Chapter 12 Milady Chemistry
ion
an atom or molecule that carries an electrical charge
anion
an ion with a negative electrical charge
emulsion
an unstable mix of two or more immiscible substances united with the aid of an emulsifier
matter
any substance that occupies space and has mass
cation
ion with a positive electrical charge
pH scale
measures the acidity and alkalinity of a substance
chemistry
science that deals with the composition, structures, and properties of matter, and how matter changes under various conditions
ionization
separation of an atom or molecule into positive and negative ions
atom
smallest particle of an element that still retains the properties of that element
alkalis
solutions that have a pH above 7.0 and turn litmus paper from red to blue
acids
solutions that have a pH below 7.0 and turn litmus paper from blue to red
silicones
special type of oil used in hair conditioners and as water resistant lubricants for the skin
solution
stable mixture of two or more mixable substances
organic chemistry
study of substances that contain carbon
inorganic chemistry
study of substances that do not contain carbon
solvent
substance that dissolves the solute to form a solution
solute
substance that is dissolved in a solution
oxidizing agent
substance that releases oxygen
volatile organic compounds
substances containing carbon that evaporate quick and easy
alkanolamines
substances used to neatralize acids or raise the pH of many hair products
surfactants
surface active agents; substances that act as a bridge to allow oil and water to mix, or emulsify
glycerin
sweet, colorless, oily substance used as a solvent and moisturizer in skin and body creams
elemental molecules
a chemical combination of atoms of the same element
molecule
a chemical combination of two or more atoms
oxidation
a chemical reaction that combines a substance with oxygen to produce an oxide
redox
contraction for reduction-oxidation; chemical reaction in which the oxidizing agent is reduced and the reducing agent is oxidized
volatile
easily evaporating
oil-in-water emulsion
oil droplets emulsified in water
lipophilic
oil loving
physical mixture
physical combination of matter in any proportion
combustion
rapid oxidation of a substance, accompanied by the production of heat and light
suspension
unstable mix of undissolved particles in a liquid
water in oil emulsion
water droplets emulsified in oil
hydrophilic
water loving
miscible
capable of being mixed with another liquid in any proportion without separating
chemical change
change in the chemical and physical properties of a substance due to a chemical reaction that creates a new substance
physical change
change in the form or physical properties of a substance without the formation of a new substane
physical properties
characteristics that can be determined without a chemical reaction and that do not cause a chemical change
chemical properties
characteristics that can only be determined by a chemical reaction and a chemical change in the substance
pure substance
chemical combination of matter in definite proportions
reduction
chemical reaction of subtracting oxygen from, or adding hydrogen to, a substance
exothermic
chemical reactions that produce heat
ammonia
colorless gas with pungent odor composed of hydrogen and nitrogen
compounds
combinations of two or more atoms of different elements chemically joined together
logarithm
multiples of 10
immiscible
not capable of being mixed
element
the simplest form of matter, it cannot be broken down into a simpler substance without a loss of identity
reduced
to subtract oxygen from or add hydrogen to a substance