Biology Exam 1 Ch 1 & 2

Darwin posited that the mechanism for evolution is __________. a. natural selection b. gradual change c. genes d. adaptation e. diversity

a. natural selection

There is (are) _____ eukaryotic domain(s). a. one b. two c. three d. four e. five

a. one

The atomic number of neutral sulfur = 16. How many electrons does a sulfur atom have in its valence shell? a. three b. six c. eight d. five e. two

b. six

To qualify as a scientific hypothesis, a proposed explanation for a set of observations must be __________. a. reasonably complex b. testable c. logical d. acceptable to a majority of scientists e. able to be proven

b. testable

A(n) _______________ is an experiment yields against which other groups are compared.

control group

A(n) _______________ is a proposed explanation for a set of observations. It leads to predictions that can be tested by additional observations or by experiments.

hypothesis

Using a type of logic known as _______, a generalized conclusion can often be drawn from a large number of specific observations.

inductive reasoning

Little Freddie is a bored child at home on a rainy day. He stirs sugar into his water until it dissolves. Match the components of Freddie's new "drink" to their appropriate chemistry terms. Sugar: Water: Sugar and water mixture:

solute solvent solution

A(n) __________ is broader in scope than a hypothesis, is supported by a large body of evidence, and generates many new hypotheses.

theory

It is helpful to form hypotheses because they help focus your investigation on a single idea to be tested. Suppose that a farmer wants to determine what the best growing conditions are for almond trees on this farm. Which of the following are appropriate hypotheses that the farm could test? -Almond trees produce more almonds if they are watered once a day. -Almond trees produce larger almonds if they are watered daily and fertilizer is used. -Almond trees grow taller when they are planted in direct sunlight. -Almond trees live longer if fertilizer is mixed into the soil once every three months.

-Almond trees produce more almonds if they are watered once a day. -Almond trees grow taller when they are planted in direct sunlight. -Almond trees live longer if fertilizer is mixed into the soil once every three months.

A(n) _________ is a proposed, testable explanation for an observation.

Hypothesis

___________________ uses "if...then" logic to proceed from a general hypothesis to specific predictions of results that can be expected if the general premise is true.

Deductive reasoning

Which of the following choices shows the correct arrangement of the components of life's hierarchy of organization, going from smallest to largest? A. Population G. Community B. Cell H. Organelle C. Organ I. Organism D. Organ system J. Molecule E. Biosphere K. Ecosystem F. Tissue

J, H, B, F, C, D, I, A, G, K, E

The cells of the human body are about __________% water. Six elements together make up about 99% of the body. These are oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, __________, __________, and __________. a. 70; nitrogen; calcium; phosphorus b. 70; nitrogen; calcium; potassium c. 50; nitrogen; calcium; phosphorus d. 50; sodium; iron; potassium e. 40; iron; potassium; chlorine

a. 70; nitrogen; calcium; phosphorus

What is radon? a. A radioactive gas from the decay of uranium that can cause lung cancer b. A radioactive gas from the decay of Carbon-14 that can cause lung cancer c. A method of tracking submarines underwater using radio waves d. A radioactive tracer used in medicine to detect beta-amyloid plaques e. A radioactive gas from the decay of uranium that causes skin cancer

a. A radioactive gas from the decay of uranium that can cause lung cancer

Prokaryotic cells are found in the domain(s) _____. a. Bacteria and Archaea b. Bacteria and Eukarya c. Bacteria and Protista d. Bacteria e. Protista and Archaea

a. Bacteria and Archaea

Which of the following is an example of natural selection? a. Black beetles, which are vulnerable to extreme cold, vanish from the region during one very cold winter in Montana. b. A farmer plants evergreen trees and each year harvests only the tallest to sell for the holidays. c. White dogs are bred to white dogs only, and brown dogs are bred to brown dogs only, for several generations. d. Genes for better nutrition are introduced into rice plants. e. At Farmer John's, only bean plants with the most beans per pod are used to provide seeds for next year's planting.

a. Black beetles, which are vulnerable to extreme cold, vanish from the region during one very cold winter in Montana.

Which of the following analogies best describes the process of science? a. Driving to and from work everyday but needing to travel via different streets to avoid traffic. b. Climbing to the top of a mountain. c. Flying on an airplane with a one-way ticket from Los Angeles to New York City and not returning. d. Building a piece of furniture from a set of instructions

a. Driving to and from work every day but needing to travel via different streets to avoid traffic.

Fungi are classified into which Domain? a. Eukarya b. Archaea. c. Bacteria d. Eukarya and Archaea. e. Eukarya and Bacteria.

a. Eukarya

In Sweden (a cold country) one year, there was sunshine from July 1 to July 10, followed by several days of very cold, rainy weather. If you wanted to stay warm that year during your late-July camping trip, where was the best place to pitch your tent? Why? a. Near the coast: Water stores heat from the sun and releases it gradually. b. Near the coast: Water reflects heat and releases it quickly. c. Far from the coast: Water stores heat from the sun and releases it gradually. d. Far from the coast: Water reflects heat and it flows inland. e. Near the coast: Water reflects heat and it flows inland.

a. Near the coast: Water stores heat from the sun and releases it gradually.

Your textbook describes experiments concerning predation of mice that belong to the same species but live in two different habitats. The mice in the two habitats were differently colored. How were these experiments carried out? a. Plastic models of mice of the two different colors were placed in each habitat, and the frequency of predator attacks was recorded. b. Plastic models of mice of each color were placed in the habitat where mice of the other color lived, and the frequency of predator attacks was recorded. c. Plastic models of mice of each color were placed in the habitat where mice of that color lived, and the frequency of predator attacks was recorded. d. Plastic models of predators were placed in each habitat, and the defensive responses of the mice were recorded. e. Plastic models of predators were placed in each habitat, and the number of attacks on mice was recorded.

a. Plastic models of mice of the two different colors were placed in each habitat, and the frequency of predator attacks was recorded.

After a person eats dinner, which of the following occurs? a. The concentration of glucose in the blood increases, causing the pancreas to release insulin, which allows glucose to enter cells, thereby lowering blood glucose levels. b. The concentration of glucose in the blood increases, causing the pancreas to release insulin, which allows glucose to enter cells, thereby raising blood glucose levels. c. The concentration of glucose in the blood increases, causing the pancreas to release insulin, which allows glucose to leave cells, thereby rising blood glucose levels. d. The concentration of glucose in the blood decreases, causing the pancreas to release insulin, which allows glucose to enter cells, thereby lowering blood glucose levels. e. The concentration of glucose in the blood decreases, causing the pancreas to release insulin, which allows glucose to leave cells, thereby rising blood glucose levels.

a. The concentration of glucose in the blood increases, causing the pancreas to release insulin, which allows glucose to enter cells, thereby lowering blood glucose levels.

Drinking a buffering solution, such as milk of magnesia, after eating a very acidic meal would be likely to have which of the following effects on the pH of a person's stomach contents? a. The pH would increase. b. The pH would decrease. c. The pH would be unchanged.

a. The pH would increase.

Robins, blue jays, and sparrows live in your garden, which is also filled with roses, tulips, and wisteria. Which of the following statements correctly uses the terms of life's hierarchy of organization with relation to your garden? a. There are robin, blue jay, and rose populations in your garden community. b. There are robin, blue jay, and sparrow communities in your garden ecosystem. c. The organisms in your backyard biosphere include robins, blue jays and sparrows. d. Tulips and blue jays are just two of the communities present in your garden. e. Your garden ecosystem includes the birds and flowers, but not the soil or water.

a. There are robin, blue jay, and rose populations in your garden community.

Which of the following is NOT a true statement regarding radioactive isotopes? a. They can be used to diagnose, but not to treat, certain diseases. b. They are helpful in dating fossils. c. They can be used both to treat and to diagnose certain diseases. d. They result from the spontaneous decay of an atomic nucleus. e. They are usually more unstable than non-radioactive isotopes.

a. They can be used to diagnose, but not to treat, certain diseases.

A researcher hypothesizes that mice who eat spinach will develop stronger hamstring muscles. To test her hypothesis, she feeds one group of mice their regular diet plus spinach, and a second group of mice their regular diet only. Both groups have access to running wheels in their cages. After 6 weeks, she tests the strength of the hamstrings in all of the mice. Which of the following correctly describes this experiment? a. This is a controlled study in which the independent variable is spinach and the dependent variable is hamstring strength. b. This is a controlled study in which the depends variable is spinach and the independent variables hamstring strength. c. This is an observational field study without a control and an experimental group. d. This is a controlled study in which the mice that do not eat spinach serve as a placebo group. e. This is a retrospective study in which hamstring muscle strength is examined after mice have eaten, or not eaten, spinach.

a. This is a controlled study in which the independent variable is spinach and the dependent variable is hamstring strength.

Suppose that in addition to measuring the size of the green anole lizards' toe pads, Yoel also decided to examine their diet to see if it had changed as a result of living higher in the trees. Which experiment would best determine if the green anole lizards' diet was affected by their change in habitat? a. Yoel should compare the diet of green anole lizards from islands where no brown anole lizards live to the diet of green anole lizards from islands where green and brown anole lizards live. b. Yoel should examine the diet of green anole lizards from islands where no brown anole lizards live. c. Yoel should compare the diet of green anole lizards from islands where no brown anole lizards live to the diet of brown anole lizards from islands where green and brown anole lizards live. d. Yoel should examine the diet of brown anole lizards from islands where only brown anole lizards live.

a. Yoel should compare the diet of green anole lizards from islands where no brown anole lizards live to the diet of green anole lizards from islands where green and brown anole lizards live.

Which of the following correctly lists the main steps in the flow of information from gene to protein? a. A gene is transcribed to DNA, which uses cellular machinery to make a protein. b. A segment of DNA is transcribed to RNA, which is then translated into a chain of molecules that make up a protein. c. One chain of DNA is transcribed onto the other chain, and then translated by RNA to make a protein. d. A segment of RNA is transcribed to DNA, which is then translated into a chain of molecules that make up a protein. e. A segment of DNA is directly translated into a chain of molecules that make up a protein.

b. A segment of DNA is transcribed to RNA, which is then translated into a chain of molecules that make up a protein.

Which of the following INCORRECTLY pairs a listed organism and its domain? a. A butterfly belongs to the domain Eukarya. b. An organism living in a boiling hot spring belongs to the domain Bacteria. c. A horse belongs to the domain Eukarya. d. The Escherichia coli in your intestine belong to the domain Bacteria. e. A single-celled organism in a pond belongs to the domain Eukarya.

b. An organism living in a boiling hot spring belongs to the domain Bacteria.

Select the correct statements regarding the transfer and transformation of energy and matter in ecosystems. a. Nutrients flow through a system from producers to consumers and finally leave the ecosystem after being broken down by decomposers. b. Decomposers are critical for the cycling of matter in ecosystems. c. Trees transform complex dead organic matter into simple chemicals that will be available to consumers. d. Energy enters most ecosystems as light and exits as heat. e. Consumers use the energy and matter in food to build new molecules.

b. Decomposers are critical for the cycling of matter in ecosystems. d. Energy enters most ecosystems as light and exits as heat. e. Consumers use the energy and matter in food to build new molecules.

Which Domain(s) includes unicellular orgainsms? a. Eukarya. b. Eukarya, Archaea, and Bacteria. c. Archaea. d. Archaea and Bacteria only. e. Bacteria.

b. Eukarya, Archaea, and Bacteria.

Experimental results often can be explained by multiple hypotheses. This is one reason why a thorough peer review process is required so as to ensure that scientists fully consider all possibilities. Which of the following alternate hypotheses could explain Yoel's results that on some islands, green anole lizards live higher in the trees and have larger toe pads? a. An increase in the amount of food available on the ground caused the green anole lizard population to evolve. b. The introduction of a predator that lives on the ground caused the green anole lizard population to evolve. c. A decrease in the temperature caused the green anole lizard population to evolve.

b. The introduction of a predator that lives on the ground caused the green anole lizard population to evolve.

You found a new single-celled organism and wish to demonstrate that it is a living thing. You take the organism back to the lab and monitor it for several days, recording your observations. Select the observation that would indicate that this organism, is truly alive. a. The organism swells and bursts when exposed to distilled water. b. When you shade part of the slide, the organism moves toward the light using a tail-like appendage. c. The organism grows, divides, and produces more single-celled organisms like itself. d. The organism is blue.

b. When you shade part of the slide, the organisms moves toward the light using a tail-like appendage. c. The organism grows, divides, and produces more single-celled organisms like itself.

Scientists have found several lines of evidence pointing to the existence of water on Mars. Which of the following have they observed? a. fossils that suggest that water once flowed in an area b. ice caps at both poles c. soil samples containing water d. water-filled lakes or ponds

b. ice caps at both poles c. soil samples containing water

A deficiency of __________ is the world's most common nutritional deficit. a. potassium b. iron c. iodine d. fluorine e. oxygen

b. iron

In a covalent bond, electrons are __________. In an ionic bond, electrons are __________. Which is the stronger type of bond? a. transferred; shared; covalent b. shared; transferred; covalent c. shared; transferred; ionic d. transferred; shared; ionic e. shared; shared; covalent

b. shared; transferred; covalent

A rose bush is classified in domain _____ and kingdom _____. a. Eukarya ... Fungi b. Eukarya ... Protista c. Eukarya ... Plantae d. Eukarya ... Animalia e. Bacteria ... Archaea

c. Eukarya ... Plantae

In the section in your textbook about systems biology, interactions among members of the bacteria-sloth-tree system in the South American rain forest were described. What benefit do these South American sloths derive from the bacteria that live on their hair? a. The feces of the sloth nourish the tree in which it lives. b. The bacteria secrete a toxin that wards off predators. c. The greenish-brown coat provides camouflage from predators. d. The bacteria have better access to the sun for photosynthesis. e. The bacteria protect the sloth from certain viruses.

c. The greenish-brown coat provides camouflage from predators.

Which of the following is a correct statement comparing the "false thumbs" of this red panda and the giant panda? a. The thumb is a "false thumb" in the giant panda, but a "true thumb" for grasping bamboo in the red panda. b. The structures are anatomically similar and evolved in response to similar pressures due to natural selection. c. The structures are anatomically similar but evolved separately in the two lineages. d. The structures are anatomically dissimilar but evolved in response to similar pressures due to natural selection. e. The structures are anatomically dissimilar and evolved separately in the two lineages.

c. The structures are anatomically similar but evolved separately in the two lineages.

Which of the following is the best definition of a polar molecule? a. a molecule whose atoms donate electrons b. a molecule whose atoms share electrons c. a molecule with an unequal distribution of charges d. a molecule with one oxygen atom and two hydrogen atoms e. a water molecule

c. a molecule with an unequal distribution of charges

The process whereby coral animals form their skeletons is called __________. a. acidification b. decalcification c. calcification d. fluoridation e. evaporative cooling

c. calcification

A radioactive tracer called PIB can be used to detect beta-amyloid plaques in the brains of some people with Alzheimer's disease. This represents the medical use of radioactive isotopes to __________. a. study metabolism b. localize substances c. diagnose disease d. treat disease e. study radioactivity

c. diagnose disease

An atom's mass number equals which of the following? a. number of protons + number of electrons b. number of protons c. number of protons + number of neutrons d. number of neutrons e. number of protons + number of neutrons + number of electrons

c. number of protons + number of neutrons

Biologists rely heavily on feedback from their __________ in refining and improving their hypotheses. a. mentors b. students c. peers d. subjects e. supervisors

c. peers

A(n) ________________ involves both an experimental group and a control group, which are alike except for the one variable the experiment is designed to test.

controlled experiment

Which of the following are the reactants in the chemical reaction that results in 2 molecules of water (2H2O)? a. 2 atoms of hydrogen gas and 1 atom of oxygen gas b. 2 atoms of hydrogen gas and 2 atoms of oxygen gas c. 1 molecule of hydrogen gas and 1 molecule of oxygen gas d. 2 molecules of hydrogen gas and 1 molecule of oxygen gas e. 2 molecules of hydrogen gas and 2 molecules of oxygen gas

d. 2 molecules of hydrogen gas and 1 molecule of oxygen gas

Which of the following is present in a controlled clinical trial, but lacking in a retrospective study, of a new drug ("X") that might be effective in treating tuberculosis? a. Patients with lung diseases other than tuberculosis b. A hypothesis c. Patients with tuberculosis d. A placebo drug e. Data

d. A placebo drug

A human is classified in domain _____ and kingdom _____. a. Eukarya ... Fungi b. Eukarya ... Protista c. Eukarya ... Plantae d. Eukarya ... Animalia e. Bacteria ... Archaea

d. Eukarya ... Animalia

What happens when water is heated? a. Covalent bonds are broken. b. Covalent bonds are created. c. Both hydrogen and covalent bonds are broken. d. Hydrogen bonds are broken. e. Hydrogen bonds are created.

d. Hydrogen bonds are broken.

What effect does "unequal reproductive success," one of Darwin's inferences regarding evolution, have on a population over time? a. Most members of the population will overproduce, causing many young individuals to die young. b. Individuals whose inherited traits best allow them to defeat rivals will make up an increasingly greater proportion of the population. c. Members of the population whose inherited traits are less advantageous will migrate to a different habitat. d. Individuals whose inherited traits best allow them to survive and reproduce will make up an increasingly greater proportion of the population. e. Members of well- and poorly adapted groups will fight over food and other resources.

d. Individuals whose inherited traits best allow them to survive and reproduce will make up an increasingly greater proportion of the population.

Darwin used many lines of evidence to show that natural selection is the mechanism of evolution. One line was the overproduction of offspring in animal species. How did Darwin believe that this affected natural selection? a. It played a role in the evolution of a common body plan among, for example, flamingos, penguins, and hummingbirds. b. It explained why favorable traits accumulate in a species over many generations. c. It provided the data for his belief in "descent with modification." d. It created the need for competition for resources such that only the best-adapted individuals would survive to reproduce. e. It allowed him to conclude that many traits responsible for individual variation were heritable.

d. It created the need for competition for resources such that only the best-adapted individuals would survive to reproduce.

Sodium chloride (NaCl, table salt) is a compound but not a molecule. Why? a. It does not contain ionic bonds. b. Its components are not combined in a fixed ratio. c. It can dissolve in water. d. It does not contain covalent bonds. e. It consists of trace elements.

d. It does not contain covalent bonds.

Which of the following is a characteristic of Carbon-14, but not of Carbon-12 or Carbon-13? a. Its nucleus is stable. b. It has six protons in its nucleus. c. It has a mass number of 12. d. Its nucleus is unstable. e. It has six electrons.

d. Its nucleus is unstable.

Let's imagine there are two species of squirrels, Chattery and Squeaky, in the same habitat. Chattery squirrels can digest pine nuts from pine trees and acorns from oak trees, whereas Squeaky squirrels can digest only acorns. Chattery squirrels are small and timid, while Squeaky squirrels are large and aggressive. One summer, a disease kills off all of the oak trees. What does natural selection predict will happen? a. Over time, Chattery squirrels will die out because they are very timid. b. Over time, Squeaky squirrels and Chattery squirrels will interbreed because they occupy the same habitat. c. Over time, both species will die out: Chatteries because they will be killed by Squeakies, and Squeakies because they will starve to death. d. Over time, Chattery squirrels will outnumber Squeaky squirrels because they are better adapted to the environment's new, more limited food supply. e. Over time, Squeaky squirrels will outnumber Chattery squirrels because they are larger and more aggressive.

d. Over time, Chattery squirrels will outnumber Squeaky squirrels because they are better adapted to the environment's new, more limited food supply.

Your text contains this sentence: "Every citizen has a responsibility to develop a reasonable amount of scientific literacy to be able to participate in the debates regarding science, technology, and society." What does this mean? a. People need to be able to read well enough in order to understand important events in science, technology, and society. b. People in a society should read about science and technology so that they can discuss new research. c. Scientists should try to improve people's understanding of technology so that society will function better. d. People ought to understand science well enough to be able to understand how it, technology, and society can address complex problems. e. People should understand enough about science to debate, not argue, the importance of technology to society.

d. People ought to understand science well enough to be able to understand how it, technology, and society can address complex problems.

Your new plant, which stood straight and tall when you brought it home from the store a few weeks ago, is now bending slightly and has its leaves turned toward the sunlight streaming into your dining room window. This is an example of which characteristic of living things? a. Energy processing b. Growth and development c. Evolutionary adaptation d. Regulatory mechanisms e. Response to the environment

e. Response to the environment

What do you predict would occur if a gene for manufacturing insulin were inserted into the DNA of bacterial cells growing in the laboratory? a. The cells would manufacture glucose. b. The cells would die due to inadequate glucose. c. The cells would flood with glucose and die. d. The cells would stop making glucose. e. The cells would manufacture insulin.

e. The cells would manufacture insulin.

Hydrogen and helium are the only elements in the first row of the periodic table. What characteristic(s) do they share that determine(s) their position? a. They are both gases. b. Their valence shells are empty. c. Their valence shells are full. d. They have the same number of electrons in their valence shell. e. They have only one electron shell.

e. They have only one electron shell.

Which of the following questions could be answered by a retrospective study that tests a hypothesis? a. What were the ages of women treated for breast cancer at Hospitals A and B in 1999? b. How many women had breast cancer in New York and in San Francisco in 1999? c. How many women were treated for breast cancer at Hospitals A and B in 1999? d. Will a new breast cancer treatment be more effective in older than in younger patients? e. Was radiation therapy for breast cancer more effective in patients treated at Hospital A than at Hospital B?

e. Was radiation therapy for breast cancer more effective in patients treated at Hospital A than at Hospital B?

Of what substance are coral reefs mainly composed? a. calcium carbonate skeletons of bony fish b. mainly rocks and kelp c. compressed carbon dioxide from the atmosphere d. bicarbonate skeletons of coral animals e. calcium carbonate skeletons of coral animals

e. calcium carbonate skeletons of coral animals

Which subatomic particles are directly involved in an atom's chemical activity? a. protons b. neutrons c. protons and electrons d. protons and neutrons e. electrons

e. electrons

Water has different properties from its components hydrogen and oxygen. Such properties are called __________. a. covalent b. ionic c. trace d. electronegative e. emergent

e. emergent

Which of the following is a disease caused by an excess of a trace element and what is the element? a. fluorosis; iodine b. goiter; iodine c. iron deficiency; iron d. calcification; calcium e. fluorosis; fluoride

e. fluorosis; fluoride

In most ecosystems, __________ energy is converted into __________ energy by __________. a. chemical; light; producers b. light; mechanical; producers c. light; chemical; consumers d. chemical; light; consumers e. light; chemical; producers

e. light; chemical; producers

What information is provided by a molecule's structural formula that is not provided by its molecular formula? a. number of covalent bonds b. number of atoms of each element in the molecule c. distribution of electrons d. three-dimensional shape of the molecule e. number of covalent bonds and whether they are single, double, or triple

e. number of covalent bonds and whether they are single, double, or triple

When all the available evidence was taken into account, scientists concluded that the red panda, which has characteristics similar to those of bears, raccoons, weasels, giant pandas, and other bears, belongs to __________. a. the family Ursidae, of which the giant panda is a member b. the family Mustelidae, of which the weasel is a member c. the family Procyonidae, of which the raccoon is a member d. the family Ursidae, of which it and the brown bear are members e. the family Ailuridae, of which it is the only member

e. the family Ailuridae, of which it is the only member

A(n) __________________ differs from the control group by the one variable that is being tested in the experiment.

experimental group

A hypothesis must be testable and __________--there must be some observation or experiment that could show that it is NOT true.

falsifiable

Scientists use a general process known as _______________ to ask and answer questions about nature.

scientific inquiry

A(n) ___________ is a factor that changes during an experiment.

varible