biology chapter 7~7.11

Which of the following is evidence for evolution? Mosquitoes becoming resistant to pesticides Bacteria becoming resistant to antibiotics over time Cells with common features and chemically similar DNA All are evidence for evolution

All are evidence for evolution

Which of the following mechanisms can drive evolution? Mutations Genetic drift Natural selection All of the above

All of the above

Which of the following are considered to be fossils? Footprints or other impressions preserved in stone Mineralized bones Animals frozen in ice or preserved in amber All of these

All of these

Human embryos have a developmental stage during which they have a tail and pharyngeal pouches (those pouches develop into gills in fish). How can we explain these characteristics of human embryos? Human embryos spend time in the water where tails and gills are useful. Human embryos need a tail and gills to breathe during development in the placenta. Human embryos share a common ancestor who had gills. Both A and B are correct.

Human embryos spend time in the water where tails and gills are useful.

French scientists used carbon-14 dating to determine the age of prehistoric wall paintings in the Niaux caves . They determined that the paintings were made using natural dyes approximately 13 thousand years ago. Use your knowledge of carbon-14 dating to determine which two statements are true. (Remember that the half-life of carbon-14 is 5.7 thousand years.) Use your knowledge of carbon-14 dating to determine which two statements are true. (Remember that the half-life of carbon-14 is 5.7 thousand years.) The Niaux cave paintings currently contain less than 1/8th of the carbon-14 they contained when originally painted. If scientists discovered other cave paintings with less carbon-14 than the Naiux cave paintings, those paintings must be younger. In another 5.7 thousand years, the Niaux cave paintings will contain half as much carbon-14 as they currently do. Cave paintings that are 7.3 thousand years old would contain twice as much carbon-14 as the Niaux cave paintings. When the Niaux paintings were 11 thousand years old, they contained approximately 75% of their original carbon-14.

In another 5.7 thousand years, the Niaux cave paintings will contain half as much carbon-14 as they currently do. Cave paintings that are 7.3 thousand years old would contain twice as much carbon-14 as the Niaux cave paintings.

Which statement correctly describes the evolution of antibiotic-resistant bacteria? Bacteria will mutate in anticipation of the introduction of an antibiotic, so that when it is introduced, many of them will already be resistant. The presence of an antibiotic in an environment causes changes in bacteria that make them more resistant. An antibiotic will become more effective at killing bacteria over time. The presence of an antibiotic in an environment leads to the selection of those individuals that are most resistant to it.

The presence of an antibiotic in an environment leads to the selection of those individuals that are most resistant to it

Before Darwin published his work, Lamarck and others had suggested mechanisms for evolution. By what means did Darwin propose species evolved over time? Passing on acquired traits Natural selection Survival of the strongest Overproduction of young

Natural selection

Which two observations led Darwin to conclude that there is competition for survival? Natural selection and descent with modification Fossils and mutations Gene and allele differences in organisms Overproduction and limited resources

Overproduction and limited resources

What is radiometric dating? The process of determining the age of the fossils using radio waves The process of determining the age of the fossils from radioactive isotopes The process of determining the age of the fossils based on which layer in the rock it is found The mineralization process by which living things are turned into fossils

The process of determining the age of the fossils from radioactive isotopes

Which of the following is not an assumption that Darwin made about how evolution acts on populations? All populations have the potential to very quickly increase their numbers. The members of a population vary in their traits. The most fit individuals will always have the most offspring. The environment has too little resources to support all of the organisms born into it.

The most fit individuals will always have the most offspring.

Darwinian fitness is measured only in terms of the number of healthy offspring produced. True or False

True

Human embryos and chicken embryos have the same embryonic membranes suggesting that humans and chickens share a common ancestor. See Section 7.5 ( page 160) . True False

True

Comparing the body structures of organisms to find evidence of a shared evolutionary history is called ________. relativistic physiology outgrouping comparative anatomy analogous reconstruction

analogous reconstruction

Comparing the body structures of organisms to find evidence of a shared evolutionary history is called ________. _. relativistic physiology outgrouping comparative anatomy analogous reconstruction

comparative anatomy

Dr. Beadle planted about 50,000 seeds from the second cross. About 100 of these F2 offspring looked like teosinte, and about 100 like maize. Based on this result, how many genes did Dr. Beadle conclude could account for the differences between maize and teosinte? By crossing teosinte and maize through two generations (each producing and offspring), Dr. Beadle was able to estimate how many genes were involved in determining the major differences between the two species. Offspring Ratios as Predicted by Mendelian Genetics Genes involved Ratio of offspring expected to look like teosinte Ratio of offspring to look like maize Ratio of offspring expected to look like a mix of teosinte and maize 1 1/4 1/4 2/4 (1/2) 2 1/16 1/16 14/16 (7/8) 3 1/64 1/64 62/64 (31/32) 4 1/256 1/256 254/256 (127/128) 5 1/1024 1/1024 1022/1024 (511/512) Dr. Beadle planted about 50,000 seeds from the second cross. About 100 of these offspring looked like teosinte, and about 100 like maize. Based on this result, how many genes did Dr. Beadle conclude could account for the differences between maize and teosinte? three or four four three four or five

four or five

A weed that exhibits resistance to an herbicide ________. is less likely to pass on the gene to the next generation mutated when exposed to the herbicide developed the resistance in response to the herbicide inherited the gene that made it resistant to the herbicide

inherited the gene that made it resistant to the herbicide

In which situation can just a few genes dramatically change an organism's entire appearance? all situations, because in general, individual genes have big effects on an organism's appearance when the genes are each thousands of nucleotides long when an organism has only a few genes when the genes each control the expression of many other genes

when the genes each control the expression of many other genes

George Beadle concluded that teosinte is the likely ancestor of maize (corn), even though the two plants appear very different. What evidence did Dr. Beadle collect that led to his conclusion? Select all that apply. both teosinte and maize have naked, soft kernels teosinte and maize can produce fertile hybrids both teosinte and maize are supported by a single stalk teosinte and maize have similar chromosomes

teosinte and maize can produce fertile hybrids teosinte and maize have similar chromosomes

What contribution did Charles Lyell make? He suggested that life evolves through physical changes within the life span of an organism. He found some bird specimens on the Galapagos Islands. He found some fossils of extinct species. He provided the first evidence that the Earth is much older than was previously thought.

He provided the first evidence that the Earth is much older than was previously thought.

What is the original source of variation that natural selection can act upon? Gene flow Mutation Genetic drift All of the above

Mutation

Can you inherit physical traits that your parents acquired during their lifetime? No Yes Only if it improves survivability Only if it improves reproductive success

No

Prior to the publication of Charles Darwin's book, On the Origin of Species, what was the prevailing public consensus regarding species evolution? That species were permanent and unchanging That species evolved by means of natural selection That species evolved through physical changes that led to success That species were modified over time, but did not change into new species

That species were permanent and unchanging species evolution?

The human immune system cannot effectively suppress the HIV virus on its own. What key feature of HIV makes it so hard to beat? The HIV virus can survive harsh conditions for years as a dormant particle. The HIV virus has an extremely high rate of mutation. The HIV virus replicates its genome with a great deal of precision (i.e., has a low mutation rate). The HIV virus has a special protein coat that protects it from attack by all known human immune defenses.

The HIV virus has an extremely high rate of mutation.

What is the smallest unit that can evolve? The individual The population The cell The community

The population

The modern evolutionary synthesis of the 1930s and 1940s melded together Darwin's findings with ----- sociology psychology genetics chemistry

genetics

Which species is threatening the natural wildlife on the Galapagos Islands? mountain lions humans zebra mussels Asian carp

humans

Teosinte kernels are covered in a hard fruitcase, whereas maize kernels are "naked." What happened when Dr. Doebley's team introduced maize's version of the fruitcase gene into teosinte plants? the teosinte kernels were all naked, just like those of maize the teosinte plants had two kinds of kernels, some with no fruitcase at all and some with an intact fruitcase the teosinte kernels were partially exposed the teosinte kernels became enclosed in an even tougher fruitcase

the teosinte kernels were partially exposed

Which of the following sets of animals are likely to be found on the Galapagos Islands? ostriches, cougars, porcupines beaver, snakes, armadillos tortoises, finches, blue-footed boobies frogs, lungfish, mountain goats

tortoises, finches, blue-footed boobies

Individuals with variations that make them best suited to their environment will, on average, be more likely to ________. survive and reproduce change over time be larger evolve

survive and reproduce

If two organisms of different species share more similar DNA sequences with each other than with other species, we can conclude that ________. there is no relationship between similar DNA and how closely related organisms are these two species are very closely related these two species are not closely related these two species happen to share similar DNA by chance

these two species are very closely related

Comparing DNA and protein sequences to find evidence of a shared evolutionary history is called ________. proteomics bioinformatics differential relatedness genomics

bioinformatics

Darwinian fitness is measured only in terms of the number of healthy offspring produced. true or fall

true

Where are the Galapagos Islands located? in the Mediterranean Sea, as part of the Greek Islands 600 miles west of Ecuador, near the equator northeast of Australia along the Great Barrier Reef near the tip of South Africa

600 miles west of Ecuador, near the equator

What prompted Darwin to publish his book decades after he began writing it? He had returned from his voyage around the world. He had completed the last of his experiments. A colleague (Alfred Wallace) was about to publish a similar manuscript. After years of searching, he finally found a publisher willing to accept it.

A colleague(Alfred Wallance) was about to publish a similar manuscript.

What is the name for the study of the geographic distribution of species? Systematics Ecology Biogeography Taxonomy

Biogeography

Darwinian fitness is measured only in terms of the number of healthy offspring produced

True

Imagine that four people are infected with HIV from a common source (an infected blood sample). Initially, the patients' HIV populations are genetically identical. By the time they develop full-blown AIDS, how would the viral populations of the fourpatients compare? Each patient's viral population would be unique, specifically adapted to deal with—and overcome—his or her unique immune system responses. The viral populations would still be genetically identical to each other and would be unchanged from the time of infection. The viral populations would have evolved to a new and more dangerous strain, but that strain would be identical across all four patients. This is the strain of virus found in every person suffering full-blown AIDS.

Each patient's viral population would be unique, specifically adapted to deal with- and overcome-his or her unique immune system responses.

Scientists working in the fields of both genetics and archaeology have made discoveries that help us understand the origin of maize. Which statement(s) best reflect the way(s) each discipline's work support evidence generated by the other? Select all that apply. Geneticists used DNA data to determine how long ago maize was domesticated. Archaeologists then verified the conclusion by dating maize microfossils. Archaeologists first determined where maize was first domesticated. From there, geneticists calculated how long ago that was. Genetics data pinpointed the likely location of the earliest maize domestication, which allowed archaeologists to find fossil evidence of early maize in caves. Geneticists used archaeological data to identify how many genes controlled the changes from teosinte to maize.

Geneticists used DNA data to determine how long ago maize was domesticated.Archaeologist then verified the conclusion by dating maize microfossils

As proposed by Darwin, what sorts of traits are favored by natural selection? Any traits that are produced by mutation and can be inherited. Traits that reduce the number of offspring an individual produces, thus helping to reduce the struggle for existence in the next generation. Traits that reduce the mutation rate and cut down on unnecessary variation within populations. Heritable traits that help individuals survive and reproduce more successfully than others in the same population.

Heritable traits that help individuals survive and reproduce more successfully than others in the same population.

How might global warming result in most grizzly bears having fur that is less dense in the future? See Section 7.2 ( page 154) . Bears that get too hot will mate with bears that have less fur so their cubs will not overheat. Bears that get hot and rub their fur off on trees will have more cubs with fur that is less dense. Warmer temperatures cause genes to be turned on that produce fur with thinner hairs. In any population of bears, some individuals have thick fur, some have thin fur, and some are in between. As temperatures increase with the passage of time, the survival of bears with thin fur will increase, and the number of bears in the population with thick fur will decrease.

In any population of bears, some individuals have thick fur, some have thin fur, and some are in between. As temperatures increase with the passage of time, the survival of bears with thin fur will increase, and the number of bears in the population with thick fur will decrease.

How did Darwin's ideas on evolution conflict with contemporary religious dogma? See Section 7.1 ( page 152) . Darwin argued that humans have no soul. Darwin argued that life on Earth was created by a meteor strike. Darwin argued that the universe arose from a "Big Bang." In contrast to biblical teaching, Darwin argued that the Earth was very old and that species are constantly changing.

In contrast to biblical teaching, Darwin argued that the Earth was very old and that species are constantly changing.

What defines a population in evolution? Interbreeding members of the same species Multiple species interacting together Members of the same group that share a common ancestor Members of a single species

Interbreeding members of the same species

The older fossils are typically found in the ________ sediments.

Lower

HIV has become an important source of mortality for humans. If AIDS persists as a major factor for humans for many generations in the future, natural selection theory predicts that _____. any heritable traits that help humans survive and reproduce in the presence of AIDS should become more frequent over time AIDS should gradually become less variable with a lower mutation rate humans will develop weaker immune systems as an evolutionary response to natural selection individual humans will evolve to become immune to AIDS as long as they are exposed to it as young children

any heritable traits that help humans survive and reproduce in the presence of AIDS should become more frequent over time

Cauliflower, broccoli, Brussels sprouts, cabbage, and kohlrabi are all the same species of plant. What is responsible for the differences in these vegetables? multiple alleles natural selection artificial selection adaptation

artificial selection

The Galapagos Islands were the first place on Earth to _____. suffer the complete extinction of all native species be invaded by human-introduced species be declared off-limits to all humans be declared a world heritage site

be declared a world heritage site

Tourism on the Galapagos Islands is being restricted by requiring tourists to _____. be escorted by trained guides at all times stay at least 100 feet away from all animals on the islands view the islands only from the water visit each island in groups of only ten individuals at a time

be escorted by trained guides at all times

Evolution can be best defined as ________. change in allele frequency in a population always taking a very long time to occur the production of new species not involving humans

change in allele frequency in a population

Dr. Doebley and his team compared the DNA sequence of maize to that of a number of teosinte varieties from throughout Mexico. What did their analysis reveal? Select all that apply. maize and teosinte could interbreed to produce viable hybrid plants mutations in five genes are responsible for the differences between maize and teosinte maize is most closely related to a teosinte variety in the Balsas region of Mexico maize originated from a variety of teosinte that existed about 9,000 years ago

maize is most closely related to a teosinte variety in the Balsas region of Mexico maize originated from a variety of teosinte that existed about 9,000 years ago

In the Grand Canyon, fossils in rock layers at the bottom of the canyon are __________ than those in layers nearer the top. See Section 7.4 ( page 158) . higher in carbon 14 younger higher levels of carbon 12 older

older

Natural selection is best described as _____. a creative force that efficiently develops the best and simplest solutions for all problems in nature a forward-looking process that anticipates future problems and designs the necessary tools to solve them through mutation a filtering process that fine-tunes the traits of populations by sorting among existing, randomly produced variations a completely random and unpredictable process of change, or evolution

populations by sorting among existing, randomly produced variations