Biology Exam 3- Lacey Campbell

What would happen if you placed a trout (freshwater fish) into a saltwater tank at the aquarium and made some observations? A. The fish would take on water quickly and get bloated. B. The fish would lose water and look wrinkled. C. The fish would take on water initially, but could reverse the direction of Cl- ion movement to deal with excess water. D. The fish would lose water initially, but could reverse the direction of Cl- ion movement to deal with excess water.

A. The fish would take on water quickly and get bloated.

Muscles can produce forces when shortening and when lengthening. a. true b. false

A. true

The contractile machinery of muscles is only found in the most recently diverged animal groups. A. true B. false

B. False

Freshwater fish are in a hypotonic environment. What keeps the cells in their body from lysing? A. Freshwater fish have chloride channels that actively move chloride out of the gills into the surrounding water, allowing water to move into the gills. B. Freshwater fish have chloride channels that actively move chloride out of the gills into the surrounding water, allowing water to move out of the gills. C. Freshwater fish have chloride channels that actively move chloride into the gills, allowing water to move into the gills. D. Freshwater fish have chloride channels that actively move chloride into the gills, allowing water to move out of the gills.

C. Freshwater fish have chloride channels that actively move chloride into the gills, allowing water to move into the gills.

You discover a new type of marine organism that has the kidneys of a fish but no gills. What affect would the absence of gills have on excretion of nitrogenous waste? A. No affect. Fish kidneys excrete all nitrogenous waste. B. Nitrogenous excretion decreases because no nitrogen uptake is occurring at the gills. C. Nitrogenous excretion increases at the kidneys because it cannot be lost at the gills. D. No affect. Nitrogenous wastes diffuse across the skin.

C. Nitrogenous excretion increases at the kidneys because it cannot be lost at the gills.

The pit viper Bothrops jararaca makes a venom that was used as an arrowhead poison by indigenous tribes of Brazil. This venom inhibits the enzyme necessary to activate angiotensin. Angiotensin is a naturally-occurring peptide hormone that causes vasoconstriction and thirst. Why would a molecule that inhibits the activation of a natural vasoconstrictor be poisonous? a. An inhibitor of angiotensin may cause a fatal drop in blood pressure. b. An inhibitor of angiotensin may allow blood pressure to rise too high, causing stroke. c. An inhibitor of angiotensin may prevent adrenaline surges. d. An inhibitor of angiotensin may paralyze prey. e. An inhibitor of angiotensin may stimulate the parasympathetic nervous system.

a. An inhibitor of angiotensin may cause a fatal drop in blood pressure.

A beekeeper opens one of his hives. At first, only one bee gets under his suit and stings him. He is then swarmed by the rest of his bees, and ends up with several stings. Why did most of the hive attack him? Select all that apply. a. because the first bee produced alarm pheromones b. because the first bee produced trail pheromones c. because the first bee produced amine hormones d. because the first bee produced steroid hormones e. because the first bee produced paracrine signals

a. Because The First Bee Produced Alarm Pheromones

A molecule of the fatty acid palmitic acid yields approximately 106 molecules of ATP. How is this possible if fatty acids are not substrates for glycolysis? a. Fatty acid oxidation produces the electron carriers FADH2 and NADH as well as molecules of acetyl CoA, all of which directly or indirectly provide substrates for the electron transport chain. b. Fatty acids directly donate their electrons to the electron transport chain. c. Palmitic acid is first converted to glucose in order to begin the sequence of steps necessary for oxidative phosphorylation.

a. Fatty acid oxidation produces the electron carriers FADH2 and NADH as well as molecules of acetyl CoA, all of which directly or indirectly provide substrates for the electron transport chain.

The most common approach used to measure metabolic rate is to measure the rate of O2 consumption. Although there are small errors inherent in this method, it is easy, and provides a good estimate of metabolic rate. Why is the rate of oxygen consumption an appropriate measure of metabolic rate? a. Metabolic rate is the amount of energy used per unit time. The production of usable energy in the form of ATP depends largely on aerobic respiration. b. Metabolic rate is the amount of energy used per unit time. The hydrolysis of ATP to ADP and Pi is an aerobic process. c. Metabolic rate is the amount of energy released in anabolic processes, and anabolic processes are aerobic.

a. Metabolic rate is the amount of energy used per unit time. The production of usable energy in the form of ATP depends largely on aerobic respiration.

Cross-bridges form between the contractile proteins of the muscle cell. The movement of cross-bridges shortens the muscle fiber. What two proteins participate in cross-bridge formation? a. actin and myosin b. troponin and titin c. titin and myosin d. titin and actin

a. actin and myosin

Muscle groups that produce similar motion, or work synergistically, are known as: a. agonists. b. antagonists. c. synergists. d. pro-agonists.

a. agonists.

Much of the fluid that moves across capillary walls and into the tissues moves as a result of filtration, forced by blood pressure. O2 on the other hand travels from the capillaries into the tissues: a. because of a concentration gradient between O2 in the tissues and O2 in the blood. b. because of high CO2 concentration in the tissues, created as a by-product of cellular respiration. c. because osmotic pressure causes a net flow of O2 from the tissues into the blood. d. because it is pumped into the tissues where it is needed.

a. because of a concentration gradient between O2 in the tissues and O2 in the blood.

Kisspeptin is a protein that in humans has an important role in initiating secretion of the releasing factor gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH). Endocrinologists are finding that the protein kisspeptin and its receptor are central to sexual maturation at puberty. Neurons that release kisspeptin carry estrogen receptors. If this is a negative feedback system, high levels of estrogen would be expected to: a. decrease kisspeptin synthesis. b. increase kisspeptin synthesis. c. neither increase nor decrease kisspeptin synthesis because steroid hormones do not affect protein synthesis.

a. decrease kisspeptin synthesis.

A woman visits a doctor. After hearing her symptoms and running some blood work, the doctor determines that she has an underactive pineal gland. What were her likely symptoms? a. insomnia (due to low melatonin levels) b. muscle soreness and inflammation (due to low cortisol levels) c. increased urination (due to high glucose levels) d. constipation (due to low gastrin levels)

a. insomnia (due to low melatonin levels)

The microvilli of the cells lining the small intestine secrete enzymes that break disaccharides (like lactose) into their subunits, which can be absorbed. Most adults in the world stop producing the enzyme lactase after early childhood and thus are "lactose intolerant". Those who do continue to digest lactose in adulthood are termed "lactose tolerant". Lactose tolerance originally arose by mutation, and is associated with one of several autosomal dominant alleles. It is likely that the mutations conferring lactose tolerance are: a. mutations in regulatory DNA of the lactase-coding gene. b. mutations within the protein coding sequence of the gene. c. gene duplications.

a. mutations in regulatory DNA of the lactase-coding gene.

The shaft of a long bone is also known as: a. the diaphysis. b. the epiphysis. c. trabeculae. d. the long bone wall.

a. the diaphysis.

The fact that in certain populations (in northern Europe and east Africa) adults continue to digest lactose suggests that: a. the mutation that allowed continued production of lactase in adults conferred a selective advantage in cultures where domesticated animals supplied milk . b. when some individuals saw the others able to drink milk they realized the advantage and made the change also. c. drinking milk into adulthood causes a genetic change in a person's lactase gene. d. because the mutation conferring lactose tolerance is dominant, it is by definition the most common allele.

a. the mutation that allowed continued production of lactase in adults conferred a selective advantage in cultures where domesticated animals supplied milk .

Consider the positive feedback regulating mammalian childbirth. In this process, the pituitary gland is _________, oxytocin is __________, and a uterine contraction is __________. a. the sensor; the effector; both the stimulus and response b. the effector; the sensor; both the stimulus and response c. both the stimulus and response; the effector; the sensor d. both the stimulus and response; the sensor; the effector

a. the sensor; the effector; both the stimulus and response

Which of the following is the motor endplate? a. the terminal membrane of the motor neuron where neurotransmitter is released b. the portion of the membrane of the muscle cell that has receptors that respond to the neurotransmitter released by the motor neuron. c. the membrane of the sarcoplasmic reticulum where calcium is stored d. the Z disc where two sarcomeres adjoin

a. the terminal membrane of the motor neuron where neurotransmitter is released

Tendons function: a. to attach muscle to bone. b. to attach two separate bones. c. as the site of bone growth. d. as an organic component of bone.

a. to attach muscle to bone.

Aldosterone is a hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex, and insulin is a peptide secreted by the pancreas. When aldosterone contacts a target cell, it binds to an intracellular receptor and migrates to the nucleus; insulin binds to extracellular receptors on the plasma membrane. What is the most likely reason for this difference? a. Aldosterone is hydrophilic and therefore must enter the aqueous environment of the cytoplasm to have an effect. b. Aldosterone is lipid-soluble and therefore easily crosses the phospholipid bilayer of the plasma membrane. c. Aldosterone is too small to bind extracellular receptors on the plasma membrane. d. Insulin is too large to interact with DNA.

b. Aldosterone is lipid-soluble and therefore easily crosses the phospholipid bilayer of the plasma membrane.

Which of the following statements is true regarding neurotransmitters and synaptic signaling? (Select all that apply.) a. All neurotransmitters are also hormones. b. All synaptic signaling is rapid. c. All synaptic signaling occurs between nerve cells. d. All neurotransmitters are released into the bloodstream.

b. All synaptic signaling is rapid.

Given what you have learned about metabolic rates in endotherms and ectotherms, which of the following can you infer? a. Ectotherms can be active for much longer periods than endotherms. b. Endotherms have a higher density of mitochondria than ectotherms. c. Ectotherms have an overall higher metabolic rate than endotherms. d. An endotherm requires less food than an ectotherm of the same size.

b. Endotherms have a higher density of mitochondria than ectotherms.

Honeybee workers spend their first few weeks as young adults tending the colony's brood, then later shift jobs to foraging for food outside the colony. When researchers fed the young bees candy spiked with the molecule ethyl oleate, the young bees continued to babysit and delayed the job shift to foraging. What would it require to demonstrate that ethyl oleate normally acts as a pheromone, not as an endocrine or paracrine signal? a. It would require demonstration that ethyl oleate binds to a receptor and initiates a series of responses. b. It would require demonstration that ethyl oleate is released by another individual of the same species. c. It would require demonstration that ethyl oleate is released by a predator and causes a behavioral change in the prey.

b. It would require demonstration that ethyl oleate is released by another individual of the same species.

Walking along a beach, you find a vertebra from a fish. Unlike whale vertebra, the mature bone of this fish species lacks osteocytes. In other words, the mature bone is acellular. This is true of many fish species. How do you think the lack of cells would affect bone function? a. The bone would probably not develop properly without cells. b. The bone would probably not be able to repair itself if injury occurred without the osteoblasts to secrete bone material. c. The bone would probably be much more heavily mineralized because the space that the cells normally occupy would be mineralized instead. d. The bone would probably be much more brittle because the presence of cells keeps bone flexible. e. The bone would probably be "floppy" because the presence of cells makes the bone stiff.

b. The bone would probably not be able to repair itself if injury occurred without the osteoblasts to secrete bone material.

Curare is a poison that was used by South American Indians on their arrowheads. Curare blocks the action of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. How did the action of curare make hunting easier for these Indians? a. Blocking acetylcholine shut down cellular respiration and killed organisms. b. The prey were paralyzed. c. The hunted animals bled to death. d. Curare interferes with the spontaneous depolarization of heart muscle cells.

b. The prey were paralyzed.

What happens when action potentials stimulate a muscle at a rate that does not allow relaxation between contractions? a. The strength of contraction decreases with subsequent stimuli. b. The strength of contraction increases with subsequent stimuli. c. The strength of contraction does not change. d. More motor units are recruited.

b. The strength of contraction increases with subsequent stimuli.

When a skeletal muscle contracts, what is happening at the level of the muscle proteins? a. Thick filaments shorten. b. Thin filaments slide relative to thick filaments. c. Thin filaments depolymerize to shorten. d. Calcium ions bind to tropomyosin, which allows actin to bind to myosin. e. Tropomyosin binds to troponin, which allows calcium to bind to actin.

b. Thin filaments slide relative to thick filaments.

1. What is the function of tropomyosin in muscle cells? a. Tropomyosin binds to actin molecules and brings about shortening of the muscles. b. Tropomyosin covers the myosin binding sites on the actin molecules, preventing contraction from occurring. c. Tropomyosin is the contractile unit of the muscle cell. d. Tropomyosin stores calcium.

b. Tropomyosin covers the myosin binding sites on the actin molecules, preventing contraction from occurring.

Which of the following is NOT a specialized function of one or more regions of the digestive tract? a. food storage b. aerobic metabolism c. chemical breakdown d. absorption of nutrients e. elimination of waste products

b. aerobic metabolism

Limbs like arms, legs, and the fins of whales are part of the: a. axial skeleton. b. appendicular skeleton. c. mobile skeleton. d. central skeleton.

b. appendicular skeleton.

A new hormone is discovered that appears to play a role in bone development. The hormone is hydrophilic and composed of several amino acid chains. How should this hormone be classified? (Select all that apply.) a. as a steroid hormone b. as a peptide hormone c. as an amine hormone d. as a pheromone

b. as a peptide hormone

Which of the following types of blood vessels would have the greatest resistance to flow? a. veins b. capillaries c. venules d. arteries e. arterioles

b. capillaries

Essential amino acids must be supplied in the diet because: a. essential amino acids are the only ones that can be oxidized when necessary for ATP synthesis and cellular respiration. b. essential amino acids are necessary for protein biosynthesis, but we do not have the biochemical pathways to synthesize those amino acids. c. proteins cannot be synthesized without amino acids therefore all amino acids are essential.

b. essential amino acids are necessary for protein biosynthesis, but we do not have the biochemical pathways to synthesize those amino acids.

Because most herbivores do not produce cellulase, they have specialized compartments in their digestive tracts that (select all correct choices): a. provide appropriate temperature and pH for breaking down plant material. b. house large populations of bacteria and other single-celled symbionts that do produce cellulase. c. grind up the plant material using muscular gizzards or other structures. d. secrete alternative enzymes that carry out the same function as cellulase. e. ferment nutrients in the hindgut.

b. house large populations of bacteria and other single-celled symbionts that do produce cellulase.

Hydrostatic elements of vertebrates that have bony endoskeletons include: a. the cytoskeletal proteins present in individual cells. b. intervertebral disks. c. the ligaments that reinforce joints. d. the keratinized outer covering.

b. intervertebral disks.

E. coli resides in our small and large intestines and, in the process of nourishing itself by digesting the "leftovers" it finds in our digestive tracts, provides us with (select all correct choices): a. essential amino acids. b. vitamin K. c. essential fatty acids. d. minerals such as zinc and iron. e. vitamin D.

b. vitamin K.

A woman's husband is a Type I diabetic. He gives her a pen and tells her to inject him with its contents if he ever passes out due to low blood sugar. What hormone does this pen likely contain? a. Insulin b. Oxytocin c. Glucagon d. Glycogen

c. Glucagon

Sensors in the medullary respiratory center detect changes in blood pH. If the pH drops, the respiratory center increases the rate of ventilation. Why does this make sense? a. Actually it doesn't make sense. There is no relationship between pH and ventilation rate. b. It makes sense because CO2 is formed from O2, and therefore CO2 is a sign that oxygen is being consumed. c. It makes sense because tissues that are more actively working produce more CO2, and when CO2 mixes with water, it becomes an acid and lowers the pH. d. It makes sense because hemoglobin carries CO2 and therefore blocks oxygen binding to the heme site, creating an oxygen deficiency.

c. It makes sense because tissues that are more actively working produce more CO2, and when CO2 mixes with water, it becomes an acid and lowers the pH.

Rattlesnakes contract their tail shaker muscles at frequencies up to 90 Hertz (90 times a second) to create their rattling sound; they move their body muscles much more slowly (about 5 Hertz) to slither around. Do you expect the tail shaker muscles to produce more, the same, or less force per unit of cross-sectional area than the body muscles? Why? a. More, because there is a positive relationship between contraction speed and force production. b. The same, because there is no relationship between contraction speed and force production. c. Less, because there is a negative relationship between contraction speed and force production. d. Less, because there is a positive relationship between contraction speed and force production. e. More information is needed, because there is no generalized relationship between contraction speed and force production.

c. Less, because there is a negative relationship between contraction speed and force production.

The term "empty calorie" is sometimes used in dietary terminology to denote food lacking in vitamins, minerals, dietary fiber, etc. a. This terminology makes sense because a calorie unaccompanied by vitamins is not useful as a source of energy. b. This terminology makes sense because a calorie may be empty or full depending on whether it comes from a carbohydrate, protein or fat. c. This terminology is misleading because a calorie is a measure of energy, and a calorie has a defined energy content. d. This terminology is misleading because a calorie is the amount of energy necessary to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1° C, which is irrelevant to living things.

c. This terminology is misleading because a calorie is a measure of energy, and a calorie has a defined energy content.

What event results from the hydrolysis of ATP to ADP by the myosin head? a. cross-bridge formation b. shortening of the muscle fiber c. cocking of myosin head to its high-energy position d. the power stroke

c. cocking of myosin head to its high-energy position

Calmodulin is involved in the regulation of: a. skeletal muscle contraction. b. propagation of a nerve impulse across a synapse. c. contraction of smooth muscle. d. propagation of heart muscle contraction to the entire myocardium.

c. contraction of smooth muscle.

One of the effects of the hormone secretin is to stimulate the release of bicarbonate ions into the duodenum, which neutralizes the acid that enters the duodenum with the chyme from the stomach. One consequence of neutralizing the pH in the intestine is that: a. carbohydrates are not as easily broken down in this neutral environment. b. enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of carbohydrates are denatured. c. enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of carbohydrates are active. d. the enzymatically catalyzed hydrolysis of carbohydrate that began in the stomach is halted in the duodenum.

c. enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of carbohydrates are active.

Muscles that contract slowly and use less ATP to generate their force contain primarily: a. small motor units. b. fast twitch fibers c. slow twitch fibers d. obtain their energy primarily through anaerobic glycolytic processes.

c. slow twitch fibers

Which layer of the digestive tract houses the blood and lymph vessels into which nutrients are transported? a. lumen b. mucosa c. submucosa d. longitudinal muscles e. serosa

c. submucosa

You compare the contraction frequency of rattlesnake tail muscles at 20oC and 35oC. Do you expect to see an effect of temperature on contraction frequency in this experiment? Why or why not? a. No, because protein structure is not affected by temperature. b. No, because neither of these temperatures are seen in the natural environment of a rattlesnake. c. Maybe, it would depend on whether the snakes are male or female. d. Yes, because muscle contraction is an enzymatic process, and thus will be temperature-dependent. e. Yes, because all biological structures show changes when the temperature changes from 20oC to 35oC.

d. Yes, because muscle contraction is an enzymatic process, and thus will be temperature-dependent.

You are literally running late to class. After your initial panic, though, you realized that you can make it on time at your regular jogging pace. You've been jogging for a few minutes and have a few minutes left before you arrive. At this point, how are your muscles providing themselves with energy? a. anaerobic glycolysis b. aerobic glycolysis c. lactic acid fermentation d. aerobic respiration e. oxidative fermentation

d. aerobic respiration

Given the properties of myoglobin shown in the O2 saturation curve to the right, what advantage does myoglobin confer to contracting muscles? a. It pumps oxygen from hemoglobin in order to bind oxygen. b. It contributes to the dark color of flight muscle in birds. c. It increases the effectiveness of glycolytic muscles used in short bursts. d. It releases bound oxygen at lower pO2 conditions than hemoglobin does. e. It binds oxygen at pO2 values at which hemoglobin is releasing its bound O2.

e. It binds oxygen at pO2 values at which hemoglobin is releasing its bound O2.

Which of the following correctly lists the three forms of nitrogenous waste in order from least energetically expensive to produce to most energetically expensive to produce? a. uric acid, urea, ammonia b. uric acid, ammonia, urea c. urea, uric acid, ammonia d. ammonia, uric acid, urea e. ammonia, urea, uric acid

e. ammonia, urea, uric acid