Chapter 12 Milady Chemistry

ion

an atom or molecule that carries an electrical charge

anion

an ion with a negative electrical charge

emulsion

an unstable mix of two or more immiscible substances united with the aid of an emulsifier

matter

any substance that occupies space and has mass

cation

ion with a positive electrical charge

pH scale

measures the acidity and alkalinity of a substance

chemistry

science that deals with the composition, structures, and properties of matter, and how matter changes under various conditions

ionization

separation of an atom or molecule into positive and negative ions

atom

smallest particle of an element that still retains the properties of that element

alkalis

solutions that have a pH above 7.0 and turn litmus paper from red to blue

acids

solutions that have a pH below 7.0 and turn litmus paper from blue to red

silicones

special type of oil used in hair conditioners and as water resistant lubricants for the skin

solution

stable mixture of two or more mixable substances

organic chemistry

study of substances that contain carbon

inorganic chemistry

study of substances that do not contain carbon

solvent

substance that dissolves the solute to form a solution

solute

substance that is dissolved in a solution

oxidizing agent

substance that releases oxygen

volatile organic compounds

substances containing carbon that evaporate quick and easy

alkanolamines

substances used to neatralize acids or raise the pH of many hair products

surfactants

surface active agents; substances that act as a bridge to allow oil and water to mix, or emulsify

glycerin

sweet, colorless, oily substance used as a solvent and moisturizer in skin and body creams

elemental molecules

a chemical combination of atoms of the same element

molecule

a chemical combination of two or more atoms

oxidation

a chemical reaction that combines a substance with oxygen to produce an oxide

redox

contraction for reduction-oxidation; chemical reaction in which the oxidizing agent is reduced and the reducing agent is oxidized

volatile

easily evaporating

oil-in-water emulsion

oil droplets emulsified in water

lipophilic

oil loving

physical mixture

physical combination of matter in any proportion

combustion

rapid oxidation of a substance, accompanied by the production of heat and light

suspension

unstable mix of undissolved particles in a liquid

water in oil emulsion

water droplets emulsified in oil

hydrophilic

water loving

miscible

capable of being mixed with another liquid in any proportion without separating

chemical change

change in the chemical and physical properties of a substance due to a chemical reaction that creates a new substance

physical change

change in the form or physical properties of a substance without the formation of a new substane

physical properties

characteristics that can be determined without a chemical reaction and that do not cause a chemical change

chemical properties

characteristics that can only be determined by a chemical reaction and a chemical change in the substance

pure substance

chemical combination of matter in definite proportions

reduction

chemical reaction of subtracting oxygen from, or adding hydrogen to, a substance

exothermic

chemical reactions that produce heat

ammonia

colorless gas with pungent odor composed of hydrogen and nitrogen

compounds

combinations of two or more atoms of different elements chemically joined together

logarithm

multiples of 10

immiscible

not capable of being mixed

element

the simplest form of matter, it cannot be broken down into a simpler substance without a loss of identity

reduced

to subtract oxygen from or add hydrogen to a substance