests, expectations, experience, and attitudes rather than on how things really are?
selective perception
. During the ____ phase of team implementation, managers have withdrawn from the daily operations and are counseling teams.
self managing teams
Which type of noise occurs when the sender and the receiver have different opinions on the meaning of the same word?
semantics
____ is a reward system commonly found in team environments.
skill based pay
Which conflict resolution behavior entails playing down the differences between the two sides while emphasizing common interests?
smoothing
________ happens when people are motivated to look good to others and want to maintain a positive self-image
social facilitation
The set of relationships among people connected through friendship, family, work, or other ties is called a(n)
social network
A group of managers cannot agree on what the next month's sales goals ought to be. The group is experiencing
task conflict
____ are usually temporary and are established to solve a particular problem.
task groups
____ is the degree to which a job requires completion of a whole and identifiable piece of work
task identity
During the ____ phase of team implementation, a team's internal focus can become detrimental to other teams and to the organization as a whole.
tightly formed teams
Nonprogrammed decisions are most common at what level of the organization?
top
The move towards a team-based format is often initiated and communicated to the entire organization by
top management
Once a receiver provides feedback to a sender, the sender and receiver have engaged in
two way communcation
The basic premise of the early trait approach to leadership was that
unique leadership traits could be identified, and used to select leaders.
Tasks that are complex, nonroutine, and ambiguous are considered to be
unstructured
Nonprogrammed decisions are usually made by
upper management
Zane, a new employee, wants to rise quickly through the ranks and decides to ask his supervisor, Mary, for professional development advice. This is an example of which type of communication?
upward
_________ communication occurs when lower-level employees communicate to those at higher levels the organization.
upward
Group composition is
usually described in terms of the homogeneity or heterogeneity of group members.
________ conflict occurs due to perceived or actual incompatibilities in beliefs about what is right or wrong.
values
Some employees feel that an organization should be focused on profits while others believe it should focus on doing the maximum good for the maximum number of people. What type of conflict is occurring here
values conflict
fourth step of creative process
verification
By definition, __________ conflict occurs across different hierarchical levels in the organization.
vertical
Often, people are unaware that they are in conflict until they recognize that they are __________ about something.
very emotional
Which of the following communication media has the highest richness?
videoconferencing
A team that never actually meets together in the same room is called a
virtual team
Two of the most important issues regarding how to conduct a performance appraisal are
who does the appraisal and the frequency of the appraisal.
_________ refers to arguing vigorously for your own opinions and refusing to change your position regardless of what you will have to sacrifice.
winning at all costs
Which of the following is NOT a guideline for effective writing?
write to impress as well as express
According to research, the common attributes of creative individuals include which of the following?
Being raised in an environment that nurtured creativity
Why are flexible reward systems becoming an increasingly popular form of compensation systems?
Employees value flexible reward systems and may develop strong loyalty and attachment to an employer who provides them.
Which of the following statements about feedback is FALSE?
Feedback can be written or oral, but not nonverbal.
The LPC theory of leadership was developed by
Fred fiedler
Which of the following is NOT a suggestion for running effective meetings?
Do not overprepare; look up information on the fly to keep the meeting fresh.
Which of the following statements about nonprogrammed decisions is FALSE?
The decisions are rarely a responsibility of top management.
Which of the following statements best reflects the costs of teams to organizations
The difficulty of changing to a team-based organization
Creative thinking is enhanced by which of the following?
all of these: attraction to complexity, high levels of energy, intelligence, openness
Researchers at Ohio State investigating the issue of stability of leader behaviors over time found that
an individual's leadership pattern did not change much in similar situations.
What term refers to the tendency of people to make more extreme decisions in a group than when alone?
group polarization
Which of the following is NOT a category of prescriptions for preventing groupthink?
group prescriptions
A group member who discusses group deliberations with an expert outsider and reports her findings to the group is most likely trying to prevent
groupthink
What mode of thinking occurs when people are deeply involved in a cohesive in-group and members' strivings for unanimity override their motivation to realistically appraise alternative courses of action?
groupthink
By definition, __________ conflict occurs between groups at the same organizational level.
horizontal
Which type of negotiation is a win-win in which the agreement involves no loss to either party?
integrative negotiation
The concept of ____ is essential to the definition of groups presented in your text.
interaction
A communication medium's _________ reflects the speed at which it lets the receiver provide feedback.
interactivity
A motorcycle riding club that meets outside of the organization an example of which type of group?
interest group
William is a member of a small group of employees from different work areas. They meet once each week to discuss and recommend solutions to workplace problems. This group is most likely a(n)
problem solving team
________ conflict is a disagreement about how to accomplish something.
process
The management department plans to grow based on several agreed upon goals, but department members can't seem to agree on how goals will actually be achieved. The management department is experiencing
process conflict
A team is characterized by all of the following except
profit motive
Which of the following distributes a portion of the company's profits to all employees at a predetermined rate?
profit sharing program
Conflicts of interest can occur over ________ issues, which include time, money, and physical resources.
substantive
According to path-goal theory, a leader who is friendly and shows concern for subordinates' status and needs is exhibiting ____ leadership.
supportive
Which of the following statements about programmed decisions is FALSE?
judgment and creativity are the basis of solution
76. A communication medium that allows the speaker to convey a broad set of concepts and ideas is said to have a high
language variety
Which of the following occurs when a message is not decoded by the receiver in the way the sender intended?
misperception
In which stage of group development do members develop norms of behavior?
motivation and productivity
In a dysfunctional conflict,
no one is satisfied with the outcome
According to the path-goal theory of leadership, the two types of situational factors that influence how leaders should behave are
personal characteristics of the subordinates and environmental characteristics.
. Teams differ from groups in that teams
place more emphasis on concerted action than groups do
When a third party is involved in a conflict and has the power to issue a binding settlement, the process is called
arbitration
Which of the following is the chief disadvantage of arbitration?
at least one party is likely to be unhappy with the outcome
Which conflict resolution strategy requires both sides to sacrifice something in order to end the conflict?
compromising
The research of Edwin Locke assumes that behavior is a result of
conscious goals and intentions
Which theory serves as the basis for job enrichment?
None: equity theory, need theory, expectancy theory, maslow's hierarchy of needs
Which of the following is not one of the purposes of norms?
Norms regulate group members' thoughts and feelings.
Susan did not vote for a candidate because she thought none of them would be a job-centered leader. Based on this information, to what view of leadership does Susan most relate?
the behavioral approach
The cost of teams includes which of the following factors?
the difficulty of changing to a team-based organization.
27. The definition of leadership includes all of the following EXCEPT
the effective use of force and/or coercion
Vertical job loading differs from job enlargement in that
the employee has more control over the job
Job enlargement involves the process of horizontal job loading, meaning that
the employee is assigned more tasks to perform.
Which one of the following statements has been cited as a weakness of the job characteristics theory?
the role of individual differences frequently has not been supported by scientific research
The primary job of ____ is to create new products, processes, or businesses.
venture teams
Upward communication usually provides feedback to
managers.
Which of the following is NOT a recommended conflict resolution behavior?
meeting seperately with the people in the conflict
The compromising strategy entails a _________ concern for your interests and a _________ concern for the interests of the other party.
moderate, moderate
According to goal-setting theory, actual performance is determined by the interaction of
organizational support, goal directed effort, and individual abilities
The critical psychological states of the job characteristics theory include all of the following EXCEPT
recognition for work outcomes.
Which of the following arises due to interpersonal issues?
relationship conflict
Empowerment will enhance organizational effectiveness under all the following conditions except
renewed concentration of authority in the hands of top managers
. New Wakefield Hospital has only one portable X-ray machine. The emergency room staff claim to have the greatest need for the machine, but the surgeons in the operating room demand ready access to the machine. The conflict between these two groups is a result of
resource constraints
Acts of vengeance fall under which category of ineffective conflict resolution behaviors?
retaliation
A communication medium's _________ reflects the extent to which the medium can carry nonverbal cues, provide rapid feedback, convey personality traits, and support the use of natural language.
richness
. The ____ is the individual, group, or organization interested in communicating a message to another party.
sender
All of the following are examples of oral communication in organizations EXCEPT
sending a memo to colleagues
Which of the following is one of the four fundamental principles for integrative negotiation?
separate the people from the problem
When groupthink occurs, silence is viewed as agreement. This most directly contributes to the
shared illusion of unanimity
All of the following are examples of body language EXCEPT
shouting
Communication is defined as
social process that involves information exchange
In the ____ phase of team implementation, enthusiasm runs high and the anticipation of employees is quite positive.
start up
54. Alfredo was one of many employees who received a generous Christmas bonus, which carried ____ value for Alfredo.
surface
When a few employees are given a small reward to show that they are appreciated, the reward carries ____ value.
symbolic
Videoconferencing, instant messaging, electric meetings, and even conference calls are considered __________ technology.
synchronous
Which of the following is not an example of an organizational enhancement arising from team environments?
taller organizational hierarchy
_______ conflict is a disagreement about what the goals should be.
task
In LPC theory, what factor is presumed to have the second biggest effect on the favorableness of a situation?
task structure
In LPC theory, which factor reflects the extent to which a task is routine, simple, easily understood, and unambiguous?
task structure
All of the following are features of group discussion that contribute to group polarization EXCEPT
task uncertainty can be impacted by the decision
The two essential issues that must not be overlooked when implementing teams are
team performance and top management
What is the best reason to create teams in an organization?
teams make sense for the organization
The Delphi technique is designed for use by groups
that do not meet face to face
Goal specificity is defined as
the clarity and precision of a goal
For effective communication to take place, both parties must
attach the same meaning to the symbols used in the message.
_________ is a movement such as a gesture or expression that conveys information to others.
body language
Which of the following is the primary problem associated with the specialization of jobs?
boredom
____ refers to the inability of human beings to process an unlimited amount of information, causing most decisions to be made in a partially irrational manner.
bounded rationality
Which of the following is more closely associated with leadership than with management?
building trust
One of the most popular methods for evaluating individual performance involves
graphic rating scales
The definition of groups presented in your text omits any requirement of
group goals
Pam, a human resources manager, thinks that the company's slow network is hurting productivity. She reaches out Vladimir, a digital technology manager, to discuss the problem. Which type of communication is this an example of?
horizontal
_________ communication occurs when someone in an organization communicates with others at the same organizational level.
horizontal
Which of the following statements about brainstorming is FALSE?
ideas are recorded in secret
According to the rational decision-making approach, what is the second step of the decision-making process?
identify the problem
third step in the creative process
insight
The audience at an Oprah Winfrey talk show is an example of a(n) ____ group.
interest group
____ are informal and organized around a particular activity.
interest groups
An innate belief about something without conscious consideration is called
intuition
Which of the following is the chief advantage of arbitration?
it always ends with a settlement
Two people are needed to fill a position for a company that remains open for business from 9:00 a.m. to 5:00 p.m., five days a week. Which of the following alternative work arrangements might best suit this position?
job sharing
The first widespread model of how individual work should be designed was
job specialization
Generating feelings of __________ helps to de-escalate conflict.
empathy and sympathy
One conclusion of the University of Michigan studies was that a leader who attempts to build effective work groups with high performance goals is exhibiting
employee centered leader behavior
Which of the following is one of the four basic factors that affect group performance?
Composition
__________ involves a 3rd party in a negotiation to overcome a stalemate between the parties.
alternative dispute resolution
Early studies of leadership focused on the traits, or personal characteristics, of leaders. Later research shifted to examine actual ____.
leader behavior
during the ____ phase of team implementation, teams usually long for a system that resembles the old organizational structure
leader centered teams
In LPC theory, which factor reflects the extent to which subordinates trust, respect, and have confidence in their leader, and vice versa?
leader member relationships
77. In LPC theory, what factor is presumed to have the third biggest effect on the favorableness of a situation?
leader position power
According to path-goal theory, a _________ leader consults with subordinates about issues and takes their suggestions into account before making a decision.
participative
Which of the following is NOT an important leadership skill in a virtual project team or distance management situation?
Leading with directness and focusing on abstract results.
In the LPC theory, the degree of task or relationship motivation is measured by the
Least Preferred Coworker scale.
Position power is considered to be low when
the leader must get job assignments approved by someone else.
According to the continuum of leadership behavior proposed by Tannenbaum and Schmidt, subordinate characteristics include all of the following EXCEPT
the problem itself
The feedback phase of the communication process is initiated when
the receiever responds to the message
Group norms result from a combination of all of the following, except
the size of the group
Susan is the senior manager at her company. Susan made the choice to go to teams because she went to a seminar on teams, but she'll be on a two-year foreign assignment when teams are actually implemented. Which of the following is likely to occur?
the teams are likely to fail
According to prospect theory, people are more motivated by
the threat of losing something than by the prospect of gaining something.
Which of the following is NOT a part of initiating-structure behavior, as identified in the Ohio State leadership studies?
there is mutual trust and respect between the leader and subordinate
Which of the following statements about ethical dilemmas is FALSE?
they may center on risk propensity
Which of the following is NOT a guideline for effective email use?
Avoid subject lines that render the rest of the email unnecessary.
Which acronym serves as a reminder that when you negotiate, you shouldn't accept an offer that is worse than what you'd get if didn't negotiate at all?
BATNA (Best Alternative to a Negotiated Argument)
According to the rational decision-making approach, what is the first step of the decision-making process?
State the situational goal
One conclusion of the Ohio State studies was that a leader who focuses on subordinates' feelings and ideas is exhibiting
consideration behavior
________ conflict balances the interests of both parties to maximize mutual gains and the attainment of mutual goals.
constructive
How many people in a group
2 or more
Which of the following is a true statement regarding the stages of group development?
A group that fully evolves through the four stages of development usually is productive.
Which of the following methods can be used to enhance individual performance at work?
All of these: job design, employee participation, goal setting, and performance management
According to the rational decision-making approach, what is the fifth step of the decision-making process?
Evaluate alternatives
Goal-setting theory has been tested in a variety of settings. Which of the following statements is not true regarding the findings of these studies?
Goals set for organizations as a whole are typically more effective than goals set for individual employees
Which of the following includes conditions conducive to groupthink?
Group cohesiveness, leader's promotion of personal preferences, insulation from expert opinions
____ cohesive groups will not necessarily be more productive in an organizational sense than groups with ____ cohesiveness
Highly, low
Which of the following is NOT true of conflict?
It always entails at least some destruction.
Which of the following reasons explains why 360-degree feedback is very beneficial to managers?
It gives managers a much wider range of feedback than traditional performance appraisals do.
All of the following statements are true about MBO EXCEPT
It is the same as the 360-degree feedback system
According to your text, what was the failure of the behavioral approach to studying leadership?
It tended to specify a set of leader behaviors that would lead to effectiveness in all situations.
. In LPC theory, what factor is presumed to have the biggest effect on the favorableness of a situation?
Leader-member relations
Which of the following is true about 360-degree feedback?
Managers are likely to hear some personal comments on sensitive topics.
Which statement best describes the current state of leadership research?
Many questions remain unanswered.
Allowing an employee to spend part of their time working off-site, usually at home is called ____.
None: compressed workweek, flextime, job sharing, offshoring
Which of the following is NOT a receiver-based barrier to communication?
The receiver records the message for further review.
What is the primary use of performance appraisal information?
To provide job performance feedback
If a customer voices a complaint about food taste and temperature, certain restaurants always offer a complimentary meal. This represents
a decision rule
A decision maker's actions should be guided by
a goal
All of the following are symptoms of groupthink EXCEPT
a lack of idea promotion from the group leader
one basis for making programmed decisions is
a set of decision rules
Norms are
a standard against which the appropriateness of a behavior is judged
Which of the following statements about the social process of communication is FALSE?
a. It requires face-to-face interaction.
A communication medium that allows the speaker to convey physical presence, voice inflection, nonverbal cues, and pictures is said to have a high
ability to transmit multiple cues
Which conflict resolution strategy entails giving the other party what it wants?
accommodating
According to path-goal theory, a _________ leader sets challenging goals, expects subordinates to perform at their highest level, and shows strong confidence that subordinates will put forth effort and accomplish the goals.
acheivment oriented
Which of the following is more closely associated with management than with leadership?
acquiring resources
A new product development team is an example of which type of group?
affinity
What emotions are most likely to fuel relationship conflict?
anger and frustration
The degree to which the job allows an individual substantial freedom and independence is called
autonomy
What a conflict management style is appropriate when more information is needed or when addressing the conflict has the potential to create more problems?
avoiding
Which conflict resolution strategy entails ignoring the conflict or denying that it exists
avoiding
Which of the following is NOT one of the four key areas of skill development suggested by professionals in conflict resolution training?
avoiding
According to Vroom, a manager who presents the problem to group members at a meeting, gets their suggestions, and then makes the decision is using a _________ style of subordinate participation.
consult (group)
The Ohio State studies and the Leadership Grid are associated with the ____ approach to leadership
behavioral
Self-efficacy, as it relates to goals, is the extent to which an individual
believes he or she can accomplish goals even if he or she failed to do so in the past
Leadership is
both a process and a property
medium used to send information
channel
Contingency plans are a part of what phase of the decision-making process?
choosing an alternative
Decision making is
choosing one alternative from among several options
According to the path-goal theory, leaders can affect subordinates' performance by
clarifying what behaviors will lead to desired rewards.
What is (are) the new role(s) of managers in teams?
coaches and facilitators
A(n) _______ is an informal alliance of individuals or groups formed to achieve a common goal.
coalition
Which conflict resolution strategy reflects a desire to give both parties what they want?
collaborating
A group of department managers who meet periodically to establish corporate policy is an example of which type of group?
command
which of the following is a formal group?
command
The group members express their views more openly in the ____ stage of group development?
communications and decision making
In exchange for employee contributions, an organization provides rewards such as pay and insurance benefits. These kinds of rewards are combined to create
compensation packages
The choice of which behaviors to reward is a function of the
compensation system
What conflict management style is often used to set a precedent?
competing
Which conflict resolution strategy entails pursuing one's interests without any regard for the other party's?
competing
Employees checking their cell phones and whispering to each other during a meeting are causing which type of communication noise?
competition
When a construction worker decides to work additional hours on a typical workday so that he can have a three-day weekend, he is likely taking advantage of a ____ program.
compressed workweek
When a third party builds a positive relationship between two parties, improves their communication, and facilitates their discussion, the process is called
conciliation
According to Vroom, a manager who makes the decision alone and then announces or "sells" it to the group is using a ____ style of subordinate participation.
decide
Shortly after implementation, team performance often ____ before returning to previous levels.
declines
process by which the receiever of the message interprets it
decoding
According to Vroom, a _________ style requires the least input from the manager.
delegate
According to Vroom, a manager who allows the group to define for itself the exact nature and parameters of the problem and then develop a solution is using a _________ style of subordinate participation.
delegate
The goal of the behavioral approach to the study of leadership was to
determine what behaviors were associated with effective leadership.
Which of the following statements applies more to leadership than to management?
developing a vision of the future
Gustav, a low-level employee, thinks his manager is treating him unfairly. Unsure what to do, he reaches out to Gladys, a manager in another department, for advice. Which type of communication is this an example of?
diagonal
________ communication occurs when employees communicate across departments and levels.
diagonal
According to path-goal theory, a _________ leader lets subordinates know what is expected of them and gives them specific guidance as to how to accomplish tasks.
directive
According to path-goal theory, employees with an external locus of control should prefer a _________ leader.
directive
Paul, a new hire in the traffic department of an advertising agency, has little confidence in his ability and believes he only got the job because his uncle is the owner of the firm. According to the path-goal theory of leadership, what type of leadership style is Paul most likely to prefer?
directive
Which type of negotiation occurs when any gain to one party is offset by an equivalent loss to the other?
distributive negotiation
Being able to see differences between situations, phenomena, or events is a creative ability called ____ thinking
divergent
The risk of groupthink may be curbed by increasing the ____________ of senior management.
diversity
Which conflict resolution behavior entails writing down areas of agreement and disagreement to ensure common understanding and clear communication?
documenting
Communication that is _________ typically consists of messages about how to do a job, performance goals, the firm's policies, and how the company is performing.
downward
Mary thinks her new employee, Zane, is doing a great job, and she decides to tell him so. This is an example of which type of communication?
downward
_________ communication occurs when higher-level employees communicate to those at lower levels the organization
downward
________ conflict is destructive conflict focused on emotions and differences between the two parties.
dysfunctional
Which technology began as an informal communication channel but has since evolved into a primary and formal means of business correspondence for many organizations?
Which of the following statements about variable work schedules is true?
employees grow resentful and powerless
All of the following are benefits of telecommuting EXCEPT
employees miss the interaction of the workplace
The National Labor Relations Board (NLRB) recently upheld a decision regarding pay secrecy that states that
employers cannot enforce a rule that forbids employees from discussing their salaries
Alternative work arrangements are intended to
enhance employee motivation and performance.
The organization's compensation structure should be which of the following?
equitable
Jim purchases stock in a public company and refuses to sell it even after repeated drops in the original price he paid for the stock. Jim has decided to purchase more of the stock in anticipation of making a profit, and has decided to keep the stock in the face of increasing losses. Jim is suffering from
escalation of commitment
What term refers to the act of persisting with a failing course of action?
escalation of commitment
A person's beliefs about what constitutes right and wrong behavior are called
ethics.
According to the rational decision-making approach, what is the third step of the decision-making process?
evaluate alternatives
The decision-making conditions of certainty, uncertainty, and risk are relevant while the decision maker is
evaluating alternatives
Which of the following is true about intuition?
evolves over time
Path-goal theory has its roots in the ____ theory of motivation.
expectancy
In the job characteristics theory, which of the following is not a factor presumed to cause the emergence of psychological states?
experienced responsibility
Which of the following is NOT one of the worst conflict resolution behaviors?
expressing emotions
Which of the following is a type of informal group?
friendship
Which of the following is not a stage of group development?
friendship and social interaction
____ are informal and relatively permanent.
friendship groups
According to the rational decision-making approach, what is the fourth step of the decision-making process?
generate alternatives
84. Research has shown that managers who have good conflict resolution skills __________ than managers who don't.
get more promotions
Flextime is a work schedule arrangement that
gives employees more personal control over the hours they work each day
All of the following are forms of nonverbal communication EXCEPT
giving a speech
____ is defined as the extent to which a person is interested in reaching a goal
goal commitment
Expansions on goal-setting theory argue that goal-directed effort is a function of four goal attributes: goal acceptance, goal commitment, goal specificity and
goal difficulty
In a _________ culture, if an employee asks a manager for a raise and the answer is no, the manager might say, "That could be difficult."
high context
In a _________ culture, people rely on nonverbal or situational cues to convey meaning.
high context
All of the following statements about the key outcomes expected to result from the psychological states detailed in the job characteristics theory are true EXCEPT
high profits for stockholders
The collaborating strategy entails a _________ concern for your interests and a _________ concern for the interests of the other party.
high, high
Videoconferencing is ________ in feedback availability and ________ in language variety.
high, high
When cohesiveness is ____ and norms are ____ compatible with organizational goals, productivity is the highest.
high, highly
The competing strategy entails a _________ concern for your interests and a _________ concern for the interests of the other party.
high, low
Telecommuting involves all of the following EXCEPT
higher pay for working under special conditions
Plans in which employees can earn additional compensation in return for certain types of performance are called
incentive systems
Second Step of Creative Process
incubation
One conclusion of the Ohio State studies was that a leader who clearly defines the leader-subordinate roles so that subordinates know what is expected of them is exhibiting
intitalting strucure behavior
According to the rational decision-making approach, evaluate the alternatives
involves accessing all possible alternatives
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the Vroom's decision tree approach?
it assumes a high level of participation in decision making is best for all situations.
All of the following statements regarding flextime are true EXCEPT
it is desirable for people who want to work part time
Which of the following is NOT true of negotiation?
it is fairly consistent across cultures
The problems encountered when implementing job rotation in the workplace include all of the following EXCEPT
it is ineffective for training purposes
All of the following are true regarding social loafing except
it is often a problem in very small groups
The behavioral approach to decision-making is characterized by all of the following EXCEPT
it uses logic
Which of the following is NOT true of constructive conflict?
it works best when people focus on their emotions
Which type of noise occurs when overly technical language prevents the receiver from understanding the message?
jargon
One conclusion of the University of Michigan studies was that a leader who focuses on work procedures and performance is exhibiting
job centered leader behavior
which of the following is an example of a job design technique
job enlargement
Which of the following best describes the current view of job enrichment?
job enrichment has recently fallen into disfavor among managers
The courts and Equal Employment Opportunity guidelines have mandated that performance measurements be based on
job related criteria
One of the earliest alternatives to job specialization used by managers was
job rotation
When a third party facilitates a discussion using persuasion and logic, suggests alternatives, establishes each side's priorities, and suggests a nonbinding settlement, the process is called
mediation
A group is homogeneous if
members are similar in one or several ways that are critical to the work of the group.
In the study of groupthink, what term refers to self-appointed members who shield the group from conflicting information?
mind guards
What term refers to work completed by traveling employees who use technology to communicate with the office as necessary from places such as client offices, airports, cars, and hotels?
mobile work
____ communication takes place informally, during task activities, and throughout meetings.
oral
The benefits of job sharing include all of the following EXCEPT
organizations are concerned about their worker safety
Which of the following is NOT a guideline for giving effective presentations?
pace back and forth while making eye contact with the audience
According to path-goal theory, employees with an internal locus of control should prefer a _________ leader.
participative
Which of the following best describes a reward system that involves employees in its design and administration?
participative pay systems
All of the following statements are true about the traditional work schedule, EXCEPT
people can take off work when they need to
It is possible for the same decision to be ____________ for an experienced manager but ___________ for a more junior manager.
programmed, nonprogrammed
All of the following are true about employee benefits EXCEPT
providing employee benefits is easier for firms in the United States than for firms in other countries
The Delphi technique uses which of the following to gather opinions from experts?
questionaires
Which conflict resolution behavior entails contacting the other party, making the first move, and trying to make amends?
reaching out
When a conflict begins to escalate, one of the best ways to prevent further escalation is to
react equivalently to the other party and not overact.
The information needed to make a programmed decision is ________ available, and the problem is ___________ structured.
readily, highly
________ conflict occurs due to personality differences.
relationship
What information condition lies between certainty and uncertainty in making decisions?
risk
if a Human Resources manager can estimate the probability that a certain percentage of employees will take advantage of a proposed benefit plan, the manager is operating under a condition of
risk
why do younger workers seem to benefit from team environments
teams give them the freedom to grow and manage themselves
why does working in teams result in enhanced performance?
teams pool indiv. efforts in new ways and strive for continuous improvement
Thanks to electronic communication, people don't need to be in a central office to talk with their coworkers and do their jobs. What is the general term for work conducted outside a central office?
telework
A major difference between the behavioral approach and the LPC theory of leadership is that
the LPC theory contends a leader's effectiveness depends on the situation.
