Biology Exam 1
The ___________ species concept defines a species as a group of individuals that is able to interbreed, producing viable and fertile offspring.
Biological
Places on Earth where organisms live
Biosphere
Which of the following statements regarding the prevalence of polyploidy is TRUE?
Plants tend to be more tolerant of changes in chromosome number than animals.
Examples of a community
Plants, animals, and other living organisms in a forest
Levels of oxygen gas increased as a result of the emergence and proliferation of ______, which were some of the earliest photosynthetic organisms.
cyanobacteria
The first known forms of life produced well-preserved fossils which resemble modern day ________
cyanobacteria
The term ______________ refers to similarities among various species that occur because the species are derived from a common ancestor.
homology
The term ___________________ refers to similarities among various species that occur because the species are derived from a common ancestor.
homology
The condition that occurs when an interspecies hybrid successfully develops but is unable to produce functional gametes is known as Input Field 1 of 2 gametic unavailable incorrect
hybrid sterility
The condition that occurs when an interspecies hybrid successfully develops but is unable to produce functional gametes is known as:
hybrid sterility
Select all of the eukaryotic organelles that contain DNA.
nucleus, chloroplasts, and mitochondria
In the taxonomic hierarchy, classes are subdivided into __________ which are in turn subdivided into ___________
orders, families
List the levels of organization seen in living organisms, beginning with the smallest level at the top.
organ organism population community ecosystem biosphere
Oparin and Haldane proposed that living cells rose out of a primordial soup containing _______________ molecules
organic
An endosymbiotic relationship between bacteria and archaea could explain the:
origin of eukaryotic cells
A(n) ____________________ is used to root a phylogenetic tree.
outgroup
In cladistics, a(n) _______ is a species or group of species that is assumed to have diverged before the species whose evolutionary relationships are being studied.
outgroup
What was missing in the early history of life on earth, that can explain why organic molecules were able to accumulate?
oxygen in the atmosphere and living organisms
Kingdoms are subdivided into ______ which are subdivided into ______.
phyla; classes
A(n) ________________ ___________________ is a diagram that describes the evolutionary relationships among various species.
phylogenetic tree
Which of the following provides a description of the evolutionary relationships between different species?
phylogenetic trees
A(n) ________________ _________________ is a diagram that describes the evolutionary relationships among various species.
phylogenic tree
Biologists can construct a to represent the evolutionary history of a species or a group of species.
phylogeny
What term describes the evolutionary history of a species or a group of species?
phylogeny
A genetic condition that can immediately cause reproductive isolation and lead to sympatric speciation is called __________________, in which an organism has more than two sets of chromosomes.
polyploid
What mechanism can cause immediate reproductive isolation and lead to sympatric speciation?
polyploidy
Isolating mechanisms that prevent reproductive attempts or make it unlikely that reproductive attempts will be successful are referred to as:
prezygotic reproductive isolating mechanisms
A character state shared by the outgroup and the ingroup is:
primitive
The role of most genes is to encode mRNAs that are used in the production of
proteins
The amount of a given ________________ and the amount of ________________ product can be measured in an accompanying rock to determine the age of a fossil.
radioisotope decay
The atmosphere on early early earth was rich in water vapor, methane and ammonia, and devoid of oxygen gas. These conditions created a(n) __________________ atmosphere because methane and ammonia readily give up electrons to other molecules.
reducing
The difference between allopatric and sympatric speciation depends on whether:
the populations undergoing speciation live in the same geographic area
Scientific discoveries can result from which of the following? Select all that apply.
the scientific method and gathering new information
Both ______ seen among modern species are explained by biological evolution.
the unity and diversity
Categorization of species is based on
their relationship to common ancestors.
Organic molecules accumulated on early Earth because:
there was little free oxygen gas to oxidize them and there were no living organisms to metabolize them
True or false: Evolutionary changes frequently involve the modification of pre-existing structures for a new function.
true
The two mechanisms that lead to evolutionary change are ________ descent with modification/mutation and _________ gene transfer.
vertical, horizontal
Which of the following consequences resulted from the emergence and proliferation of cyanobacteria?
-ability to produce oxygen led to an increase in the level of O2 in the atmosphere. -ability to produce organic molecules from CO2 prevented the depletion of organic foodstuffs.
examples of sympatric speciation
-aggregation of cichlids into distinct populations based on female choice of male coloration -divergence of apple maggot flies into separate subspecies depending on whether they prefer apple or hawthorn as host plants -reproductive isolation of Galeopsis tetrahit because it is an allopolyploid as a result of a hybridization event
Inability of different species of meadowlarks to recognize each other as potential mates due to differences in their songs
Behavioral
Place the systems of taxonomy in chronological order. Begin at the top with the oldest system.
2 kingdoms 5 kingdoms 3 domains
Two different species are prevented from interbreeding due to differences in mating behavior. This is example of:
Behavioral Isolation
What does a branch point in a cladogram represent?
A character difference between two species
What is a taxon?
A group of related organisms at any hierarchical level
What is an ingroup?
A group of species whose evolutionary relationships are being studied
What is a lineage?
A series of ancestors
What is a domain?
A taxonomic level above kingdom
Which of the following is not a criterion to be used in constructing a cladogram?
All shared derived characters are only present in common ancestors and not at the tips of the tree.
The spontaneous appearance of which of the following molecules on early Earth led to the formation of a "primordial soup"?
Amino acids and nucleotides
hybrid inviability
An egg cell is successfully fertilized by the sperm of a different species, but the resulting zygote fails to develop past the early embryonic stages.
hybrid breakdown
An interspecies hybrid is able to produce gametes and reproduce with other hybrids, but subsequent generations harbor detrimental genetic abnormalities.
hybrid sterility
An interspecies hybrid zygote develops to maturity, but it is incapable of producing viable gametes.
In which of the following eons were all life forms anaerobic prokaryotes?
Archaean
Arrange the levels of biological organization according to size, from the smallest (at the top) to the largest (at the bottom).
Atom Molecule Macromolecule Cell Tissue Organ
What are the three domains of life?
Bacteria Archaea Eukarya
Example of a cell
Blood cell
How is a phylogenetic tree rooted?
By choosing a noncontroversial outgroup
In the five-kingdom system, which kingdom included all prokaryotic organisms?
Classification of butterflies based on spot coloration patterns
Example of macromolecule
DNA
Which of the following serves as the genetic material of all living things?
DNA
Giraffes were once thought to be a single species. However, a 2016 analysis of ______ concludes that there are four distinct species of giraffes.
DNA samples
The interaction of which of the following macromolecules plays an important role in the formation of living cells?
DNA, RNA and Proteins
A river and the organisms that live in it
Ecosystem
Which domain of life includes organisms that have large cells with internal compartments specialized for particular functions?
Eukarya
What characteristic of living organisms explains both the unity and diversity of modern species?
Evolution
What is a unifying concept in biology that explains the diversity of life?
Evolution
What do phylogenetic trees portray?
Evolutionary Realationships
The unity of modern organisms can be explained by the realization that all livings things ______ an interrelated group of ancestors.
Evolved from
Extraterrestrial Hypothesis
Extraterrestrial Hypothesi
Deep-Sea Vent Hypothesis
Extreme temperatures, metal ions, and H2S and NH3 interact, leading to organic molecules.
True or false: All valid scientific discoveries are the result of the scientific method.
False
True or false: Populations must be completely geographically isolated in order for allopatric speciation to occur.
False
True or false: Species that live today are related to organisms that lived in the past but not to other currently existing species
False
gametic isolation
Gametes are exchanged, but the egg is not successfully fertilized to produce a zygote.
A physical barrier that prevents members of different species from coming into contact with one another is an example of:
Habitat Isolation
Two species of the garter snake in the genus Thamnophis are found in the same geographic region. These species are not likely to meet and attempt to reproduce because one lives mainly in the water, whereas the other species spends most of its time on land. This is known as:
Habitat Isolation
Exapmle of an organ
Heart
Evolutionary change occurs by what two mechanisms?
Horizontal gene transfer and Vertical descent with mutation
A proposed explanation for a natural phenomenon is called a(n)
Hypothesis
One possible explanation of the origin of multicellularity is the aggregation process. Which of the following describes this process?
Individual cells aggregated to form a colony.
How would early cells benefit from DNA replacing RNA as the information storage molecule?
Information would be stored in a more stable molecule. RNA would have more flexibility in its catalytic functions.
Which of the following statements are TRUE regarding the conditions necessary for allopatric speciation?
Interbreeding among populations must be eliminated or greatly limited. Populations cannot be sympatric (living in the same location).
Which of the following statements are correct about an outgroup?
It diverged prior to all of the species in the ingroup. It lacks at least one shared derived character found in the ingroup.
What determines the function of a biological molecule?
Its structure
Which taxon was originally the highest and most inclusive?
Kingdom
What term describes the evolutionary history of a species or a group of species?
Phylogeny
In protobionts, a boundary such as a ______ separates internal polymers from the environment.
Lipid bilayer
During the second stage in the origin of life, small organic molecules polymerized to form which of the following on the surface of clay?
Macromolecules
How does hybrid sterility prevent successful interbreeding among members of different species?
Mating results in production of a hybrid zygote; however, the hybrid is sterile at maturity.
Which of the following types of prezygotic isolating mechanisms are described correctly?
Mechanical isolation: Mating is attempted, but anatomical differences prevent the successful exchange of gametes., Gametic isolation: Gametes are exchanged, but the egg is not successfully fertilized to produce a zygote, and Habitat isolation: Members of two different species never come into contact with one another because they live in different places.
How does the biological species concept define a species?
Members of a species are able to interbreed in nature and are reproductively isolated from members of other species
behavioral isolation
Members of different species differ in their mating rituals.
geographic isolation
Members of two different species never come into contact with one another because they live in different places.
What are carbonaceous chondrites?
Meteorites
In the five-kingdom system, which kingdom included all prokaryotic organisms?
Monera
Example of an organism
Mosquito
Select all of the activities that would fall under the discipline of taxonomy.
Naming a newly discovered species Using dental structure to classify carnivores
What is a character state?
One of two or more variations of a character
What may have formed in the temperature gradient between the extremely hot deep-sea vent water and the cold water that surrounds the vent?
Organic molecules
Which of the following are biases that occur in the fossil record?
Organisms with a skeleton or thick shell are more likely to be preserved than those composed of soft tissue, The fossil remains of larger organisms are more likely to be found than those of smaller organisms, and Organisms that lived relatively recently are more likely to be found as fossils.
Which of the following reproductive isolating mechanisms prevent hybrid offspring from developing or if the hybrid is born, is infertile?
Postzygotic
______ isolating mechanisms block the development of a viable and fertile individual after fertilization has taken place.
Postzygotic
What type of reproductive isolation mechanisms produces infertile hybrids or prevent hybrid offspring from developing?
Postzygotic isolating mechanisms
The accumulation of organic molecules in the early oceans formed the
Prebiotic soup
The formation of which of the following was a key event that preceded the origin of life?
Prebiotic soup
______ isolating mechanisms prevent the formation of a zygote
Prezygotic
The majority of genes provide instructions for the synthesis of
Proteins
Which macromolecule forms the foundation for the structure and activities of living cells?
Proteins
Which of the following taxonomic groups are no longer recognized as kingdoms today?
Protista Monera
The macromolecule ______ can self-replicate, store information, and perform catalytic functions and may likely have been the first macromolecule to evolve.
RNA
Which hypothesis regarding the origin of life on Earth suggests that oxidation-reduction (redox) reactions may be responsible for the formation of complex organic molecules from simple organic molecules?
Reducing Atmosphere Hypothesis
What kind of information can be represented in a taxonomic hierarchy?
Relationships among species
Example of a population
School of fish
The observation, identification, experimental investigation, and theoretical explanation of natural phenomenon can be defined as
Science
Select all of the organisms that can be found in biological communities in the vicinity of deep-sea vents.
Shrimp, worms, and bacteria
What is sympatric speciation?
Speciation that occurs when populations occurring in the same area diverge into two species when there are no physical barriers to interbreeding
temporal isolation
Species reproduce at different times of the day or year.
mechanical isolation
Structural differences between species prevent mating
What type of speciation does not require a geographic barrier?
Sympatric speciation
Four species of frogs live in the same area; however, their peak breeding seasons are at different times of the year. This is an example of
Temporal
If two sympatric species of trees release pollen at different times of the year, what type of prezygotic isolation keeps these two species reproductively isolated?
Temporal
Two species that have similar morphological characteristics but reproduce at different times of the day or year are experiencing:
Temporal Isolation
Reducing Atmosphere Hypothesis
Water vapor, hydrogen gas, methane, and ammonia interact in the absence of oxygen to produce organic molecules.
Which of the following is a general rule in analyzing proposed cladograms?
The cladogram that provides the simplest explanation of the data is probably the one that is right.
What is taxonomy?
The classification and grouping of organisms
What is macroevolution?
The evolutionary changes that result in the formation of new species
The origin of life was likely preceded by a period in which small organic molecules accumulated on the surface of:
clay
Which of the following best explains why taxonomic hierarchies are useful?
They allow scientists to see relationships among species.
What makes a set of sequences homologous and thus suitable for use as shared derived characters?
They must be derived from the same ancestral gene.
What must be true of a set of sequences from various species to be used for cladistic analysis?
They must be homologous
Examples of a muscle
Tissue
What is the purpose of systematics?
To organize groups into clades
an example of temporal isolation as a prezygotic isolating mechanism?
Two species of plants live within the same area but one flowers (reproduces) in the fall and the other in the spring.
A hypothesis is
a proposed explanation for a natural phenomenon.
What characteristics are often used to identify different species?
ability to interbreed molecular features ecological factors morphological traits evolutionary relationships
Two major reasons have been proposed to explain why organisms assemble into different species: 1. Speciation may occur due to abrupt genetic events, which can cause reproductive isolation, or 2. Speciation may arise as a consequence of
adaptation to different ecological niches.
The presence of higher levels of oxygen in the atmosphere is associated with many developments in animal life because higher oxygen levels may enhance the ability of animals to carry out ______________________ respiration.
aerobic
Carbonaceous chondrites contain a substantial amount of organic carbon including
amino acids and nucleic acid bases
The reducing atmosphere of early Earth was produced by ______ and ______ readily giving up their electrons to other molecules.
ammonia and methane
Select all of the components that can be present in a reducing atmosphere.
ammonia, methane, water vapor and hydrogen gas
For more than 1 billion years of the Archaean Eon, all life forms were prokaryotic and ___________ respiration because levels of O2 were low.
anaerobic
For more than 1 billion years of the Archaean Eon, all life forms were prokaryotic and used only __________________ respiration because levels of O2 were low.
anaerobic
Increased levels of O2 enabled the emergence of prokaryotes that used oxygen for respiration but was detrimental to which of the following types of prokaryotes?
anaerobic
The increase in O2 restricted ___________ prokaryotes to a few anoxic environments and enabled the emergence of ________________ prokaryotes.
anaerobic aerobic
In taxonomy, species are grouped together if they have a recent common
ancestor
Which of the following is a fundamental similarity shared by both bacteria and archaea?
ancestry
Bacteria and _________________ share fundamental similarities, indicating that they are derived from a common ancestor.
archea
When a complete nondisjunction of chromosomes results in an increase in the number of chromosome sets in a given species, the result is a type of polyploidy called
autopolyploidy
directly harnesses energy from either inorganic molecules or light
autotroph
Which of the following organisms can absorb light energy and use it via photosynthesis to synthesize organic molecules?
autotrophs
Which of the following are difficult to categorize into distinct species?
bacteria
The inability of the female of one species of meadowlark to recognize a male of a different species as a potential mate because of the differences in their songs is an example of _________________, prezygotic isolation?
behavioral
_____ isolation occurs when differences in mating behavior prevent members of two different species from interbreeding.
behavioral
In what period did life emerge on Earth?
between 4.0 and 3.5 billion years ago
Currently, what system of nomenclature is the standard way of designating species?
binomial
The standard method of naming species using a two-part name is called ____________________ nomenclature.
binomial
It is during the third stage in the origin of life that an outer ______ formed to separate the internal polymers from the environment.
boundary
Protobionts, the likely precursors of living cells, acquired a(n) ______ that separated the internal contents of the protobiont from the external environment.
boundary
A(n) ______ in a cladogram represents a difference in a character between two related species.
branch point
In modern systematics, species are organized into monophyletic groups based on their evolutionary relationships; that is, they are organized into
clades
What is a commonly used method to evaluate phylogenetic trees to determine evolutionary relationships?
cladistics
Which of the following events occurred earliest in Earth's history?
carbon dioxide gas appeared in the atmopshere
A variant of a homologous trait used for cladistic analysis is known as a(n):
character state
A dichotomous key is created based on
characteristics of organisms.
Biological communities found in the vicinity of deep-sea vents receive their energy from
chemicals
In eukaryotic cells, the organelles ____________ and ______________ contain their own genetic material.
chloroplasts mitochondria
A character state shared by members of the ingroup but not the outgroup is:
derived
After a branch on the cladogram, each species will share a set of ______ characters that are not found in species below the branch point.
derived
Which of the following are examples of circumstances that could potentially lead to sympatric speciation?
differences in male behavior that influence female mate choice differences in toleration of contaminants in soil, water, or air interspecies mating, resulting in polyploid hybrid offspring
In the current system used for taxonomy, all organisms are placed into three categories of life. Each of these categories is called a(n)
domains
A relationship in which a smaller organism lives inside a larger organism is called a(n) ______ relationship.
endosymbiotic
All species, both past and present, are related to one another through a(n) ______ history.
evolutionary
Phylogenetic trees are diagrams used to represent hypotheses about the ___________________ relationships among organisms.
evolutionary
Science involves which of the following?
experimental investigation, observation, and theoretical explanation
When all members of a species of organisms die, the species is said to be _________
extinct
True or false: A character that is shared by the outgroup and the ingroup is derived.
false
Which of the following can become fossils?
footprints of animals, impressions of cells, and bones and shells
The preserved remains of living organisms, such as bones, shells, or leaves, and preserved evidence of living organisms, such as the impression of a cell or a footprint, are called
fossils
One of the principles exhibited by all forms of life is that structure determines ______, which applies to small molecules, macromolecules, and multicellular tissues and features
function
In the taxonomic classification system, families are divided into ______, which are further divided into ______.
genera; species
Speciation most commonly occurs when
genetic changes in a particular group deviate from its parent population.
A defining characteristic of allopatric speciation is:
geographical isolation
The timeline of Earth's history and major events from its origin approximately 4.55 billion years ago to the present is termed the ____________
geological time scale
The __________________ time scale is a time line of the Earth's history and major events from its origin approximately 4.55 _________ years ago to the present.
geological, billion
The concept of _________________ suggests that each new species evolves continuously over long spans of time.
gradualism
The different chemical properties of amino acids have given proteins ______ catalytic ability than RNA molecules.
greater
Lions (Panthera leo) are native to Africa and tigers (Panthera tigris) are native to Asia, so they never have an opportunity to interbreed. This is an example of_________________isolation.
habitat
Dog breeders maintain the purity of breeds by keeping dogs of different breeds apart when they are fertile. This kind of isolation is most similar to which of the following reproductive isolating mechanisms?
habitat isolation
Which of the following are true of polymers inside the protobiont?
had catalytic functions contained information
Organisms with ______ shells or bones tend to be over-represented in the fossil record
hard
In addition to chemicals like hydrogen sulfide, iron, and ammonia, deep-sea vents are also a source of ______, which may have been important for producing organic molecules.
heat
derives energy from the chemical bonds within the organic molecules consumed
heterotroph
The three key functions of RNA are its ability to
hold information in its nucleotide sequence, ability of replication and enzymatic functions
_______________ structures are those that are derived from the same body part in a common ancestor.
homologous
Similarities between species that occur because the species are derived from a common ancestor are referred to as ______
homologous traits
In a cladogram, a(n) _________________ is the group whose evolutionary relationships we wish to understand.
in-group
The fossil record is a(n) ______ representation of the species that existed in the past.
incomplete and unbalanced
Postzygotic isolating mechanisms prevent successful interbreeding among members of different species. Hybrid _________________ results when a zygote cannot successfully develop past the early stages of embryonic development. Hybrid __________________ results when an interspecies hybrid zygote reaches maturity but cannot produce viable gametes. Hybrid _______________ results when a hybrid is able to produce offspring with other hybrids, but subsequent generations harbor deleterious genetic abnormalities
inviability sterility breakdown
When scientific names are written, both the genus and species should be _________ and the first letter of the genus name should be ______
italicized, capitalized
The traditional view of evolution is in a vertical manner which involves a progression of changes in a series of ancestors called a(n)
lineage
An endosymbiotic relationship is one in which a small organism
lives inside of a larger organism.
What can be used to determine the relative age of fossils?
location in sedimentary rock
_____________ describes evolutionary changes that create new species and groups that include many new species.
macroevolution
The inability of members of two different species of dragonfly to mate because the grasping appendages of the male do not fit the body shape of the female is an example of ______ isolation.
mechanical
The emergence of life on our planet is estimated to have occurred in the period between 4.0 and 3.5 ____________ years ago.
million
Which of the following organelles contain their own DNA?
mitochondria chloroplasts
In eukaryotic cells, the organelles _____________ and _____________ contain their own genetic material
mitochondria and chloroplasts
Plant cells contain DNA in three organelles: the nucleus, _____________ and _____________
mitochondria and chloroplasts
Changes that occur as a result of evolution often involve the
modification of pre-existing structures for a new function
Changes that occur as a result of evolution often involve the
modification of pre-existing structures for a new function.
The most commonly used characteristics to identify species are ___________________ traits, ability to _________________, molecular features, ecological factors, and ______________________.
morphological interbreed evolutionary
It has been proposed that increased levels of atmospheric oxygen lead which of the following developments in animals?
movement of arthropods and vertebrates on to land, increased body size, origin of many animal body plans
_______________ organisms are formed when a single cell divides and the resulting cells stick together.
multicellular
The relative age of fossils can sometimes be revealed by their positions in _______________ rock formation
sedimentary
Select all of the functions exhibited by RNA that may have led to it being the first macromolecule.
self-replicate, store information, function as ribozymes
Divergence of populations of apple maggots and pea aphids based on their preferred host plant, populations of cichlids based on female choice of male coloration, and immediate reproductive isolation of Galeopsis tetrahit (hemp nettle) because of allopolyploidy are all examples of events leading to ________________ speciation
sympatric
Speciation among populations that occur in the same area with no physical barriers to interbreeding is called _________________ speciation.
sympatric
The groups of the taxonomic hierarchy are called ______
taxa
The grouping of species for purposes of classification is called
taxonomy
A derived character is one that is shared by:
the ingroup but not the outgroup